MC-38123: Update Symfony dependencies for compatibility with 2.4

[viktym]

Description

Currently is not possible to install magento-cloud-patches and magento/quality-patches on Magento 2.4 OnPrem instance due to Symfony composer dependencies conflicts.

Need to allow ^5.1 for "symfony/config", "symfony/dependency-injection", "symfony/proxy-manager-bridge".

Fixed Issues (if relevant)

MC-38123 Update MCP Symfony dependencies for compatibility with Magento 2.4 OnPrem

Manual testing scenarios

Automated tests should pass.

It's possible to install composer package 'magento/magento-cloud-patches' on local Magento 2.4.0 instance:

1. composer create-project --repository-url=https://repo.magento.com/ magento/project-enterprise-edition=2.4.0
2. composer config repositories.mcp git git@github.com:magento-mpi/magento-cloud-patches.git
3. composer require "magento/magento-cloud-patches=dev-MC-38123 as 1.0.99"

Release notes

None

Associated documentation updates

Add link to Magento DevDocs PR or Issue, if needed.

Contribution checklist

• Pull request has a meaningful description of its purpose
• Pull request introduces user-facing changes and includes meaningful updates for any required release notes and documentation changes
• All commits are accompanied by meaningful commit messages
• All new or changed code is covered with unit/integration tests (if applicable)