feat(core): Emit debug log when transport execution fails

[lforst]

#15993 is incredibly annoying to debug because we don't log the actual error

[AbhiPrasad]

We can get this in with the next release as well

[github-actions]

size-limit report 📦

Path	Size	% Change	Change
@sentry/browser	23.28 KB	+0.08%	+19 B 🔺
@sentry/browser - with treeshaking flags	23.12 KB	+0.09%	+20 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing)	36.95 KB	+0.08%	+29 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay)	74.14 KB	+0.04%	+26 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay) - with treeshaking flags	67.51 KB	+0.03%	+19 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay with Canvas)	78.8 KB	+0.04%	+25 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	90.61 KB	+0.03%	+26 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Feedback)	39.67 KB	+0.06%	+22 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. sendFeedback)	27.9 KB	+0.08%	+20 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. FeedbackAsync)	32.67 KB	+0.06%	+20 B 🔺
@sentry/react	25.09 KB	+0.09%	+22 B 🔺
@sentry/react (incl. Tracing)	38.87 KB	+0.06%	+21 B 🔺
@sentry/vue	27.51 KB	+0.09%	+24 B 🔺
@sentry/vue (incl. Tracing)	38.67 KB	+0.06%	+20 B 🔺
@sentry/svelte	23.32 KB	+0.11%	+24 B 🔺
CDN Bundle	24.51 KB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing)	36.95 KB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay)	71.99 KB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	77.16 KB	-	-
CDN Bundle - uncompressed	71.47 KB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing) - uncompressed	109.23 KB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay) - uncompressed	220.52 KB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback) - uncompressed	233.05 KB	-	-
@sentry/nextjs (client)	40.49 KB	+0.06%	+21 B 🔺
@sentry/sveltekit (client)	37.39 KB	+0.06%	+21 B 🔺
@sentry/node	143.04 KB	+0.02%	+19 B 🔺
@sentry/node - without tracing	96.24 KB	+0.03%	+22 B 🔺
@sentry/aws-serverless	120.58 KB	+0.02%	+23 B 🔺

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