GenEnum.cpp

//===--- GenEnum.cpp - Swift IR Generation For 'enum' Types ---------------===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//  This file implements IR generation for algebraic data types (ADTs,
//  or 'enum' types) in Swift.  This includes creating the IR type as
//  well as emitting the basic access operations.
//
//  An abstract enum value consists of a payload portion, sized to hold the
//  largest possible payload value, and zero or more tag bits, to select
//  between cases. The payload might be zero sized, if the enum consists
//  entirely of empty cases, or there might not be any tag bits, if the
//  lowering is able to pack all of them into the payload itself.
//
//  An abstract enum value can be thought of as supporting three primary
//  operations:
//  1) GetEnumTag: Getting the current case of an enum value.
//  2) ProjectEnumPayload: Destructively stripping tag bits from the enum
//     value, leaving behind the payload value, if any, at the beginning of
//     the old enum value.
//  3) InjectEnumCase: Given a payload value placed inside an uninitialized
//     enum value, inject tag bits for a specified case, producing a
//     fully-formed enum value.
//
//  Enum type lowering needs to derive implementations of the above for
//  an enum type. It does this by classifying the enum along two
//  orthogonal axes: the loadability of the enum value, and the payload
//  implementation strategy.
//
//  The first axis deals with special behavior of fixed-size loadable and
//  address-only enums. Fixed-size loadable enums are represented as
//  explosions of values, the address-only lowering uses more general
//  operations.
//
//  The second axis essentially deals with how the case discriminator, or
//  tag, is represented within an enum value. Payload and no-payload cases
//  are counted and the enum is classified into the following categories:
//
//  1) If the enum only has one case, it can be lowered as the type of the
//     case itself, and no tag bits are necessary.
//
//  2) If the enum only has no-payload cases, only tag bits are necessary,
//     with the cases mapping to integers, in AST order.
//
//  3) If the enum has a single payload case and one or more no-payload cases,
//     we attempt to map the no-payload cases to extra inhabitants of the
//     payload type. If enough extra inhabitants are available, no tag bits
//     are needed, otherwise more are added as necessary.
//
//     Extra inhabitant information can be obtained at runtime through the
//     value witness table, so there are no layout differences between a
//     generic enum type and a substituted type.
//
//     Since each extra inhabitant corresponds to a specific bit pattern
//     that is known to be invalid given the payload type, projection of
//     the payload value is a no-op.
//
//     For example, if the payload type is a single retainable pointer,
//     the first 4KB of memory addresses are known not to correspond to
//     valid memory, and so the enum can contain up to 4095 empty cases
//     in addition to the payload case before any additional storage is
//     required.
//
//  4) If the enum has multiple payload cases, the layout attempts to pack
//     the tag bits into the common spare bits of all of the payload cases.
//
//     Spare bit information is not available at runtime, so spare bits can
//     only be used if all payload types are fixed-size in all resilience
//     domains.
//
//     Since spare bits correspond to bits which are known to be zero for
//     all valid representations of the payload type, they must be stripped
//     out before the payload value can be manipulated. This means spare
//     bits cannot be used if the payload value is address-only, because
//     there is no way to strip the spare bits in that case without
//     modifying the value in-place.
//
//     For example, on a 64-bit platform, the least significant 3 bits of
//     a retainable pointer are always zero, so a multi-payload enum can
//     have up to 8 retainable pointer payload cases before any additional
//     storage is required.
//
//  Indirect enum cases are implemented by substituting in a SILBox type
//  for the payload, resulting in a fixed-size lowering for recursive
//  enums.
//
//  For all lowerings except ResilientEnumImplStrategy, the primary enum
//  operations are open-coded at usage sites. Resilient enums are accessed
//  by invoking the value witnesses for these operations.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#define DEBUG_TYPE "enum-layout"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"

#include "GenEnum.h"

#include "swift/AST/Types.h"
#include "swift/AST/Decl.h"
#include "swift/AST/Expr.h"
#include "swift/AST/IRGenOptions.h"
#include "swift/AST/LazyResolver.h"
#include "swift/IRGen/Linking.h"
#include "swift/SIL/SILModule.h"
#include "llvm/IR/CFG.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalVariable.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/CFG.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Compiler.h"
#include "clang/CodeGen/SwiftCallingConv.h"

#include "BitPatternBuilder.h"
#include "GenDecl.h"
#include "GenMeta.h"
#include "GenProto.h"
#include "GenType.h"
#include "IRGenDebugInfo.h"
#include "IRGenMangler.h"
#include "IRGenModule.h"
#include "LoadableTypeInfo.h"
#include "MetadataRequest.h"
#include "NonFixedTypeInfo.h"
#include "Outlining.h"
#include "ResilientTypeInfo.h"
#include "ScalarTypeInfo.h"
#include "StructLayout.h"
#include "SwitchBuilder.h"
#include "ClassTypeInfo.h"

using namespace swift;
using namespace irgen;

static llvm::Constant *emitEnumLayoutFlags(IRGenModule &IGM, bool isVWTMutable){
  // For now, we always use the Swift 5 algorithm.
  auto flags = EnumLayoutFlags::Swift5Algorithm;
  if (isVWTMutable) flags |= EnumLayoutFlags::IsVWTMutable;

  return IGM.getSize(Size(uintptr_t(flags)));
}

static IsABIAccessible_t
areElementsABIAccessible(ArrayRef<EnumImplStrategy::Element> elts) {
  for (auto &elt : elts) {
    if (!elt.ti->isABIAccessible())
      return IsNotABIAccessible;
  }
  return IsABIAccessible;
}

static APInt zextOrSelf(const APInt &i, unsigned width) {
  if (i.getBitWidth() < width)
    return i.zext(width);
  return i;
}

EnumImplStrategy::EnumImplStrategy(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                   TypeInfoKind tik,
                                   IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize,
                                   unsigned NumElements,
                                   std::vector<Element> &&eltsWithPayload,
                                   std::vector<Element> &&eltsWithNoPayload)
  : ElementsWithPayload(std::move(eltsWithPayload)),
    ElementsWithNoPayload(std::move(eltsWithNoPayload)),
    IGM(IGM), TIK(tik), AlwaysFixedSize(alwaysFixedSize),
    ElementsAreABIAccessible(areElementsABIAccessible(ElementsWithPayload)),
    NumElements(NumElements) {
}

void EnumImplStrategy::initializeFromParams(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                            Explosion &params,
                                            Address dest, SILType T,
                                            bool isOutlined) const {
  if (TIK >= Loadable)
    return initialize(IGF, params, dest, isOutlined);
  Address src = TI->getAddressForPointer(params.claimNext());
  TI->initializeWithTake(IGF, dest, src, T, isOutlined);
}

bool EnumImplStrategy::isReflectable() const { return true; }

unsigned EnumImplStrategy::getPayloadSizeForMetadata() const {
  llvm_unreachable("don't need payload size for this enum kind");
}

LoadedRef EnumImplStrategy::
loadRefcountedPtr(IRGenFunction &IGF, SourceLoc loc, Address addr) const {
  IGF.IGM.error(loc, "Can only load from an address of an optional "
                "reference.");
  llvm::report_fatal_error("loadRefcountedPtr: Invalid SIL in IRGen");
}

Address
EnumImplStrategy::projectDataForStore(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                      EnumElementDecl *elt,
                                      Address enumAddr)
const {
  auto payloadI = std::find_if(ElementsWithPayload.begin(),
                               ElementsWithPayload.end(),
     [&](const Element &e) { return e.decl == elt; });

  // Empty payload addresses can be left undefined.
  if (payloadI == ElementsWithPayload.end()) {
    auto argTy = elt->getParentEnum()->mapTypeIntoContext(
      elt->getArgumentInterfaceType());
    return IGF.getTypeInfoForUnlowered(argTy)
      .getUndefAddress();
  }

  // Payloads are all placed at the beginning of the value.
  return IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(enumAddr,
                                          payloadI->ti->getStorageType());
}

Address
EnumImplStrategy::destructiveProjectDataForLoad(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                                SILType enumType,
                                                Address enumAddr,
                                                EnumElementDecl *Case)
const {
  auto payloadI = std::find_if(ElementsWithPayload.begin(),
                           ElementsWithPayload.end(),
                           [&](const Element &e) { return e.decl == Case; });

  // Empty payload addresses can be left undefined.
  if (payloadI == ElementsWithPayload.end()) {
    auto argTy = Case->getParentEnum()->mapTypeIntoContext(
      Case->getArgumentInterfaceType());
    return IGF.getTypeInfoForUnlowered(argTy)
      .getUndefAddress();
  }

  destructiveProjectDataForLoad(IGF, enumType, enumAddr);

  // Payloads are all placed at the beginning of the value.
  return IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(enumAddr,
                                          payloadI->ti->getStorageType());
}

unsigned
EnumImplStrategy::getTagIndex(EnumElementDecl *Case) const {
  unsigned tagIndex = 0;
  for (auto &payload : ElementsWithPayload) {
    if (payload.decl == Case)
      return tagIndex;
    ++tagIndex;
  }
  for (auto &payload : ElementsWithNoPayload) {
    if (payload.decl == Case)
      return tagIndex;
    ++tagIndex;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("couldn't find case");
}

static void emitResilientTagIndex(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                  const EnumImplStrategy *strategy,
                                  EnumElementDecl *Case) {
  if (!Case->isAvailableDuringLowering())
    return;

  auto resilientIdx = strategy->getTagIndex(Case);
  auto *global = cast<llvm::GlobalVariable>(
    IGM.getAddrOfEnumCase(Case, ForDefinition).getAddress());
  global->setInitializer(llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, resilientIdx));
}

void
EnumImplStrategy::emitResilientTagIndices(IRGenModule &IGM) const {
  for (auto &payload : ElementsWithPayload) {
    emitResilientTagIndex(IGM, this, payload.decl);
  }
  for (auto &noPayload : ElementsWithNoPayload) {
    emitResilientTagIndex(IGM, this, noPayload.decl);
  }
}

namespace {
  /// Implementation strategy for singleton enums, with zero or one cases.
  class SingletonEnumImplStrategy final : public EnumImplStrategy {
    bool needsPayloadSizeInMetadata() const override { return false; }
    
    const TypeInfo *getSingleton() const {
      return ElementsWithPayload.empty() ? nullptr : ElementsWithPayload[0].ti;
    }

    const FixedTypeInfo *getFixedSingleton() const {
      return cast_or_null<FixedTypeInfo>(getSingleton());
    }

    const LoadableTypeInfo *getLoadableSingleton() const {
      return cast_or_null<LoadableTypeInfo>(getSingleton());
    }

    Address getSingletonAddress(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr) const {
      return IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(addr,
                                              getSingleton()->getStorageType());
    }

    SILType getSingletonType(IRGenModule &IGM, SILType T) const {
      assert(!ElementsWithPayload.empty());

      return T.getEnumElementType(ElementsWithPayload[0].decl,
                                  IGM.getSILModule(),
                                  IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());
    }

  public:
    SingletonEnumImplStrategy(IRGenModule &IGM,
                              TypeInfoKind tik,
                              IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize,
                              unsigned NumElements,
                              std::vector<Element> &&WithPayload,
                              std::vector<Element> &&WithNoPayload)
      : EnumImplStrategy(IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                         NumElements,
                         std::move(WithPayload),
                         std::move(WithNoPayload))
    {
      assert(NumElements <= 1);
      assert(ElementsWithPayload.size() <= 1);
    }

    TypeInfo *completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                     SILType Type,
                                     EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                     llvm::StructType *enumTy) override;

    TypeLayoutEntry *
    buildTypeLayoutEntry(IRGenModule &IGM,
                         SILType T,
                         bool useStructLayouts) const override {
      if (ElementsWithPayload.empty())
        return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getEmptyEntry();
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible)
        return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateResilientEntry(T);
      if (TIK >= Loadable && !useStructLayouts) {
        return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateTypeInfoBasedEntry(getTypeInfo(),
                                                                 T);
      }

      unsigned emptyCases = 0;
      std::vector<TypeLayoutEntry *> nonEmptyCases;
      nonEmptyCases.push_back(
        getSingleton()->buildTypeLayoutEntry(IGM,
                                             getSingletonType(IGM, T),
                                             useStructLayouts));
      return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateEnumEntry(emptyCases, nonEmptyCases,
                                                      T, getTypeInfo());
    }

    llvm::Value *
    emitGetEnumTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T, Address enumAddr)
    const override {
      return llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty, 0);
    }

    llvm::Value *
    emitValueCaseTest(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                      Explosion &value,
                      EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      (void)value.claim(getExplosionSize());
      return IGF.Builder.getInt1(true);
    }
    llvm::Value *
    emitIndirectCaseTest(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T,
                         Address enumAddr,
                         EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      return IGF.Builder.getInt1(true);
    }

    void emitSingletonSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                    ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                       llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                    llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const {
      // No dispatch necessary. Branch straight to the destination.
      assert(dests.size() <= 1 && "impossible switch table for singleton enum");
      llvm::BasicBlock *dest = dests.size() == 1
        ? dests[0].second : defaultDest;
      IGF.Builder.CreateBr(dest);
    }

    void emitValueSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                         Explosion &value,
                         ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                            llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                         llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const override {
      (void)value.claim(getExplosionSize());
      emitSingletonSwitch(IGF, dests, defaultDest);
    }

    void emitIndirectSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            SILType T,
                            Address addr,
                            ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                               llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                            llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const override {
      emitSingletonSwitch(IGF, dests, defaultDest);
    }

    void emitValueProject(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                          Explosion &in,
                          EnumElementDecl *theCase,
                          Explosion &out) const override {
      // The projected value is the payload.
      if (getLoadableSingleton())
        getLoadableSingleton()->reexplode(in, out);
    }

    void emitValueInjection(IRGenModule &IGM,
                            IRBuilder &builder,
                            EnumElementDecl *elt,
                            Explosion &params,
                            Explosion &out) const override {
      // If the element carries no data, neither does the injection.
      // Otherwise, the result is identical.
      if (getLoadableSingleton())
        getLoadableSingleton()->reexplode(params, out);
    }

    bool emitPayloadDirectlyIntoConstant() const override { return true; }

    void destructiveProjectDataForLoad(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                       SILType T,
                                       Address enumAddr) const override {
      // No tag, nothing to do.
    }

    void storeTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                  SILType T,
                  Address enumAddr,
                  EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      // No tag, nothing to do.
    }
    
    void emitStoreTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                      SILType T,
                      Address enumAddr,
                      llvm::Value *tag) const override {
      // No tag, nothing to do.
    }

    void getSchema(ExplosionSchema &schema) const override {
      if (!getSingleton()) return;
      // If the payload is loadable, forward its explosion schema.
      if (TIK >= Loadable)
        return getSingleton()->getSchema(schema);
      // Otherwise, use an indirect aggregate schema with our storage
      // type.
      schema.add(ExplosionSchema::Element::forAggregate(getStorageType(),
                                      getSingleton()->getBestKnownAlignment()));
    }

    void addToAggLowering(IRGenModule &IGM, SwiftAggLowering &lowering,
                          Size offset) const override {
      if (auto singleton = getLoadableSingleton())
        singleton->addToAggLowering(IGM, lowering, offset);
    }

    unsigned getExplosionSize() const override {
      if (!getLoadableSingleton()) return 0;
      return getLoadableSingleton()->getExplosionSize();
    }

    void loadAsCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr,
                    Explosion &e) const override {
      if (!getLoadableSingleton()) return;
      getLoadableSingleton()->loadAsCopy(IGF, getSingletonAddress(IGF, addr),
                                         e);
    }

    void loadForSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr, Explosion &e) const {
      // Switching on a singleton does not require a value.
      return;
    }

    void loadAsTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr,
                    Explosion &e) const override {
      if (!getLoadableSingleton()) return;
      getLoadableSingleton()->loadAsTake(IGF, getSingletonAddress(IGF, addr),e);
    }

    void assign(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &e, Address addr,
                bool isOutlined, SILType T) const override {
      if (!getLoadableSingleton()) return;
      getLoadableSingleton()->assign(IGF, e, getSingletonAddress(IGF, addr),
                                     isOutlined, getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T));
    }

    void assignWithCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                        SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!getSingleton()) return;
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitAssignWithCopyCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        dest = getSingletonAddress(IGF, dest);
        src = getSingletonAddress(IGF, src);
        getSingleton()->assignWithCopy(
            IGF, dest, src, getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T), isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsNotInitialization, IsNotTake);
      }
    }

    void assignWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                        SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!getSingleton()) return;
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitAssignWithTakeCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        dest = getSingletonAddress(IGF, dest);
        src = getSingletonAddress(IGF, src);
        getSingleton()->assignWithTake(
            IGF, dest, src, getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T), isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsNotInitialization, IsTake);
      }
    }

    void initialize(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &e, Address addr,
                    bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!getLoadableSingleton()) return;
      getLoadableSingleton()->initialize(IGF, e, getSingletonAddress(IGF, addr),
                                         isOutlined);
    }

    void initializeWithCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!getSingleton()) return;
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitInitializeWithCopyCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        dest = getSingletonAddress(IGF, dest);
        src = getSingletonAddress(IGF, src);
        getSingleton()->initializeWithCopy(
            IGF, dest, src, getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T), isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsInitialization, IsNotTake);
      }
    }

    void initializeWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!getSingleton()) return;
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitInitializeWithTakeCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        dest = getSingletonAddress(IGF, dest);
        src = getSingletonAddress(IGF, src);
        getSingleton()->initializeWithTake(
            IGF, dest, src, getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T), isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsInitialization, IsTake);
      }
    }

    void collectMetadataForOutlining(OutliningMetadataCollector &collector,
                                     SILType T) const override {
      if (!getSingleton())
        return;
      getSingleton()->collectMetadataForOutlining(collector,
                                        getSingletonType(collector.IGF.IGM, T));
      collector.collectTypeMetadataForLayout(T);
    }

    void reexplode(Explosion &src, Explosion &dest)
    const override {
      if (getLoadableSingleton()) getLoadableSingleton()->reexplode(src, dest);
    }

    void copy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src, Explosion &dest,
              Atomicity atomicity) const override {
      if (getLoadableSingleton())
        getLoadableSingleton()->copy(IGF, src, dest, atomicity);
    }

    void consume(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src,
                 Atomicity atomicity,
                 SILType T) const override {
      if (tryEmitConsumeUsingDeinit(IGF, src, T)) {
        return;
      }

      if (getLoadableSingleton())
        getLoadableSingleton()->consume(IGF, src, atomicity,
                                        getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T));
    }

    void fixLifetime(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src) const override {
      if (getLoadableSingleton()) getLoadableSingleton()->fixLifetime(IGF, src);
    }

    void destroy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr, SILType T,
                 bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (tryEmitDestroyUsingDeinit(IGF, addr, T)) {
        return;
      }
                 
      if (getSingleton() &&
          !getSingleton()->isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal)) {
        if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
          emitDestroyCall(IGF, T, addr);
        } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
          getSingleton()->destroy(IGF, getSingletonAddress(IGF, addr),
                                  getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T), isOutlined);
        } else {
          callOutlinedDestroy(IGF, addr, T);
        }
      }
    }

    void packIntoEnumPayload(IRGenModule &IGM,
                             IRBuilder &builder, EnumPayload &payload,
                             Explosion &in, unsigned offset) const override {
      if (getLoadableSingleton())
        return getLoadableSingleton()->packIntoEnumPayload(IGM, builder, payload,
                                                           in, offset);
    }

    void unpackFromEnumPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                               const EnumPayload &payload,
                               Explosion &dest,
                               unsigned offset) const override {
      if (!getLoadableSingleton()) return;
      getLoadableSingleton()->unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, payload, dest, offset);
    }

    void initializeMetadata(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            llvm::Value *metadata,
                            bool isVWTMutable,
                            SILType T,
                        MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const override {
      // Fixed-size enums don't need dynamic witness table initialization.
      if (TIK >= Fixed) return;

      assert(ElementsWithPayload.size() == 1 &&
             "empty singleton enum should not be dynamic!");

      auto payloadTy = T.getEnumElementType(
          ElementsWithPayload[0].decl, IGM.getSILModule(),
          IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());
      auto payloadLayout = emitTypeLayoutRef(IGF, payloadTy, collector);
      auto flags = emitEnumLayoutFlags(IGF.IGM, isVWTMutable);
      IGF.Builder.CreateCall(
          IGF.IGM.getInitEnumMetadataSingleCaseFunctionPointer(),
          {metadata, flags, payloadLayout});

      // Pre swift-5.1 runtimes were missing the initialization of the
      // the extraInhabitantCount field. Do it here instead.
      auto payloadRef = IGF.Builder.CreateBitOrPointerCast(
          payloadLayout, IGF.IGM.TypeLayoutTy->getPointerTo());
      auto payloadExtraInhabitantCount =
          IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(IGF.Builder.CreateStructGEP(
              Address(payloadRef, IGF.IGM.TypeLayoutTy, Alignment(1)), 3,
              Size(IGF.IGM.DataLayout.getTypeAllocSize(IGF.IGM.SizeTy) * 2 +
                   IGF.IGM.DataLayout.getTypeAllocSize(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty))));
      emitStoreOfExtraInhabitantCount(IGF, payloadExtraInhabitantCount,
                                      metadata);
    }

    void initializeMetadataWithLayoutString(
        IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *metadata, bool isVWTMutable, SILType T,
        MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const override {
      if (TIK >= Fixed)
        return;

      assert(ElementsWithPayload.size() == 1 &&
             "empty singleton enum should not be dynamic!");

      auto payloadTy =
          T.getEnumElementType(ElementsWithPayload[0].decl, IGM.getSILModule(),
                               IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());

      auto request = DynamicMetadataRequest::getNonBlocking(
          MetadataState::LayoutComplete, collector);
      auto payloadMetadata =
          IGF.emitTypeMetadataRefForLayout(payloadTy, request);

      auto flags = emitEnumLayoutFlags(IGF.IGM, isVWTMutable);
      IGF.Builder.CreateCall(
          IGF.IGM
              .getInitEnumMetadataSingleCaseWithLayoutStringFunctionPointer(),
          {metadata, flags, payloadMetadata});

      // Pre swift-5.1 runtimes were missing the initialization of the
      // the extraInhabitantCount field. Do it here instead.
      auto payloadLayout = emitTypeLayoutRef(IGF, payloadTy, collector);
      auto payloadRef = IGF.Builder.CreateBitOrPointerCast(
          payloadLayout, IGF.IGM.TypeLayoutTy->getPointerTo());
      auto payloadExtraInhabitantCount =
          IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(IGF.Builder.CreateStructGEP(
              Address(payloadRef, IGF.IGM.TypeLayoutTy, Alignment(1)), 3,
              Size(IGF.IGM.DataLayout.getTypeAllocSize(IGF.IGM.SizeTy) * 2 +
                   IGF.IGM.DataLayout.getTypeAllocSize(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty))));
      emitStoreOfExtraInhabitantCount(IGF, payloadExtraInhabitantCount,
                                      metadata);
    }

    bool mayHaveExtraInhabitants(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      // FIXME: Hold off on registering extra inhabitants for dynamic enums
      // until initializeMetadata handles them.
      if (!getSingleton())
        return false;
      return getSingleton()->mayHaveExtraInhabitants(IGM);
    }

    llvm::Value *getExtraInhabitantIndex(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         Address src, SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined)
    const override {
      if (!getSingleton()) {
        // Any empty value is a valid value.
        return llvm::ConstantInt::getSigned(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty, -1);
      }

      return getFixedSingleton()->getExtraInhabitantIndex(IGF,
                                             getSingletonAddress(IGF, src),
                                             getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T),
                                             isOutlined);
    }

    void storeExtraInhabitant(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                              llvm::Value *index,
                              Address dest, SILType T,
                              bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!getSingleton()) {
        // Nothing to store for empty singletons.
        return;
      }
      getFixedSingleton()->storeExtraInhabitant(IGF, index,
                                                getSingletonAddress(IGF, dest),
                                                getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T),
                                                isOutlined);
    }

    llvm::Value *getEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                         Address src, SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!getSingleton()) {
        return getFixedTypeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*TI),
                                                numEmptyCases, src, T,
                                                isOutlined);
      }

      return getSingleton()->getEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, numEmptyCases,
                                                getSingletonAddress(IGF, src),
                                                getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T),
                                                isOutlined);
    }

    void storeEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                   llvm::Value *index,
                                   llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                   Address src, SILType T,
                                   bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!getSingleton()) {
        storeFixedTypeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*TI),
                                           index, numEmptyCases, src, T,
                                           isOutlined);
        return;
      }

      getSingleton()->storeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, index, numEmptyCases,
                                                getSingletonAddress(IGF, src),
                                                getSingletonType(IGF.IGM, T),
                                                isOutlined);
    }

    unsigned getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed);
      if (!getSingleton())
        return 0;
      return getFixedSingleton()->getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IGM);
    }

    APInt
    getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                 unsigned bits,
                                 unsigned index) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed);
      assert(getSingleton() && "empty singletons have no extra inhabitants");
      return getFixedSingleton()
        ->getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IGM, bits, index);
    }
    
    APInt
    getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed);
      assert(getSingleton() && "empty singletons have no extra inhabitants");
      return getFixedSingleton()->getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IGM);
    }

    ClusteredBitVector getTagBitsForPayloads() const override {
      // No tag bits, there's only one payload.
      ClusteredBitVector result;
      if (getSingleton())
        result.appendClearBits(
                        getFixedSingleton()->getFixedSize().getValueInBits());
      return result;
    }

    ClusteredBitVector
    getBitPatternForNoPayloadElement(EnumElementDecl *theCase) const override {
      // There's only a no-payload element if the type is empty.
      return {};
    }

    ClusteredBitVector
    getBitMaskForNoPayloadElements() const override {
      // All bits are significant.
      return ClusteredBitVector::getConstant(
                     cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize().getValueInBits(),
                     true);
    }

    bool isSingleRetainablePointer(ResilienceExpansion expansion,
                                   ReferenceCounting *rc) const override {
      auto singleton = getSingleton();
      if (!singleton)
        return false;
      return singleton->isSingleRetainablePointer(expansion, rc);
    }
    
    bool canValueWitnessExtraInhabitantsUpTo(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                             unsigned index) const override {
      auto singleton = getSingleton();
      if (!singleton)
        return false;
      return singleton->canValueWitnessExtraInhabitantsUpTo(IGM, index);
    }
  };

  /// Implementation strategy for no-payload enums, in other words, 'C-like'
  /// enums where none of the cases have data.
  class NoPayloadEnumImplStrategyBase
    : public SingleScalarTypeInfo<NoPayloadEnumImplStrategyBase,
                                  EnumImplStrategy>
  {
  protected:
    llvm::IntegerType *getDiscriminatorType() const {
      llvm::StructType *Struct = getStorageType();
      return cast<llvm::IntegerType>(Struct->getElementType(0));
    }

    /// Map the given element to the appropriate value in the
    /// discriminator type.
    llvm::ConstantInt *getDiscriminatorIdxConst(EnumElementDecl *target) const {
      int64_t index = getDiscriminatorIndex(target);
      return llvm::ConstantInt::get(getDiscriminatorType(), index);
    }
    

  public:
    NoPayloadEnumImplStrategyBase(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                  TypeInfoKind tik,
                                  IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize,
                                  unsigned NumElements,
                                  std::vector<Element> &&WithPayload,
                                  std::vector<Element> &&WithNoPayload)
      : SingleScalarTypeInfo(IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                             NumElements,
                             std::move(WithPayload),
                             std::move(WithNoPayload))
    {
      assert(ElementsWithPayload.empty());
    }

    bool needsPayloadSizeInMetadata() const override { return false; }

    Size getFixedSize() const {
      return Size((getDiscriminatorType()->getBitWidth() + 7) / 8);
    }

    llvm::Value *
    emitGetEnumTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T, Address enumAddr)
    const override {
      Explosion value;
      loadAsTake(IGF, enumAddr, value);

      return IGF.Builder.CreateZExtOrTrunc(value.claimNext(), IGF.IGM.Int32Ty);
    }

    llvm::Value *emitValueCaseTest(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                   Explosion &value,
                                   EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      // True if the discriminator matches the specified element.
      llvm::Value *discriminator = value.claimNext();
      return IGF.Builder.CreateICmpEQ(discriminator,
                                      getDiscriminatorIdxConst(Case));
    }

    
    llvm::Value *emitIndirectCaseTest(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T,
                                      Address enumAddr,
                                      EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      Explosion value;
      loadAsTake(IGF, enumAddr, value);
      return emitValueCaseTest(IGF, value, Case);
    }
    
    void emitValueSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                         Explosion &value,
                         ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                            llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                         llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const override {
      llvm::Value *discriminator = value.claimNext();

      // Create an unreachable block for the default if the original SIL
      // instruction had none.
      bool unreachableDefault = false;
      if (!defaultDest) {
        unreachableDefault = true;
        defaultDest = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext());
      }
      
      auto i = SwitchBuilder::create(IGF, discriminator,
                         SwitchDefaultDest(defaultDest,
                                     unreachableDefault ? IsUnreachable
                                                        : IsNotUnreachable),
                         dests.size());
      for (auto &dest : dests)
        i->addCase(getDiscriminatorIdxConst(dest.first), dest.second);

      if (unreachableDefault) {
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(defaultDest);
        IGF.Builder.CreateUnreachable();
      }
    }

    void emitIndirectSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            SILType T,
                            Address addr,
                            ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                               llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                            llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const override {
      Explosion value;
      loadAsTake(IGF, addr, value);
      emitValueSwitch(IGF, value, dests, defaultDest);
    }

    void emitValueProject(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                          Explosion &in,
                          EnumElementDecl *elt,
                          Explosion &out) const override {
      // All of the cases project an empty explosion.
      (void)in.claim(getExplosionSize());
    }

    void emitValueInjection(IRGenModule &IGM,
                            IRBuilder &builder,
                            EnumElementDecl *elt,
                            Explosion &params,
                            Explosion &out) const override {
      out.add(getDiscriminatorIdxConst(elt));
    }

    void destructiveProjectDataForLoad(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                       SILType T,
                                       Address enumAddr) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("cannot project data for no-payload cases");
    }

    void storeTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                  SILType T,
                  Address enumAddr,
                  EnumElementDecl *Case)
    const override {
      llvm::Value *discriminator = getDiscriminatorIdxConst(Case);
      Address discriminatorAddr
        = IGF.Builder.CreateStructGEP(enumAddr, 0, Size(0));
      IGF.Builder.CreateStore(discriminator, discriminatorAddr);
    }
    
    void emitStoreTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                      SILType T,
                      Address enumAddr,
                      llvm::Value *tag) const override {
      // FIXME: We need to do a tag-to-discriminator mapping here, but really
      // the only case where this is not one-to-one is with C-compatible enums,
      // and those cannot be resilient anyway so it doesn't matter for now.
      // However, we will need to fix this if we want to use InjectEnumTag
      // value witnesses for write reflection.
      llvm::Value *discriminator
        = IGF.Builder.CreateIntCast(tag, getDiscriminatorType(), /*signed*/false);
      Address discriminatorAddr
        = IGF.Builder.CreateStructGEP(enumAddr, 0, Size(0));
      IGF.Builder.CreateStore(discriminator, discriminatorAddr);
    }

    void initializeMetadata(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            llvm::Value *metadata,
                            bool isVWTMutable,
                            SILType T,
                        MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const override {
      // No-payload enums are always fixed-size so never need dynamic value
      // witness table initialization.
    }

    void initializeMetadataWithLayoutString(
        IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *metadata, bool isVWTMutable, SILType T,
        MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const override {
      // No-payload enums are always fixed-size so never need dynamic value
      // witness table initialization.
    }

    /// \group Required for SingleScalarTypeInfo

    llvm::Type *getScalarType() const {
      return getDiscriminatorType();
    }

    static Address projectScalar(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr) {
      return IGF.Builder.CreateStructGEP(addr, 0, Size(0));
    }

    void addToAggLowering(IRGenModule &IGM, SwiftAggLowering &lowering,
                          Size offset) const override {
      lowering.addOpaqueData(offset.asCharUnits(),
                             (offset + getFixedSize()).asCharUnits());
    }

    void emitScalarRetain(IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *value,
                          Atomicity atomicity) const {}
    void emitScalarRelease(IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *value,
                           Atomicity atomicity) const {}
    void emitScalarFixLifetime(IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *value) const {}

    void initializeWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      // No-payload enums are always POD, so we can always initialize by
      // primitive copy.
      llvm::Value *val = IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(src);
      IGF.Builder.CreateStore(val, dest);
    }

    void collectMetadataForOutlining(OutliningMetadataCollector &collector,
                                     SILType T) const override {}

    static constexpr IsTriviallyDestroyable_t IsScalarTriviallyDestroyable
      = IsTriviallyDestroyable;

    ClusteredBitVector getTagBitsForPayloads() const override {
      // No tag bits; no-payload enums always use fixed representations.
      return ClusteredBitVector::getConstant(
                    cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize().getValueInBits(),
                    false);
    }

    ClusteredBitVector
    getBitPatternForNoPayloadElement(EnumElementDecl *theCase) const override {
      Size size = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize();
      auto val = getDiscriminatorIdxConst(theCase)->getValue();
      return ClusteredBitVector::fromAPInt(zextOrSelf(val, size.getValueInBits()));
    }

    ClusteredBitVector
    getBitMaskForNoPayloadElements() const override {
      // All bits are significant.
      return ClusteredBitVector::getConstant(
                       cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize().getValueInBits(),
                       true);
    }
    
    APInt
    getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      return APInt::getAllOnes(cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize()
                                      .getValueInBits());
    }
  };

  /// Implementation strategy for native Swift no-payload enums.
  class NoPayloadEnumImplStrategy final
    : public NoPayloadEnumImplStrategyBase
  {
  public:
    NoPayloadEnumImplStrategy(IRGenModule &IGM,
                              TypeInfoKind tik,
                              IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize,
                              unsigned NumElements,
                              std::vector<Element> &&WithPayload,
                              std::vector<Element> &&WithNoPayload)
      : NoPayloadEnumImplStrategyBase(IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                                      NumElements,
                                      std::move(WithPayload),
                                      std::move(WithNoPayload))
    {
      assert(ElementsWithPayload.empty());
      assert(!ElementsWithNoPayload.empty());
    }

    TypeInfo *completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                     SILType Type,
                                     EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                     llvm::StructType *enumTy) override;

    TypeLayoutEntry *
    buildTypeLayoutEntry(IRGenModule &IGM,
                         SILType T,
                         bool useStructLayouts) const override {
      if (!useStructLayouts) {
        return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateTypeInfoBasedEntry(getTypeInfo(), T);
      }
      return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateScalarEntry(getTypeInfo(), T,
                                            ScalarKind::TriviallyDestroyable);
    }


    // TODO: Support this function also for other enum implementation strategies.
    int64_t getDiscriminatorIndex(EnumElementDecl *elt) const override {
      // The elements are assigned discriminators in declaration order.
      return getTagIndex(elt);
    }

    // TODO: Support this function also for other enum implementation strategies.
    llvm::Value *emitExtractDiscriminator(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                          Explosion &value) const override {
      return value.claimNext();
    }

    /// \group Extra inhabitants for no-payload enums.

    // No-payload enums have all values above their greatest discriminator
    // value that fit inside their storage size available as extra inhabitants.

    bool mayHaveExtraInhabitants(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      return getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IGM) > 0;
    }

    unsigned getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      unsigned bits = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize().getValueInBits();
      assert(bits < 32 && "freakishly huge no-payload enum");

      size_t shifted = static_cast<size_t>(static_cast<size_t>(1) << bits);
      size_t rawCount = shifted - ElementsWithNoPayload.size();
      return std::min(rawCount,
                      size_t(ValueWitnessFlags::MaxNumExtraInhabitants));
    }

    APInt getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                       unsigned bits,
                                       unsigned index) const override {
      unsigned value = index + ElementsWithNoPayload.size();
      return APInt(bits, value);
    }

    llvm::Value *getExtraInhabitantIndex(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         Address src, SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined)
    const override {
      auto &C = IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext();

      // Load the value.
      auto payloadTy = llvm::IntegerType::get(C,
                      cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize().getValueInBits());
      src = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(src, payloadTy);
      llvm::Value *val = IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(src);

      // Convert to i32.
      val = IGF.Builder.CreateZExtOrTrunc(val, IGF.IGM.Int32Ty);

      // Subtract the number of cases.
      val = IGF.Builder.CreateSub(val,
              llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty, ElementsWithNoPayload.size()));

      // If signed less than zero, we have a valid value. Otherwise, we have
      // an extra inhabitant.
      auto valid
        = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpSLT(val,
                                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty, 0));
      val = IGF.Builder.CreateSelect(valid,
                        llvm::ConstantInt::getSigned(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty, -1), val);

      return val;
    }

    void storeExtraInhabitant(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                              llvm::Value *index,
                              Address dest, SILType T,
                              bool isOutlined) const override {
      auto &C = IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext();
      auto payloadTy = llvm::IntegerType::get(C,
                      cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize().getValueInBits());
      dest = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(dest, payloadTy);

      index = IGF.Builder.CreateZExtOrTrunc(index, payloadTy);
      index = IGF.Builder.CreateAdd(index,
                llvm::ConstantInt::get(payloadTy, ElementsWithNoPayload.size()));
      IGF.Builder.CreateStore(index, dest);
    }

    llvm::Value *getEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                         Address src, SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      return getFixedTypeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*TI),
                                              numEmptyCases, src, T,
                                              isOutlined);
    }

    void storeEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                   llvm::Value *index,
                                   llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                   Address src, SILType T,
                                   bool isOutlined) const override {
      storeFixedTypeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*TI),
                                         index, numEmptyCases, src, T,
                                         isOutlined);
    }
  };

  /// Implementation strategy for C-compatible enums, where none of the cases
  /// have data but they all have fixed integer associated values.
  class CCompatibleEnumImplStrategy final
    : public NoPayloadEnumImplStrategyBase
  {
  protected:
    int64_t getDiscriminatorIndex(EnumElementDecl *target) const override {
      // The elements are assigned discriminators ABI-compatible with their
      // raw values from C. An invalid raw value is assigned the error index -1.
      auto intExpr =
          dyn_cast_or_null<IntegerLiteralExpr>(target->getRawValueExpr());
      if (!intExpr) {
        return -1;
      }
      auto intType = getDiscriminatorType();

      APInt intValue =
        BuiltinIntegerWidth::fixed(intType->getBitWidth())
          .parse(intExpr->getDigitsText(), /*radix*/ 0, intExpr->isNegative());

      return intValue.getZExtValue();
    }

  public:
    CCompatibleEnumImplStrategy(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                TypeInfoKind tik,
                                IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize,
                                unsigned NumElements,
                                std::vector<Element> &&WithPayload,
                                std::vector<Element> &&WithNoPayload)
      : NoPayloadEnumImplStrategyBase(IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                                      NumElements,
                                      std::move(WithPayload),
                                      std::move(WithNoPayload))
    {
      assert(ElementsWithPayload.empty());
    }

    TypeInfo *completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                     SILType Type,
                                     EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                     llvm::StructType *enumTy) override;

    TypeLayoutEntry *
    buildTypeLayoutEntry(IRGenModule &IGM,
                         SILType T,
                         bool useStructLayouts) const override {
      if (!useStructLayouts) {
        return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateTypeInfoBasedEntry(getTypeInfo(), T);
      }
      return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateScalarEntry(getTypeInfo(), T,
                                            ScalarKind::TriviallyDestroyable);
    }

    /// \group Extra inhabitants for C-compatible enums.

    // C-compatible enums have scattered inhabitants. For now, expose no
    // extra inhabitants.

    bool mayHaveExtraInhabitants(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      return false;
    }

    unsigned getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      return 0;
    }

    APInt getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                       unsigned bits,
                                       unsigned index) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("no extra inhabitants");
    }

    llvm::Value *getExtraInhabitantIndex(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         Address src, SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("no extra inhabitants");
    }

    void storeExtraInhabitant(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                              llvm::Value *index,
                              Address dest, SILType T,
                              bool isOutlined) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("no extra inhabitants");
    }

    llvm::Value *getEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                         Address src, SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      return getFixedTypeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*TI),
                                              numEmptyCases, src, T,
                                              isOutlined);
    }

    void storeEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                   llvm::Value *index,
                                   llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                   Address src, SILType T,
                                   bool isOutlined) const override {
      storeFixedTypeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*TI),
                                         index, numEmptyCases, src, T,
                                         isOutlined);
    }

    bool isReflectable() const override {
      // C enums have arbitrary values and we don't preserve the mapping
      // between the case and raw value at runtime, so don't mark it as
      // reflectable.
      return false;
    }
  };
  
  // Use the best fitting "normal" integer size for the enum. Though LLVM
  // theoretically supports integer types of arbitrary bit width, in practice,
  // types other than i1 or power-of-two-byte sizes like i8, i16, etc. inhibit
  // FastISel and expose backend bugs.
  static unsigned getIntegerBitSizeForTag(unsigned tagBits) {
    // i1 is used to represent bool in C so is fairly well supported.
    if (tagBits == 1)
      return 1;
    // Otherwise, round the physical size in bytes up to the next power of two.
    unsigned tagBytes = (tagBits + 7U)/8U;
    if (!llvm::isPowerOf2_32(tagBytes))
      tagBytes = llvm::NextPowerOf2(tagBytes);
    
    return Size(tagBytes).getValueInBits();
  }
  
  static std::pair<Size, llvm::IntegerType *>
  getIntegerTypeForTag(IRGenModule &IGM, unsigned tagBits) {
    auto typeBits = getIntegerBitSizeForTag(tagBits);
    auto typeSize = Size::forBits(typeBits);
    return {typeSize, llvm::IntegerType::get(IGM.getLLVMContext(), typeBits)};
  }

  /// Common base class for enums with one or more cases with data.
  class PayloadEnumImplStrategyBase : public EnumImplStrategy {
  protected:
    EnumPayloadSchema PayloadSchema;
    unsigned PayloadElementCount;
    llvm::IntegerType *ExtraTagTy = nullptr;

    // The number of payload bits.
    unsigned PayloadBitCount = 0;
    // The number of extra tag bits outside of the payload required to
    // discriminate enum cases.
    unsigned ExtraTagBitCount = ~0u;
    // The number of possible values for the extra tag bits that are used.
    // Log2(NumExtraTagValues - 1) + 1 <= ExtraTagBitCount
    unsigned NumExtraTagValues = ~0u;
    
    APInt getExtraTagBitConstant(uint64_t value) const {
      auto bitSize = getIntegerBitSizeForTag(ExtraTagBitCount);
      return APInt(bitSize, value);
    }

    void setTaggedEnumBody(IRGenModule &IGM,
                           llvm::StructType *bodyStruct,
                           unsigned payloadBits, unsigned extraTagBits) {
      // Represent the payload area as a byte array in the LLVM storage type,
      // so that we have full control of its alignment and load/store size.
      // Integer types in LLVM tend to have unexpected alignments or store
      // sizes.
      auto payloadArrayTy = llvm::ArrayType::get(IGM.Int8Ty,
                                                 (payloadBits+7U)/8U);

      SmallVector<llvm::Type*, 2> body;

      // Handle the case when the payload has no storage.
      // This may come up when a generic type with payload is instantiated on an
      // empty type.
      if (payloadBits > 0) {
        body.push_back(payloadArrayTy);
      }

      if (extraTagBits > 0) {
        Size extraTagSize;
        std::tie(extraTagSize, ExtraTagTy)
          = getIntegerTypeForTag(IGM, extraTagBits);
        
        auto extraTagArrayTy = llvm::ArrayType::get(IGM.Int8Ty,
                                                    extraTagSize.getValue());
        body.push_back(extraTagArrayTy);
      } else {
        ExtraTagTy = nullptr;
      }
      bodyStruct->setBody(body, /*isPacked*/true);
    }

  public:
    PayloadEnumImplStrategyBase(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                TypeInfoKind tik,
                                IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize,
                                unsigned NumElements,
                                std::vector<Element> &&WithPayload,
                                std::vector<Element> &&WithNoPayload,
                                EnumPayloadSchema schema)
      : EnumImplStrategy(IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                         NumElements,
                         std::move(WithPayload),
                         std::move(WithNoPayload)),
                         PayloadSchema(schema),
                         PayloadElementCount(0)
    {
      assert(ElementsWithPayload.size() >= 1);
      if (PayloadSchema) {
        PayloadSchema.forEachType(IGM, [&](llvm::Type *t){
          ++PayloadElementCount;
          PayloadBitCount += IGM.DataLayout.getTypeSizeInBits(t);
        });
      } else {
        // The bit count is dynamic.
        PayloadBitCount = ~0u;
      }
    }

    void getSchema(ExplosionSchema &schema) const override {
      if (TIK < Loadable) {
        schema.add(ExplosionSchema::Element::forAggregate(getStorageType(),
                                                  TI->getBestKnownAlignment()));
        return;
      }
      
      PayloadSchema.forEachType(IGM, [&](llvm::Type *payloadTy) {
        schema.add(ExplosionSchema::Element::forScalar(payloadTy));
      });

      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        schema.add(ExplosionSchema::Element::forScalar(ExtraTagTy));
    }

    void addToAggLowering(IRGenModule &IGM, SwiftAggLowering &lowering,
                          Size offset) const override {

      Size runningOffset = offset;
      PayloadSchema.forEachType(IGM, [&](llvm::Type *payloadTy) {
        lowering.addTypedData(payloadTy, runningOffset.asCharUnits());
        runningOffset += Size(IGM.DataLayout.getTypeStoreSize(payloadTy));
      });

      // Add the extra tag bits.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        auto tagStoreSize = IGM.DataLayout.getTypeStoreSize(ExtraTagTy);
        auto tagOffset = offset + getOffsetOfExtraTagBits();
        assert(tagOffset == runningOffset);
        lowering.addOpaqueData(tagOffset.asCharUnits(),
                               (tagOffset + Size(tagStoreSize)).asCharUnits());
      }
    }

    unsigned getExplosionSize() const override {
      return unsigned(ExtraTagBitCount > 0) + PayloadElementCount;
    }

    Address projectPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr) const {
      // The payload is currently always at the address point.
      return addr;
    }

    Address projectExtraTagBits(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr) const {
      assert(ExtraTagBitCount > 0 && "does not have extra tag bits");

      if (PayloadElementCount == 0) {
        return IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(addr, ExtraTagTy);
      }

      addr = IGF.Builder.CreateStructGEP(addr, 1, getOffsetOfExtraTagBits());
      return IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(addr, ExtraTagTy);
    }

    Size getOffsetOfExtraTagBits() const {
      return Size(PayloadBitCount / 8U);
    }

    void loadForSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr, Explosion &e)
    const {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed);
      auto payload = EnumPayload::load(IGF, projectPayload(IGF, addr),
                                       PayloadSchema);
      payload.explode(IGF.IGM, e);
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        e.add(IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(projectExtraTagBits(IGF, addr)));
    }

    void loadAsTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr, Explosion &e)
    const override {
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);
      loadForSwitch(IGF, addr, e);
    }

    void loadAsCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr,
                    Explosion &e) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);
      Explosion tmp;
      loadAsTake(IGF, addr, tmp);
      copy(IGF, tmp, e, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
    }

    void assign(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &e, Address addr,
                bool isOutlined, SILType T) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);
      Explosion old;
      if (!isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal))
        loadAsTake(IGF, addr, old);
      initialize(IGF, e, addr, isOutlined);
      if (!isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal))
        consume(IGF, old, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity(), T);
    }

    void initialize(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &e, Address addr,
                    bool isOutlined) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);
      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromExplosion(IGF.IGM, e, PayloadSchema);
      payload.store(IGF, projectPayload(IGF, addr));
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(e.claimNext(), projectExtraTagBits(IGF, addr));
    }

    void collectMetadataForOutlining(OutliningMetadataCollector &collector,
                                     SILType T) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);
    }

    void reexplode(Explosion &src, Explosion &dest)
    const override {
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);
      dest.add(src.claim(getExplosionSize()));
    }

  protected:
    /// Do a primitive copy of the enum from one address to another.
    void emitPrimitiveCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                           SILType T) const {
      // If the layout is fixed, the size will be a constant.
      // Otherwise, do a memcpy of the dynamic size of the type.
      IGF.Builder.CreateMemCpy(
          dest.getAddress(), llvm::MaybeAlign(dest.getAlignment().getValue()),
          src.getAddress(), llvm::MaybeAlign(src.getAlignment().getValue()),
          TI->getSize(IGF, T));
    }

    void emitPrimitiveStorePayloadAndExtraTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest,
                                              const EnumPayload &payload,
                                              llvm::Value *extraTag) const {
      payload.store(IGF, projectPayload(IGF, dest));
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(extraTag, projectExtraTagBits(IGF, dest));
    }

    std::pair<EnumPayload, llvm::Value*>
    getPayloadAndExtraTagFromExplosion(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src)
    const {
      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromExplosion(IGF.IGM, src, PayloadSchema);
      llvm::Value *extraTag = ExtraTagBitCount > 0 ? src.claimNext() : nullptr;
      return {payload, extraTag};
    }
    std::pair<EnumPayload, llvm::Value *>
    getPayloadAndExtraTagFromExplosionOutlined(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                               Explosion &src) const {
      EnumPayload payload;
      unsigned claimSZ = src.size();
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        --claimSZ;
      }
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < claimSZ; ++i) {
        payload.PayloadValues.push_back(src.claimNext());
      }
      llvm::Value *extraTag = ExtraTagBitCount > 0 ? src.claimNext() : nullptr;
      return {payload, extraTag};
    }

    std::pair<EnumPayload, llvm::Value*>
    emitPrimitiveLoadPayloadAndExtraTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr) const{
      llvm::Value *extraTag = nullptr;
      auto payload = EnumPayload::load(IGF, projectPayload(IGF, addr),
                                       PayloadSchema);
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        extraTag = IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(projectExtraTagBits(IGF, addr));
      return {std::move(payload), extraTag};
    }
    
    void packIntoEnumPayload(IRGenModule &IGM,
                             IRBuilder &builder,
                             EnumPayload &outerPayload,
                             Explosion &src,
                             unsigned offset) const override {
      // Pack payload, if any.
      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromExplosion(IGM, src, PayloadSchema);
      payload.packIntoEnumPayload(IGM, builder, outerPayload, offset);

      // Pack tag bits, if any.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        unsigned extraTagOffset = PayloadBitCount + offset;

        outerPayload.insertValue(IGM, builder, src.claimNext(), extraTagOffset);
      }
    }

    void unpackFromEnumPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                               const EnumPayload &outerPayload,
                               Explosion &dest,
                               unsigned offset) const override {
      // Unpack our inner payload, if any.
      auto payload
        = EnumPayload::unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, outerPayload, offset,
                                             PayloadSchema);
      
      payload.explode(IGF.IGM, dest);

      // Unpack our extra tag bits, if any.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        unsigned extraTagOffset = PayloadBitCount + offset;

        dest.add(outerPayload.extractValue(IGF, ExtraTagTy, extraTagOffset));
      }
    }
  };

  static void computePayloadTypesAndTagType(
      IRGenModule &IGM, const TypeInfo &TI,
      SmallVector<llvm::Type *, 2> &PayloadTypesAndTagType) {
    for (auto &element : TI.getSchema()) {
      auto type = element.getScalarType();
      PayloadTypesAndTagType.push_back(type);
    }
  }

  static llvm::Function *createOutlineLLVMFunction(
      IRGenModule &IGM, std::string &name,
      ArrayRef<llvm::Type *> PayloadTypesAndTagType) {
    auto consumeTy = llvm::FunctionType::get(IGM.VoidTy, PayloadTypesAndTagType,
                                             /*isVarArg*/ false);
    auto func =
        llvm::Function::Create(consumeTy, llvm::GlobalValue::LinkOnceODRLinkage,
                               llvm::StringRef(name), IGM.getModule());
    ApplyIRLinkage(IRLinkage::InternalLinkOnceODR).to(func);
    func->setAttributes(IGM.constructInitialAttributes());
    func->setDoesNotThrow();
    func->setCallingConv(IGM.DefaultCC);
    func->addFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::NoInline);
    return func;
  }

  class SinglePayloadEnumImplStrategy final
    : public PayloadEnumImplStrategyBase
  {
    // The payload size is readily available from the payload metadata; no
    // need to cache it in the enum metadata.
    bool needsPayloadSizeInMetadata() const override {
      return false;
    }

    TypeLayoutEntry *
    buildTypeLayoutEntry(IRGenModule &IGM,
                         SILType T,
                         bool useStructLayouts) const override {
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible)
        return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateResilientEntry(T);

      // TODO: Remove once single payload enums are fully supported
      // if (CopyDestroyKind == Normal)
      //   return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateTypeInfoBasedEntry(getTypeInfo(),
      //                                                            T);

      unsigned emptyCases = ElementsWithNoPayload.size();
      std::vector<TypeLayoutEntry *> nonEmptyCases;
      nonEmptyCases.push_back(getPayloadTypeInfo().buildTypeLayoutEntry(
          IGM, getPayloadType(IGM, T), useStructLayouts));
      return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateEnumEntry(emptyCases, nonEmptyCases,
                                                      T, getTypeInfo());
    }

    EnumElementDecl *getPayloadElement() const {
      return ElementsWithPayload[0].decl;
    }

    SILType getPayloadType(IRGenModule &IGM, SILType T) const {
      return T.getEnumElementType(ElementsWithPayload[0].decl,
                                  IGM.getSILModule(),
                                  IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());
    }

    const TypeInfo &getPayloadTypeInfo() const {
      return *ElementsWithPayload[0].ti;
    }
    const FixedTypeInfo &getFixedPayloadTypeInfo() const {
      return cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*ElementsWithPayload[0].ti);
    }
    const LoadableTypeInfo &getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo() const {
      return cast<LoadableTypeInfo>(*ElementsWithPayload[0].ti);
    }

    llvm::Value *emitPayloadMetadataForLayout(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                     SILType T) const {
      return IGF.emitTypeMetadataRefForLayout(getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T));
    }

    /// More efficient value semantics implementations for certain enum layouts.
    enum CopyDestroyStrategy {
      /// No special behavior.
      Normal,
      /// The payload is trivially destructible, so copying is bitwise (if
      /// allowed), and destruction is a noop.
      TriviallyDestroyable,
      /// The payload type is ABI-inaccessible, so we can't recurse.
      ABIInaccessible,
      /// The payload is a single reference-counted value, and we have
      /// a single no-payload case which uses the null extra inhabitant, so
      /// copy and destroy can pass through to retain and release entry
      /// points.
      NullableRefcounted,
      /// The payload's value witnesses can handle the extra inhabitants we use
      /// for no-payload tags, so we can forward all our calls to them.
      ForwardToPayload,
    };

    CopyDestroyStrategy CopyDestroyKind;
    ReferenceCounting Refcounting;

    unsigned NumExtraInhabitantTagValues = ~0U;

    SILType loweredType;
    mutable llvm::Function *copyEnumFunction = nullptr;
    mutable llvm::Function *consumeEnumFunction = nullptr;
    SmallVector<llvm::Type *, 2> PayloadTypesAndTagType;

    llvm::Function *
    emitCopyEnumFunction(IRGenModule &IGM, SILType theEnumType) const {
      IRGenMangler Mangler;
      auto manglingBits =
        getTypeAndGenericSignatureForManglingOutlineFunction(theEnumType);
      std::string name =
        Mangler.mangleOutlinedCopyFunction(manglingBits.first,
                                           manglingBits.second);
      auto func = createOutlineLLVMFunction(IGM, name, PayloadTypesAndTagType);

      IRGenFunction IGF(IGM, func);
      Explosion src = IGF.collectParameters();
      if (IGM.DebugInfo)
        IGM.DebugInfo->emitArtificialFunction(IGF, IGF.CurFn);

      EnumPayload payload;
      llvm::Value *extraTag;
      std::tie(payload, extraTag) =
          getPayloadAndExtraTagFromExplosionOutlined(IGF, src);
      llvm::BasicBlock *endBB =
          testFixedEnumContainsPayload(IGF, payload, extraTag);

      if (PayloadBitCount > 0) {
        ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);
        Explosion payloadValue;
        Explosion payloadCopy;
        auto &loadableTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
        loadableTI.unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, payload, payloadValue, 0);
        loadableTI.copy(IGF, payloadValue, payloadCopy, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
        (void)payloadCopy.claimAll(); // FIXME: repack if not bit-identical
      }

      IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
      IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);

      IGF.Builder.CreateRetVoid();
      return func;
    }

    llvm::Function *emitConsumeEnumFunction(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                            SILType theEnumType) const {
      IRGenMangler Mangler;
      auto manglingBits =
        getTypeAndGenericSignatureForManglingOutlineFunction(theEnumType);
      std::string name =
        Mangler.mangleOutlinedConsumeFunction(manglingBits.first,
                                              manglingBits.second);
      auto func = createOutlineLLVMFunction(IGM, name, PayloadTypesAndTagType);

      IRGenFunction IGF(IGM, func);
      Explosion src = IGF.collectParameters();
      if (IGM.DebugInfo)
        IGM.DebugInfo->emitArtificialFunction(IGF, IGF.CurFn);

      EnumPayload payload;
      llvm::Value *extraTag;
      std::tie(payload, extraTag) =
          getPayloadAndExtraTagFromExplosionOutlined(IGF, src);
      llvm::BasicBlock *endBB =
          testFixedEnumContainsPayload(IGF, payload, extraTag);

      // If we did, consume it.
      if (PayloadBitCount > 0) {
        ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);
        Explosion payloadValue;
        auto &loadableTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
        loadableTI.unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, payload, payloadValue, 0);
        loadableTI.consume(IGF, payloadValue, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity(),
                           getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, theEnumType));
      }

      IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
      IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);

      IGF.Builder.CreateRetVoid();
      return func;
    }

    static EnumPayloadSchema getPreferredPayloadSchema(Element payloadElement) {
      // TODO: If the payload type info provides a preferred explosion schema,
      // use it. For now, just use a generic word-chunked schema.
      if (auto fixedTI = dyn_cast<FixedTypeInfo>(payloadElement.ti))
        return EnumPayloadSchema(fixedTI->getFixedSize().getValueInBits());
      return EnumPayloadSchema();
    }

  public:
    SinglePayloadEnumImplStrategy(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                  TypeInfoKind tik,
                                  IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize,
                                  unsigned NumElements,
                                  std::vector<Element> &&WithPayload,
                                  std::vector<Element> &&WithNoPayload)
      : PayloadEnumImplStrategyBase(IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                                    NumElements,
                                    std::move(WithPayload),
                                    std::move(WithNoPayload),
                                getPreferredPayloadSchema(WithPayload.front())),
                                    CopyDestroyKind(Normal),
                                    Refcounting(ReferenceCounting::Native)
    {
      assert(ElementsWithPayload.size() == 1);

      // If the payload is TriviallyDestroyable, then we can use TriviallyDestroyable value semantics.
      auto &payloadTI = *ElementsWithPayload[0].ti;
      if (!payloadTI.isABIAccessible()) {
        CopyDestroyKind = ABIInaccessible;
      } else if (payloadTI.isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal)) {
        CopyDestroyKind = TriviallyDestroyable;
      // If the payload is a single refcounted pointer and we have a single
      // empty case, then the layout will be a nullable pointer, and we can
      // pass enum values directly into swift_retain/swift_release as-is.
      } else if (tik >= TypeInfoKind::Loadable
          && payloadTI.isSingleRetainablePointer(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal,
                                                 &Refcounting)
          && ElementsWithNoPayload.size() == 1
          // FIXME: All single-retainable-pointer types should eventually have
          // extra inhabitants.
          && cast<FixedTypeInfo>(payloadTI)
            .getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IGM) > 0) {
        CopyDestroyKind = NullableRefcounted;
      // If the payload's value witnesses can accept the extra inhabitants we
      // use, then we can forward to them instead of checking for empty tags.
      // TODO: Do this for all types, not just loadable types.
      } else if (tik >= TypeInfoKind::Loadable) {
        ReferenceCounting refCounting;
        (void)refCounting;
        // Ensure that asking `canValueWitnessExtraInhabitantsUpTo` doesn't
        // regress any places we were previously able to ask
        // `isSingleRetainablePointer`.
        assert(
          (!payloadTI.isSingleRetainablePointer(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal,
                                                &refCounting)
           || payloadTI.canValueWitnessExtraInhabitantsUpTo(IGM, 0))
          && "single-refcounted thing should be able to value-witness "
             "extra inhabitant zero");
        
        unsigned numTags = ElementsWithNoPayload.size();
        if (payloadTI.canValueWitnessExtraInhabitantsUpTo(IGM, numTags-1)) {
          CopyDestroyKind = ForwardToPayload;
        }
      }
    }

    /// Return the number of tag values represented with extra
    /// inhabitants in the payload.
    unsigned getNumExtraInhabitantTagValues() const {
      assert(NumExtraInhabitantTagValues != ~0U);
      return NumExtraInhabitantTagValues;
    }
    
    bool canValueWitnessExtraInhabitantsUpTo(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                             unsigned index) const override {
      return getPayloadTypeInfo().canValueWitnessExtraInhabitantsUpTo(IGM,
                                           index + NumExtraInhabitantTagValues);
    }

    /// Emit a call into the runtime to get the current enum payload tag.
    /// This returns a tag index in the range [0..NumElements-1].
    llvm::Value *emitGetEnumTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T,
                                Address enumAddr) const override {
      auto numEmptyCases =
          llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty, ElementsWithNoPayload.size());

      auto PayloadT = getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T);
      auto opaqueAddr = Address(
          IGF.Builder.CreateBitCast(enumAddr.getAddress(), IGF.IGM.OpaquePtrTy),
          IGF.IGM.OpaqueTy, enumAddr.getAlignment());
      return emitGetEnumTagSinglePayloadCall(IGF, PayloadT, numEmptyCases,
                                             opaqueAddr);
    }

    /// The payload for a single-payload enum is always placed in front and
    /// will never have interleaved tag bits, so we can just bitcast the enum
    /// address to the payload type for either injection or projection of the
    /// enum.
    Address projectPayloadData(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr) const {
      return IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(
          addr, getPayloadTypeInfo().getStorageType());
    }
    void destructiveProjectDataForLoad(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                       SILType T,
                                       Address enumAddr) const override {
    }

    TypeInfo *completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                     SILType Type,
                                     EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                      llvm::StructType *enumTy) override;
  private:
    TypeInfo *completeFixedLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                  SILType Type,
                                  EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                  llvm::StructType *enumTy);
    TypeInfo *completeDynamicLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                    SILType Type,
                                    EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                    llvm::StructType *enumTy);

  public:
    llvm::Value *
    emitIndirectCaseTest(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T,
                         Address enumAddr,
                         EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      if (TIK >= Fixed) {
        // Load the fixed-size representation and switch directly.
        Explosion value;
        loadForSwitch(IGF, enumAddr, value);
        return emitValueCaseTest(IGF, value, Case);
      }

      // Just fall back to emitting a switch.
      // FIXME: This could likely be implemented directly.
      auto &C = IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext();
      auto curBlock = IGF.Builder.GetInsertBlock();
      auto caseBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
      auto contBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
      emitIndirectSwitch(IGF, T, enumAddr, {{Case, caseBlock}}, contBlock);
      
      // Emit the case block.
      IGF.Builder.emitBlock(caseBlock);
      IGF.Builder.CreateBr(contBlock);

      // Emit the continuation block and generate a PHI to produce the value.
      IGF.Builder.emitBlock(contBlock);
      auto Phi = IGF.Builder.CreatePHI(IGF.IGM.Int1Ty, 2);
      Phi->addIncoming(IGF.Builder.getInt1(true), caseBlock);
      Phi->addIncoming(IGF.Builder.getInt1(false), curBlock);
      return Phi;
    }

    llvm::Value *
    emitValueCaseTest(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                      Explosion &value,
                      EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      // If we're testing for the payload element, we cannot directly check to
      // see whether it is present (in full generality) without doing a switch.
      // Try some easy cases, then bail back to the general case.
      if (Case == getPayloadElement()) {
        // If the Enum only contains two cases, test for the non-payload case
        // and invert the result.
        assert(ElementsWithPayload.size() == 1 && "Should have one payload");
        if (ElementsWithNoPayload.size() == 1) {
          auto *InvertedResult = emitValueCaseTest(IGF, value,
                                                 ElementsWithNoPayload[0].decl);
          return IGF.Builder.CreateNot(InvertedResult);
        }
        
        // Otherwise, just fall back to emitting a switch to decide.  Maybe LLVM
        // will be able to simplify it further.
        auto &C = IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext();
        auto caseBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
        auto contBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
        emitValueSwitch(IGF, value, {{Case, caseBlock}}, contBlock);
        
        // Emit the case block.
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(caseBlock);
        IGF.Builder.CreateBr(contBlock);
        
        // Emit the continuation block and generate a PHI to produce the value.
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(contBlock);
        auto Phi = IGF.Builder.CreatePHI(IGF.IGM.Int1Ty, 2);
        Phi->addIncoming(IGF.Builder.getInt1(true), caseBlock);
        for (auto I = llvm::pred_begin(contBlock),
             E = llvm::pred_end(contBlock); I != E; ++I)
          if (*I != caseBlock)
            Phi->addIncoming(IGF.Builder.getInt1(false), *I);
        return Phi;
      }

      assert(Case != getPayloadElement());

      // Destructure the value into its payload + tag bit components, each is
      // optional.
      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromExplosion(IGF.IGM, value, PayloadSchema);

      // If there are extra tag bits, test them first.
      llvm::Value *tagBits = nullptr;
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        tagBits = value.claimNext();


      // Non-payload cases use extra inhabitants, if any, or are discriminated
      // by setting the tag bits.
      APInt payloadTag, extraTag;
      std::tie(payloadTag, extraTag) = getNoPayloadCaseValue(Case);

      auto &ti = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo();
      
      llvm::Value *payloadResult = nullptr;
      // We can omit the payload check if this is the only case represented with
      // the particular extra tag bit pattern set.
      //
      // TODO: This logic covers the most common case, when there's exactly one
      // more no-payload case than extra inhabitants in the payload. This could
      // be slightly generalized to cases where there's multiple tag bits and
      // exactly one no-payload case in the highest used tag value.
      unsigned extraInhabitantCount = getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IGF.IGM);
      if (!tagBits ||
          ElementsWithNoPayload.size() != extraInhabitantCount + 1) {
        payloadResult = payload.emitCompare(
            IGF,
            extraInhabitantCount == 0 ? APInt::getAllOnes(PayloadBitCount)
                                      : ti.getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IGF.IGM),
            payloadTag);
      }

      // If any tag bits are present, they must match.
      llvm::Value *tagResult = nullptr;
      if (tagBits) {
        if (ExtraTagBitCount == 1) {
          if (extraTag == 1)
            tagResult = tagBits;
          else
            tagResult = IGF.Builder.CreateNot(tagBits);
        } else {
          tagResult = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpEQ(tagBits,
                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext(), extraTag));
        }
      }
      
      if (tagResult && payloadResult)
        return IGF.Builder.CreateAnd(tagResult, payloadResult);
      if (tagResult)
        return tagResult;
      assert(payloadResult && "No tag or payload?");
      return payloadResult;
    }

    
    void emitValueSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                         Explosion &value,
                         ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                            llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                         llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const override {
      auto &C = IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext();

      // Create a map of the destination blocks for quicker lookup.
      llvm::DenseMap<EnumElementDecl*,llvm::BasicBlock*> destMap(dests.begin(),
                                                                  dests.end());
      // Create an unreachable branch for unreachable switch defaults.
      auto *unreachableBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);

      // If there was no default branch in SIL, use the unreachable branch as
      // the default.
      if (!defaultDest)
        defaultDest = unreachableBB;

      auto blockForCase = [&](EnumElementDecl *theCase) -> llvm::BasicBlock* {
        auto found = destMap.find(theCase);
        if (found == destMap.end())
          return defaultDest;
        else
          return found->second;
      };

      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromExplosion(IGF.IGM, value, PayloadSchema);
      llvm::BasicBlock *payloadDest = blockForCase(getPayloadElement());
      unsigned extraInhabitantCount = getNumExtraInhabitantTagValues();

      auto elements = ElementsWithNoPayload;
      auto elti = elements.begin(), eltEnd = elements.end();

      // Advance the enum element iterator.
      auto nextCase = [&]() -> EnumElementDecl* {
        assert(elti != eltEnd);
        Element elt = *elti;
        ++elti;
        return elt.decl;
      };
      
      // If there are extra tag bits, switch over them first.
      SmallVector<llvm::BasicBlock*, 2> tagBitBlocks;
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        llvm::Value *tagBits = value.claimNext();
        assert(NumExtraTagValues > 1
               && "should have more than two tag values if there are extra "
                  "tag bits!");

        llvm::BasicBlock *zeroDest;
        // If we have extra inhabitants, we need to check for them in the
        // zero-tag case. Otherwise, we switch directly to the payload case.
        if (extraInhabitantCount > 0)
          zeroDest = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
        else
          zeroDest = payloadDest;

        // If there are only two interesting cases, do a cond_br instead of
        // a switch.
        if (ExtraTagBitCount == 1) {
          tagBitBlocks.push_back(zeroDest);
          llvm::BasicBlock *oneDest;
          
          // If there's only one no-payload case, we can jump to it directly.
          if (ElementsWithNoPayload.size() == 1) {
            oneDest = blockForCase(nextCase());
          } else {
            oneDest = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
            tagBitBlocks.push_back(oneDest);
          }
          IGF.Builder.CreateCondBr(tagBits, oneDest, zeroDest);
        } else {
          auto swi = SwitchBuilder::create(IGF, tagBits,
                           SwitchDefaultDest(unreachableBB, IsUnreachable),
                           NumExtraTagValues);

          // If we have extra inhabitants, we need to check for them in the
          // zero-tag case. Otherwise, we switch directly to the payload case.
          tagBitBlocks.push_back(zeroDest);
          swi->addCase(llvm::ConstantInt::get(C, getExtraTagBitConstant(0)),
                       zeroDest);
          
          for (unsigned i = 1; i < NumExtraTagValues; ++i) {
            // If there's only one no-payload case, or the payload is empty,
            // we can jump directly to cases without more branching.
            llvm::BasicBlock *bb;
            
            if (ElementsWithNoPayload.size() == 1
                || PayloadBitCount == 0) {
              bb = blockForCase(nextCase());
            } else {
              bb = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
              tagBitBlocks.push_back(bb);
            }
            swi->addCase(llvm::ConstantInt::get(C, getExtraTagBitConstant(i)),
                         bb);
          }
        }

        // Continue by emitting the extra inhabitant dispatch, if any.
        if (extraInhabitantCount > 0)
          IGF.Builder.emitBlock(tagBitBlocks[0]);
      }

      // If there are no extra tag bits, or they're set to zero, then we either
      // have a payload, or an empty case represented using an extra inhabitant.
      // Check the extra inhabitant cases if we have any.
      auto &fpTypeInfo = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo();
      if (extraInhabitantCount > 0) {
        // Switch over the extra inhabitant patterns we used.
        APInt mask = fpTypeInfo.getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IGF.IGM);
        
        SmallVector<std::pair<APInt, llvm::BasicBlock *>, 4> cases;
        for (auto i = 0U; i < extraInhabitantCount && elti != eltEnd; ++i) {
          cases.push_back({
            fpTypeInfo.getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IGF.IGM, PayloadBitCount,i),
            blockForCase(nextCase())
          });
        }
        
        payload.emitSwitch(IGF, mask, cases,
                           SwitchDefaultDest(payloadDest, IsNotUnreachable));
      }

      // We should have handled the payload case either in extra inhabitant
      // or in extra tag dispatch by now.
      assert(IGF.Builder.hasPostTerminatorIP() &&
             "did not handle payload case");

      // Handle the cases covered by each tag bit value.
      // If there was only one no-payload case, or the payload is empty, we
      // already branched in the first switch.
      if (PayloadBitCount > 0 && ElementsWithNoPayload.size() > 1) {
        unsigned casesPerTag = PayloadBitCount >= 32
          ? UINT_MAX : 1U << PayloadBitCount;
        for (unsigned i = 1, e = tagBitBlocks.size(); i < e; ++i) {
          assert(elti != eltEnd &&
                 "ran out of cases before running out of extra tags?");
          IGF.Builder.emitBlock(tagBitBlocks[i]);
          
          SmallVector<std::pair<APInt, llvm::BasicBlock *>, 4> cases;
          for (unsigned tag = 0; tag < casesPerTag && elti != eltEnd; ++tag) {
            cases.push_back({APInt(PayloadBitCount, tag),
                             blockForCase(nextCase())});
          }
          
          // FIXME: Provide a mask to only match the bits in the payload
          // whose extra inhabitants differ.
          payload.emitSwitch(IGF, APInt::getAllOnes(PayloadBitCount),
                             cases,
                             SwitchDefaultDest(unreachableBB, IsUnreachable));
        }
      }
      
      assert(elti == eltEnd && "did not branch to all cases?!");

      // Delete the unreachable default block if we didn't use it, or emit it
      // if we did.
      if (unreachableBB->use_empty()) {
        delete unreachableBB;
      } else {
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(unreachableBB);
        IGF.Builder.CreateUnreachable();
      }
    }

    void emitDynamicSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                           SILType T,
                           Address addr,
                           ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                              llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                           llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const {
      // Create a map of the destination blocks for quicker lookup.
      llvm::DenseMap<EnumElementDecl*,llvm::BasicBlock*> destMap(dests.begin(),
                                                                 dests.end());

      // If there was no default branch in SIL, use an unreachable branch as
      // the default.
      llvm::BasicBlock *unreachableBB = nullptr;
      if (!defaultDest) {
        unreachableBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext());
        defaultDest = unreachableBB;
      }

      // Ask the runtime to find the case index.
      auto caseIndex = emitGetEnumTag(IGF, T, addr);

      // Switch on the index.
      auto swi = SwitchBuilder::create(IGF, caseIndex,
                         SwitchDefaultDest(defaultDest,
                                           unreachableBB ? IsUnreachable
                                                         : IsNotUnreachable),
                         dests.size());

      auto emitCase = [&](Element elt) {
        auto tagVal =
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty, getTagIndex(elt.decl));
        auto found = destMap.find(elt.decl);
        if (found != destMap.end())
          swi->addCase(tagVal, found->second);
      };

      for (auto &elt : ElementsWithPayload)
        emitCase(elt);

      for (auto &elt : ElementsWithNoPayload)
        emitCase(elt);

      // Emit the unreachable block, if any.
      if (unreachableBB) {
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(unreachableBB);
        IGF.Builder.CreateUnreachable();
      }
    }

    void emitIndirectSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            SILType T,
                            Address addr,
                            ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                               llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                            llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const override {
      if (TIK >= Fixed) {
        // Load the fixed-size representation and switch directly.
        Explosion value;
        loadForSwitch(IGF, addr, value);
        return emitValueSwitch(IGF, value, dests, defaultDest);
      }

      // Use the runtime to dynamically switch.
      emitDynamicSwitch(IGF, T, addr, dests, defaultDest);
    }

    void emitValueProject(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                          Explosion &inEnum,
                          EnumElementDecl *theCase,
                          Explosion &out) const override {
      // Only the payload case has anything to project. The other cases are
      // empty.
      if (theCase != getPayloadElement()) {
        (void)inEnum.claim(getExplosionSize());
        return;
      }

      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromExplosion(IGF.IGM, inEnum, PayloadSchema);
      getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo()
        .unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, payload, out, 0);
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        inEnum.claimNext();
    }

  private:
    // Get the payload and extra tag (if any) parts of the discriminator for
    // a no-data case.
    std::pair<APInt, APInt>
    getNoPayloadCaseValue(EnumElementDecl *elt) const {
      assert(elt != getPayloadElement());

      unsigned payloadSize
        = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo().getFixedSize().getValueInBits();

      // Non-payload cases use extra inhabitants, if any, or are discriminated
      // by setting the tag bits.
      // Use the index from ElementsWithNoPayload.
      unsigned tagIndex = getTagIndex(elt) - 1;
      unsigned numExtraInhabitants = getNumExtraInhabitantTagValues();
      APInt payload;
      unsigned extraTagValue;
      if (tagIndex < numExtraInhabitants) {
        payload = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo().getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(
                                               IGM, payloadSize, tagIndex);
        extraTagValue = 0;
      } else {
        tagIndex -= numExtraInhabitants;

        // Factor the extra tag value from the payload value.
        unsigned payloadValue;
        if (payloadSize >= 32) {
          payloadValue = tagIndex;
          extraTagValue = 1U;
        } else {
          payloadValue = tagIndex & ((1U << payloadSize) - 1U);
          extraTagValue = (tagIndex >> payloadSize) + 1U;
        }

        if (payloadSize > 0)
          payload = APInt(payloadSize, payloadValue);
      }

      APInt extraTag;
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        extraTag = getExtraTagBitConstant(extraTagValue);
      } else {
        assert(extraTagValue == 0 &&
               "non-zero extra tag value with no tag bits");
      }
      return {payload, extraTag};
    }

  public:
    void emitValueInjection(IRGenModule &IGM,
                            IRBuilder &builder,
                            EnumElementDecl *elt,
                            Explosion &params,
                            Explosion &out) const override {
      // The payload case gets its native representation. If there are extra
      // tag bits, set them to zero.
      if (elt == getPayloadElement()) {
        auto payload = EnumPayload::zero(IGM, PayloadSchema);
        auto &loadablePayloadTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
        loadablePayloadTI.packIntoEnumPayload(IGM, builder, payload, params, 0);
        payload.explode(IGM, out);
        if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
          out.add(getZeroExtraTagConstant(IGM));
        return;
      }

      // Non-payload cases use extra inhabitants, if any, or are discriminated
      // by setting the tag bits.
      APInt payloadPattern, extraTag;
      std::tie(payloadPattern, extraTag) = getNoPayloadCaseValue(elt);
      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromBitPattern(IGM, payloadPattern,
                                                 PayloadSchema);
      payload.explode(IGM, out);
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        out.add(llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.getLLVMContext(), extraTag));
      }
    }

  private:
    /// Emits the test(s) that determine whether the fixed-size enum contains a
    /// payload or an empty case. Emits the basic block for the "true" case and
    /// returns the unemitted basic block for the "false" case.
    llvm::BasicBlock *
    testFixedEnumContainsPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                 const EnumPayload &payload,
                                 llvm::Value *extraBits) const {
      auto *nonzeroBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext());
      // We only need to apply the payload operation if the enum contains a
      // value of the payload case.

      // If we have extra tag bits, they will be zero if we contain a payload.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        assert(extraBits);
        llvm::Value *isNonzero;
        if (ExtraTagBitCount == 1) {
          isNonzero = extraBits;
        } else {
          llvm::Value *zero = llvm::ConstantInt::get(extraBits->getType(), 0);
          isNonzero = IGF.Builder.CreateICmp(llvm::CmpInst::ICMP_NE,
                                         extraBits, zero);
        }

        auto *zeroBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext());
        IGF.Builder.CreateCondBr(isNonzero, nonzeroBB, zeroBB);

        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(zeroBB);
      }

      // If we used extra inhabitants to represent empty case discriminators,
      // weed them out.
      unsigned numExtraInhabitants = getNumExtraInhabitantTagValues();
      if (numExtraInhabitants > 0) {
        unsigned bitWidth =
          getFixedPayloadTypeInfo().getFixedSize().getValueInBits();

        auto *payloadBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext());
        
        SmallVector<std::pair<APInt, llvm::BasicBlock*>, 4> cases;
        
        auto elements = getPayloadElement()->getParentEnum()->getAllElements();
        unsigned inhabitant = 0;
        for (auto i = elements.begin(), end = elements.end();
             i != end && inhabitant < numExtraInhabitants;
             ++i, ++inhabitant) {
          auto xi = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo()
            .getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IGF.IGM, bitWidth, inhabitant);
          cases.push_back({xi, nonzeroBB});
        }
        
        auto mask
          = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo().getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IGF.IGM);
        payload.emitSwitch(IGF, mask, cases,
                           SwitchDefaultDest(payloadBB, IsNotUnreachable));
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(payloadBB);
      }

      return nonzeroBB;
    }

    /// Emits the test(s) that determine whether the enum contains a payload
    /// or an empty case. For a fixed-size enum, this does a primitive load
    /// of the representation and calls down to testFixedEnumContainsPayload.
    /// For a dynamic enum, this queries the value witness table of the payload
    /// type. Emits the basic block for the "true" case and
    /// returns the unemitted basic block for the "false" case.
    llvm::BasicBlock *
    testEnumContainsPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            Address addr,
                            SILType T) const {
      auto &C = IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext();

      if (TIK >= Fixed) {
        EnumPayload payload;
        llvm::Value *extraTag;
        std::tie(payload, extraTag)
          = emitPrimitiveLoadPayloadAndExtraTag(IGF, addr);
        return testFixedEnumContainsPayload(IGF, payload, extraTag);
      }

      auto *payloadBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
      auto *noPayloadBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);

      // Ask the runtime what case we have.
      llvm::Value *which = emitGetEnumTag(IGF, T, addr);

      // If it's 0 then we have the payload.
      llvm::Value *hasPayload = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpEQ(
          which, llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty, 0));
      IGF.Builder.CreateCondBr(hasPayload, payloadBB, noPayloadBB);

      IGF.Builder.emitBlock(payloadBB);
      return noPayloadBB;
    }

    llvm::Type *getRefcountedPtrType(IRGenModule &IGM) const {
      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case NullableRefcounted:
        return IGM.getReferenceType(Refcounting);
      case ForwardToPayload:
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
      case Normal:
      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("not a refcounted payload");
      }

      llvm_unreachable("Not a valid CopyDestroyStrategy");
    }

    void retainRefcountedPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                 llvm::Value *ptr) const {
      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case NullableRefcounted: {
        if (Refcounting == ReferenceCounting::Custom) {
          Explosion e;
          e.add(ptr);
          getPayloadTypeInfo().as<ClassTypeInfo>().strongRetain(IGF, e, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
          return;
        }

        IGF.emitStrongRetain(ptr, Refcounting, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
        return;
      }
      case ForwardToPayload:
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
      case Normal:
      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("not a refcounted payload");
      }
    }

    void fixLifetimeOfRefcountedPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                        llvm::Value *ptr) const {
      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case NullableRefcounted:
        IGF.emitFixLifetime(ptr);
        return;
      case ForwardToPayload:
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
      case Normal:
      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("not a refcounted payload");
      }
    }

    void releaseRefcountedPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                  llvm::Value *ptr) const {
      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case NullableRefcounted: {
        if (Refcounting == ReferenceCounting::Custom) {
          Explosion e;
          e.add(ptr);
          getPayloadTypeInfo().as<ClassTypeInfo>().strongRelease(IGF, e, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
          return;
        }

        IGF.emitStrongRelease(ptr, Refcounting, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
        return;
      }
      case ForwardToPayload:
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
      case Normal:
      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("not a refcounted payload");
      }
    }

    void fillExplosionForOutlinedCall(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src,
                                      Explosion &out) const {
      assert(out.empty() && "Out explosion must be empty!");
      EnumPayload payload;
      llvm::Value *extraTag;
      std::tie(payload, extraTag) =
          getPayloadAndExtraTagFromExplosion(IGF, src);
      payload.explode(IGM, out);
      if (extraTag)
        out.add(extraTag);
    }
    
    void unpackIntoPayloadExplosion(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                    Explosion &asEnumIn,
                                    Explosion &asPayloadOut) const {
      auto &payloadTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
      // Unpack as an instance of the payload type and use its copy operation.
      auto srcBits = EnumPayload::fromExplosion(IGF.IGM, asEnumIn,
                                                PayloadSchema);
      payloadTI.unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, srcBits, asPayloadOut, 0);
    }
    
    void packFromPayloadExplosion(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                  Explosion &asPayloadIn,
                                  Explosion &asEnumOut) const {
      auto &payloadTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
      auto payload = EnumPayload::zero(IGF.IGM, PayloadSchema);
      payloadTI.packIntoEnumPayload(IGF.IGM, IGF.Builder, payload, asPayloadIn, 0);
      payload.explode(IGF.IGM, asEnumOut);
    }

  public:
    void copy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src, Explosion &dest,
              Atomicity atomicity) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);

      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
        reexplode(src, dest);
        return;

      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("ABI-inaccessible type cannot be loadable");

      case Normal: {
        if (loweredType.hasLocalArchetype()) {
          EnumPayload payload;
          llvm::Value *extraTag;
          std::tie(payload, extraTag) =
              getPayloadAndExtraTagFromExplosion(IGF, src);
          llvm::BasicBlock *endBB =
              testFixedEnumContainsPayload(IGF, payload, extraTag);

          if (PayloadBitCount > 0) {
            ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);
            Explosion payloadValue;
            Explosion payloadCopy;
            auto &loadableTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
            loadableTI.unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, payload, payloadValue, 0);
            loadableTI.copy(IGF, payloadValue, payloadCopy,
                            IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
            (void)payloadCopy.claimAll();
          }
          IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
          IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);
          return;
        }

        if (!copyEnumFunction)
          copyEnumFunction = emitCopyEnumFunction(IGM, loweredType);
        Explosion tmp;
        fillExplosionForOutlinedCall(IGF, src, tmp);
        llvm::CallInst *call = IGF.Builder.CreateCallWithoutDbgLoc(
            copyEnumFunction->getFunctionType(), copyEnumFunction,
            tmp.getAll());
        call->setCallingConv(IGM.DefaultCC);
        // Copy to the new explosion.
        dest.add(tmp.claimAll());
        return;
      }

      case NullableRefcounted: {
        // Bitcast to swift.refcounted*, and retain the pointer.
        llvm::Value *val = src.claimNext();
        llvm::Value *ptr = IGF.Builder.CreateBitOrPointerCast(
            val, getRefcountedPtrType(IGM));
        retainRefcountedPayload(IGF, ptr);
        dest.add(val);
        return;
      }

      case ForwardToPayload: {
        auto &payloadTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
        Explosion srcAsPayload, destAsPayload;
        unpackIntoPayloadExplosion(IGF, src, srcAsPayload);
        payloadTI.copy(IGF, srcAsPayload, destAsPayload, atomicity);
        packFromPayloadExplosion(IGF, destAsPayload, dest);
        return;
      }
      }
    }

    void consume(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src,
                 Atomicity atomicity, SILType T) const override {
      if (tryEmitConsumeUsingDeinit(IGF, src, T)) {
        return;
      }
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);

      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
        (void)src.claim(getExplosionSize());
        return;

      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("ABI-inaccessible type cannot be loadable");

      case Normal: {
        if (loweredType.hasLocalArchetype()) {
          EnumPayload payload;
          llvm::Value *extraTag;
          std::tie(payload, extraTag) =
              getPayloadAndExtraTagFromExplosion(IGF, src);
          llvm::BasicBlock *endBB =
              testFixedEnumContainsPayload(IGF, payload, extraTag);

          // If we did, consume it.
          if (PayloadBitCount > 0) {
            ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);
            Explosion payloadValue;
            auto &loadableTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
            loadableTI.unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, payload, payloadValue, 0);
            loadableTI.consume(IGF, payloadValue, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity(),
                               getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T));
          }

          IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
          IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);
          return;
        }
        if (!consumeEnumFunction)
          consumeEnumFunction = emitConsumeEnumFunction(IGM, loweredType);
        Explosion tmp;
        fillExplosionForOutlinedCall(IGF, src, tmp);
        llvm::CallInst *call = IGF.Builder.CreateCallWithoutDbgLoc(
            consumeEnumFunction->getFunctionType(), consumeEnumFunction,
            tmp.claimAll());
        call->setCallingConv(IGM.DefaultCC);
        return;
      }

      case NullableRefcounted: {
        // Bitcast to swift.refcounted*, and hand to swift_release.
        llvm::Value *val = src.claimNext();
        llvm::Value *ptr = IGF.Builder.CreateBitOrPointerCast(
            val, getRefcountedPtrType(IGM));
        releaseRefcountedPayload(IGF, ptr);
        return;
      }

      case ForwardToPayload: {
        auto &payloadTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
        // Unpack as an instance of the payload type and use its consume
        // operation.
        Explosion srcAsPayload;
        unpackIntoPayloadExplosion(IGF, src, srcAsPayload);
        payloadTI.consume(IGF, srcAsPayload, atomicity,
                          getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T));
        return;
      }
      }
    }

    void fixLifetime(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);

      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
        (void)src.claim(getExplosionSize());
        return;

      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("ABI-inaccessible type cannot be loadable");

      case Normal: {
        // Check that we have a payload.
        EnumPayload payload; llvm::Value *extraTag;
        std::tie(payload, extraTag)
          = getPayloadAndExtraTagFromExplosion(IGF, src);

        llvm::BasicBlock *endBB
          = testFixedEnumContainsPayload(IGF, payload, extraTag);

        // If we did, consume it.
        if (PayloadBitCount > 0) {
          ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);
          Explosion payloadValue;
          auto &loadableTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
          loadableTI.unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, payload, payloadValue, 0);
          loadableTI.fixLifetime(IGF, payloadValue);
        }

        IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);
        return;
      }

      case NullableRefcounted: {
        // Bitcast to swift.refcounted*, and hand to swift_release.
        llvm::Value *val = src.claimNext();
        llvm::Value *ptr = IGF.Builder.CreateIntToPtr(val,
                                                getRefcountedPtrType(IGM));
        fixLifetimeOfRefcountedPayload(IGF, ptr);
        return;
      }

      case ForwardToPayload: {
        auto &payloadTI = getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo();
        // Unpack as an instance of the payload type and use its fixLifetime
        // operation.
        Explosion srcAsPayload;
        unpackIntoPayloadExplosion(IGF, src, srcAsPayload);
        payloadTI.fixLifetime(IGF, srcAsPayload);
        return;
      }
      }

    }

    void destroy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr, SILType T,
                 bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (tryEmitDestroyUsingDeinit(IGF, addr, T)) {
        return;
      }

      if (CopyDestroyKind == TriviallyDestroyable) {
        return;
      }
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        return emitDestroyCall(IGF, T, addr);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
        case TriviallyDestroyable:
          return;

        case ABIInaccessible:
          llvm_unreachable("should already have been handled");

        case Normal: {
          // Check that there is a payload at the address.
          llvm::BasicBlock *endBB = testEnumContainsPayload(IGF, addr, T);

          ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);

          // If there is, project and destroy it.
          Address payloadAddr = projectPayloadData(IGF, addr);
          getPayloadTypeInfo().destroy(IGF, payloadAddr,
                                       getPayloadType(IGM, T),
                                       true /*isOutlined*/);

          IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
          IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);
          return;
        }

        case NullableRefcounted: {
          // Apply the payload's operation.
          addr =
              IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(addr, getRefcountedPtrType(IGM));
          llvm::Value *ptr = IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(addr);
          releaseRefcountedPayload(IGF, ptr);
          return;
        }

        case ForwardToPayload: {
          auto &payloadTI = getPayloadTypeInfo();
          // Apply the payload's operation.
          addr = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(addr,
                                                  payloadTI.getStorageType());
          payloadTI.destroy(IGF, addr, getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T), isOutlined);
          return;
        }
        }
      } else {
        callOutlinedDestroy(IGF, addr, T);
        return;
      }
    }

    LoadedRef loadRefcountedPtr(IRGenFunction &IGF, SourceLoc loc,
                                   Address addr) const override {
      // There is no need to bitcast from the enum address. Loading from the
      // reference type emits a bitcast to the proper reference type first.
      return getLoadablePayloadTypeInfo().loadRefcountedPtr(IGF, loc, addr);
    }
  private:
    llvm::ConstantInt *getZeroExtraTagConstant(IRGenModule &IGM) const {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed && "not fixed layout");
      assert(ExtraTagBitCount > 0 && "no extra tag bits?!");
      return llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.getLLVMContext(),
                                    getExtraTagBitConstant(0));
    }

    /// Initialize the extra tag bits, if any, to zero to indicate a payload.
    void emitInitializeExtraTagBitsForPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                              Address dest,
                                              SILType T) const {
      if (TIK >= Fixed) {
        // We statically know whether we have extra tag bits.
        // Store zero directly to the fixed-layout extra tag field.
        if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
          auto *zeroTag = getZeroExtraTagConstant(IGM);
          IGF.Builder.CreateStore(zeroTag, projectExtraTagBits(IGF, dest));
        }
        return;
      }
      llvm::Value *opaqueAddr =
          IGF.Builder.CreateBitCast(dest.getAddress(), IGM.OpaquePtrTy);

      auto PayloadT = getPayloadType(IGM, T);
      auto Addr = Address(opaqueAddr, IGM.OpaqueTy, dest.getAlignment());
      auto *whichCase = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, 0);
      auto *numEmptyCases =
          llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, ElementsWithNoPayload.size());
      emitStoreEnumTagSinglePayloadCall(IGF, PayloadT, whichCase, numEmptyCases,
                                        Addr);
    }

    /// Emit a reassignment sequence from an enum at one address to another.
    void emitIndirectAssign(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, IsTake_t isTake, bool isOutlined) const {
      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();
      auto PayloadT = getPayloadType(IGM, T);

      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
        return emitPrimitiveCopy(IGF, dest, src, T);

      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("shouldn't get here");

      case Normal: {
        llvm::BasicBlock *endBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);

        Address destData = projectPayloadData(IGF, dest);
        Address srcData = projectPayloadData(IGF, src);
        // See whether the current value at the destination has a payload.

        llvm::BasicBlock *noDestPayloadBB
          = testEnumContainsPayload(IGF, dest, T);

        {
          ConditionalDominanceScope destCondition(IGF);

          // Here, the destination has a payload. Now see if the source also
          // has one.
          llvm::BasicBlock *destNoSrcPayloadBB
            = testEnumContainsPayload(IGF, src, T);

          {
            ConditionalDominanceScope destSrcCondition(IGF);

            // Here, both source and destination have payloads. Do the
            // reassignment of the payload in-place.
            getPayloadTypeInfo().assign(IGF, destData, srcData, isTake,
                                        PayloadT, isOutlined);
            IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
          }

          // If the destination has a payload but the source doesn't, we can
          // destroy the payload and primitive-store the new no-payload value.
          IGF.Builder.emitBlock(destNoSrcPayloadBB);
          {
            ConditionalDominanceScope destNoSrcCondition(IGF);
            getPayloadTypeInfo().destroy(IGF, destData, PayloadT,
                                         false /*outline calling outline*/);
            emitPrimitiveCopy(IGF, dest, src, T);
            IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
          }
        }

        // Now, if the destination has no payload, check if the source has one.
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(noDestPayloadBB);
        {
          ConditionalDominanceScope noDestCondition(IGF);
          llvm::BasicBlock *noDestNoSrcPayloadBB
            = testEnumContainsPayload(IGF, src, T);

          {
            ConditionalDominanceScope noDestSrcCondition(IGF);

            // Here, the source has a payload but the destination doesn't.
            // We can copy-initialize the source over the destination, then
            // primitive-store the zero extra tag (if any).

            getPayloadTypeInfo().initialize(IGF, destData, srcData, isTake,
                                            PayloadT, isOutlined);
            emitInitializeExtraTagBitsForPayload(IGF, dest, T);
            IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
          }

          // If neither destination nor source have payloads, we can just
          // primitive-store the new empty-case value.
          IGF.Builder.emitBlock(noDestNoSrcPayloadBB);
          {
            ConditionalDominanceScope noDestNoSrcCondition(IGF);
            emitPrimitiveCopy(IGF, dest, src, T);
            IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
          }
        }

        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);
        return;
      }

      case NullableRefcounted: {
        // Do the assignment as for a refcounted pointer.
        auto refCountedTy = getRefcountedPtrType(IGM);
        Address destAddr = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(dest, refCountedTy);
        Address srcAddr = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(src, refCountedTy);
        // Load the old pointer at the destination.
        llvm::Value *oldPtr = IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(destAddr);
        // Store the new pointer.
        llvm::Value *srcPtr = IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(srcAddr);
        if (!isTake)
          retainRefcountedPayload(IGF, srcPtr);
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(srcPtr, destAddr);
        // Release the old value.
        releaseRefcountedPayload(IGF, oldPtr);
        return;
      }

      case ForwardToPayload: {
        auto &payloadTI = getPayloadTypeInfo();
        // Apply the payload's operation.
        dest =
            IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(dest, payloadTI.getStorageType());
        src = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(src, payloadTI.getStorageType());
        payloadTI.assign(IGF, dest, src, isTake,
                         getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T), isOutlined);
        return;
      }
      }

    }

    /// Emit an initialization sequence, initializing an enum at one address
    /// with another at a different address.
    void emitIndirectInitialize(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                                SILType T, IsTake_t isTake,
                                bool isOutlined) const {
      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();

      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
        return emitPrimitiveCopy(IGF, dest, src, T);

      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("shouldn't get here");

      case Normal: {
        llvm::BasicBlock *endBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);

        Address destData = projectPayloadData(IGF, dest);
        Address srcData = projectPayloadData(IGF, src);

        // See whether the source value has a payload.
        llvm::BasicBlock *noSrcPayloadBB
          = testEnumContainsPayload(IGF, src, T);

        {
          ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);

          // Here, the source value has a payload. Initialize the destination
          // with it, and set the extra tag if any to zero.
          getPayloadTypeInfo().initialize(IGF, destData, srcData, isTake,
                                          getPayloadType(IGM, T),
                                          isOutlined);
          emitInitializeExtraTagBitsForPayload(IGF, dest, T);
          IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
        }

        // If the source value has no payload, we can primitive-store the
        // empty-case value.
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(noSrcPayloadBB);
        {
          ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);
          emitPrimitiveCopy(IGF, dest, src, T);
          IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);        
        }

        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);
        return;
      }

      case NullableRefcounted: {
        auto refCountedTy = getRefcountedPtrType(IGM);

        // Do the initialization as for a refcounted pointer.
        Address destAddr = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(dest, refCountedTy);
        Address srcAddr = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(src, refCountedTy);

        llvm::Value *srcPtr = IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(srcAddr);
        if (!isTake)
          retainRefcountedPayload(IGF, srcPtr);
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(srcPtr, destAddr);
        return;
      }

      case ForwardToPayload: {
        auto &payloadTI = getPayloadTypeInfo();
        // Apply the payload's operation.
        dest =
            IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(dest, payloadTI.getStorageType());
        src = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(src, payloadTI.getStorageType());
        payloadTI.initialize(IGF, dest, src, isTake,
                             getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T), isOutlined);
        return;
      }
      }
    }

  public:
    void assignWithCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                        SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitAssignWithCopyCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        emitIndirectAssign(IGF, dest, src, T, IsNotTake, isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsNotInitialization, IsNotTake);
      }
    }

    void assignWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                        SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitAssignWithTakeCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        emitIndirectAssign(IGF, dest, src, T, IsTake, isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsNotInitialization, IsTake);
      }
    }

    void initializeWithCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitInitializeWithCopyCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        emitIndirectInitialize(IGF, dest, src, T, IsNotTake, isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsInitialization, IsNotTake);
      }
    }

    void initializeWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitInitializeWithTakeCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        emitIndirectInitialize(IGF, dest, src, T, IsTake, isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsInitialization, IsTake);
      }
    }

    void collectMetadataForOutlining(OutliningMetadataCollector &collector,
                                     SILType T) const override {
      if (CopyDestroyKind == Normal) {
        auto payloadT = getPayloadType(IGM, T);
        getPayloadTypeInfo().collectMetadataForOutlining(collector, payloadT);
      }
      collector.collectTypeMetadataForLayout(T);
    }

    void storeTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                  SILType T,
                  Address enumAddr,
                  EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      if (TIK < Fixed) {
        // If the enum isn't fixed-layout, get the runtime to do this for us.
        llvm::Value *caseIndex;
        if (Case == getPayloadElement()) {
          caseIndex = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, 0);
        } else {
          auto found = std::find_if(ElementsWithNoPayload.begin(),
                                    ElementsWithNoPayload.end(),
                                    [&](Element a) { return a.decl == Case; });
          assert(found != ElementsWithNoPayload.end() &&
                 "case not in enum?!");
          unsigned caseIndexVal = found - ElementsWithNoPayload.begin() + 1;
          caseIndex = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, caseIndexVal);
        }

        llvm::Value *numEmptyCases = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty,
                                                  ElementsWithNoPayload.size());

        llvm::Value *opaqueAddr
          = IGF.Builder.CreateBitCast(enumAddr.getAddress(),
                                      IGM.OpaquePtrTy);
        auto PayloadT = getPayloadType(IGM, T);
        auto Addr = Address(opaqueAddr, IGM.OpaqueTy, enumAddr.getAlignment());
        emitStoreEnumTagSinglePayloadCall(IGF, PayloadT, caseIndex,
                                          numEmptyCases, Addr);
        return;
      }

      if (Case == getPayloadElement()) {
        // The data occupies the entire payload. If we have extra tag bits,
        // zero them out.
        if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
          IGF.Builder.CreateStore(getZeroExtraTagConstant(IGM),
                                  projectExtraTagBits(IGF, enumAddr));
        return;
      }

      // Store the discriminator for the no-payload case.
      APInt payloadValue, extraTag;
      std::tie(payloadValue, extraTag) = getNoPayloadCaseValue(Case);
      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();
      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromBitPattern(IGM, payloadValue,
                                                 PayloadSchema);
      payload.store(IGF, projectPayload(IGF, enumAddr));
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(llvm::ConstantInt::get(C, extraTag),
                                projectExtraTagBits(IGF, enumAddr));
    }

    /// Constructs an enum value using a tag index in the range
    /// [0..NumElements-1].
    void emitStoreTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T, Address enumAddr,
                      llvm::Value *tag) const override {
      auto PayloadT = getPayloadType(IGM, T);
      llvm::Value *opaqueAddr
        = IGF.Builder.CreateBitCast(enumAddr.getAddress(),
                                      IGM.OpaquePtrTy);

      llvm::Value *numEmptyCases = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty,
                                                ElementsWithNoPayload.size());
      auto Addr = Address(opaqueAddr, IGM.OpaqueTy, enumAddr.getAlignment());
      emitStoreEnumTagSinglePayloadCall(IGF, PayloadT, tag, numEmptyCases,
                                        Addr);
    }

    void initializeMetadata(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            llvm::Value *metadata,
                            bool isVWTMutable,
                            SILType T,
                        MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const override {
      // Fixed-size enums don't need dynamic witness table initialization.
      if (TIK >= Fixed) return;

      // Ask the runtime to do our layout using the payload metadata and number
      // of empty cases.
      auto payloadTy =
          T.getEnumElementType(ElementsWithPayload[0].decl, IGM.getSILModule(),
                               IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());
      auto payloadLayout = emitTypeLayoutRef(IGF, payloadTy, collector);
      auto emptyCasesVal = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty,
                                                  ElementsWithNoPayload.size());
      auto flags = emitEnumLayoutFlags(IGM, isVWTMutable);
      IGF.Builder.CreateCall(
          IGM.getInitEnumMetadataSinglePayloadFunctionPointer(),
          {metadata, flags, payloadLayout, emptyCasesVal});
    }

    void initializeMetadataWithLayoutString(
        IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *metadata, bool isVWTMutable, SILType T,
        MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const override {
      // Fixed-size enums don't need dynamic witness table initialization.
      if (TIK >= Fixed)
        return;

      // Ask the runtime to do our layout using the payload metadata and number
      // of empty cases.
      auto payloadTy =
          T.getEnumElementType(ElementsWithPayload[0].decl, IGM.getSILModule(),
                               IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());

      auto request = DynamicMetadataRequest::getNonBlocking(
          MetadataState::LayoutComplete, collector);
      auto payloadLayout = IGF.emitTypeMetadataRefForLayout(payloadTy, request);
      auto emptyCasesVal =
          llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, ElementsWithNoPayload.size());
      auto flags = emitEnumLayoutFlags(IGM, isVWTMutable);
      IGF.Builder.CreateCall(
          IGM.getInitEnumMetadataSinglePayloadWithLayoutStringFunctionPointer(),
          {metadata, flags, payloadLayout, emptyCasesVal});
    }

    /// \group Extra inhabitants

    // Extra inhabitants from the payload that we didn't use for our empty cases
    // are available to outer enums.
    // FIXME: If we spilled extra tag bits, we could offer spare bits from the
    // tag.

    bool mayHaveExtraInhabitants(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      if (TIK >= Fixed)
        return getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IGM) > 0;

      return getPayloadTypeInfo().mayHaveExtraInhabitants(IGM);
    }

    unsigned getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      return getFixedPayloadTypeInfo().getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IGM)
               - getNumExtraInhabitantTagValues();
    }

    APInt
    getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                 unsigned bits,
                                 unsigned index) const override {
      return getFixedPayloadTypeInfo()
        .getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IGM, bits,
                                      index + getNumExtraInhabitantTagValues());
    }

    llvm::Value *
    getExtraInhabitantIndex(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            Address src, SILType T,
                            bool isOutlined) const override {
      auto payload = projectPayloadData(IGF, src);
      llvm::Value *index
        = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo().getExtraInhabitantIndex(IGF, payload,
                                                   getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T),
                                                   isOutlined);

      return adjustPayloadExtraInhabitantIndex(IGF, index);
    }

    /// Given an extra inhabitant index for the payload type, adjust it to
    /// be an appropriate extra inhabitant index for the enum type.
    llvm::Value *adjustPayloadExtraInhabitantIndex(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                                   llvm::Value *index) const {
      // Offset the payload extra inhabitant index by the number of inhabitants
      // we used. If less than zero, it's a valid value of the enum type.
      index = IGF.Builder.CreateSub(index,
         llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, ElementsWithNoPayload.size()));
      auto valid = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpSLT(index,
                                   llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, 0));
      index = IGF.Builder.CreateSelect(valid,
                              llvm::ConstantInt::getSigned(IGM.Int32Ty, -1),
                              index);
      return index;
    }

    void storeExtraInhabitant(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                              llvm::Value *index,
                              Address dest, SILType T,
                              bool isOutlined) const override {
      index = adjustExtraInhabitantIndexForPayload(IGF, index);
      auto payload = projectPayloadData(IGF, dest);
      getFixedPayloadTypeInfo().storeExtraInhabitant(IGF, index, payload,
                                                getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T),
                                                isOutlined);
    }

    /// Given an extra inhabitant index, adjust it to be an appropriate
    /// extra inhabitant index for the payload type.
    llvm::Value *adjustExtraInhabitantIndexForPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                                      llvm::Value *index) const{
      // Skip the extra inhabitants this enum uses.
      index = IGF.Builder.CreateAdd(index,
        llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty, ElementsWithNoPayload.size()));
      return index;
    }

    llvm::Value *getEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                         Address addr, SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (TIK >= Fixed) {
        return getFixedTypeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*TI),
                                                numEmptyCases, addr, T,
                                                isOutlined);
      }

      // If we're not emitting an outlined copy, just call the value witness.
      if (!isOutlined) {
        return emitGetEnumTagSinglePayloadCall(IGF, T, numEmptyCases, addr);
      }

      // Otherwise, fall back on a generic implementation.
      // TODO: consider inlining some of this so that we don't have to
      // bounce into the runtime when e.g. dynamically working with
      // double-optionals.
      return emitGetEnumTagSinglePayloadGenericCall(IGF, T, *TI, numEmptyCases,
                                                    addr,
          [this, T](IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr,
                    llvm::Value *numXI) -> llvm::Value* {
        auto payloadType = getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T);
        auto payloadAddr = projectPayloadData(IGF, addr);

        // For the case count, we just use the XI count from the payload type.
        auto payloadNumExtraCases = numXI;

        llvm::Value *tag
          = getPayloadTypeInfo().getEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF,
                                                         payloadNumExtraCases,
                                                         payloadAddr,
                                                         payloadType,
                                                         /*outlined*/ false);

        // We need to adjust that for the number of cases we're using
        // in this enum.
        return adjustPayloadExtraInhabitantTag(IGF, tag);
      });
    }

    /// Given an extra inhabitant tag for the payload type, adjust it to
    /// be an appropriate extra inhabitant tag for the enum type.
    llvm::Value *adjustPayloadExtraInhabitantTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                                 llvm::Value *tag) const {
      auto numExtraCases = IGF.IGM.getInt32(ElementsWithNoPayload.size());

      // Adjust the tag.
      llvm::Value *adjustedTag = IGF.Builder.CreateSub(tag, numExtraCases);

      // If tag <= numExtraCases, then this is a valid value of the enum type,
      // and the proper tag to return is 0.
      auto isEnumValue = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpULE(tag, numExtraCases);
      adjustedTag = IGF.Builder.CreateSelect(isEnumValue,
                                             IGF.IGM.getInt32(0),
                                             adjustedTag);
      return adjustedTag;
    }

    void storeEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                   llvm::Value *tag,
                                   llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                   Address dest, SILType T,
                                   bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (TIK >= Fixed) {
        storeFixedTypeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*TI),
                                           tag, numEmptyCases, dest, T,
                                           isOutlined);
        return;
      }

      // If we're not emitting an outlined copy, just call the value witness.
      if (!isOutlined) {
        emitStoreEnumTagSinglePayloadCall(IGF, T, tag, numEmptyCases, dest);
        return;
      }

      // Otherwise, fall back on a generic implementation.
      // TODO: consider inlining some of this so that we don't have to
      // bounce into the runtime when e.g. dynamically working with
      // double-optionals.
      emitStoreEnumTagSinglePayloadGenericCall(IGF, T, *TI, tag,
                                               numEmptyCases, dest,
          [this, T](IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, llvm::Value *tag,
                    llvm::Value *payloadNumXI) {
        auto payloadType = getPayloadType(IGF.IGM, T);
        auto payloadDest = projectPayloadData(IGF, dest);
        auto payloadTag = adjustExtraInhabitantTagForPayload(IGF, tag,
                                                             /*nonzero*/false);

        getPayloadTypeInfo().storeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, payloadTag,
                                                       payloadNumXI,
                                                       payloadDest,
                                                       payloadType,
                                                       /*outlined*/ false);
      });
    }

    /// Given an extra inhabitant tag for the payload type, which is known
    /// not to be 0, adjust it to be an appropriate extra inhabitant tag
    /// for the enum type.
    llvm::Value *adjustExtraInhabitantTagForPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                                    llvm::Value *tag,
                                                    bool isKnownNonZero) const {
      auto numExtraCases = IGF.IGM.getInt32(ElementsWithNoPayload.size());

      // Adjust the tag.
      llvm::Value *adjustedTag = IGF.Builder.CreateAdd(tag, numExtraCases);

      // Preserve the zero tag so that we don't pass down a meaningless XI
      // value that the payload will waste time installing before we
      // immediately overwrite it.
      if (!isKnownNonZero) {
        // If tag <= numExtraCases, then this is a valid value of the enum type,
        // and the proper tag to return is 0.
        auto isEnumValue = IGF.Builder.CreateIsNull(tag);
        adjustedTag = IGF.Builder.CreateSelect(isEnumValue,
                                               IGF.IGM.getInt32(0),
                                               adjustedTag);
      }
      return adjustedTag;
    }

    APInt
    getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      auto &payloadTI = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo();
      unsigned totalSize
        = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize().getValueInBits();
      if (payloadTI.isKnownEmpty(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal))
        return APInt::getAllOnes(totalSize);
      auto baseMask =
        getFixedPayloadTypeInfo().getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IGM);
      auto mask = BitPatternBuilder(IGM.Triple.isLittleEndian());
      mask.append(baseMask);
      mask.padWithSetBitsTo(totalSize);
      return mask.build().value();
    }

    ClusteredBitVector
    getBitPatternForNoPayloadElement(EnumElementDecl *theCase) const override {
      APInt payloadPart, extraPart;
      std::tie(payloadPart, extraPart) = getNoPayloadCaseValue(theCase);
      auto value = BitPatternBuilder(IGM.Triple.isLittleEndian());
      if (PayloadBitCount > 0)
        value.append(payloadPart);

      Size size = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize();
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        auto paddedWidth = size.getValueInBits() - PayloadBitCount;
        value.append(zextOrSelf(extraPart, paddedWidth));
      }
      return value.build();
    }

    ClusteredBitVector
    getBitMaskForNoPayloadElements() const override {
      // Use the extra inhabitants mask from the payload.
      auto &payloadTI = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo();

      Size size = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize();
      auto mask = BitPatternBuilder(IGM.Triple.isLittleEndian());
      if (Size payloadSize = payloadTI.getFixedSize()) {
        auto payloadMask = APInt::getZero(payloadSize.getValueInBits());
        if (getNumExtraInhabitantTagValues() > 0)
          payloadMask |= payloadTI.getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IGM);
        if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
          payloadMask |= 0xffffffffULL;
        mask.append(std::move(payloadMask));
      }
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        mask.padWithSetBitsTo(size.getValueInBits());
      }
      return mask.build();
    }

    ClusteredBitVector getTagBitsForPayloads() const override {
      // We only have tag bits if we spilled extra bits.
      auto tagBits = BitPatternBuilder(IGM.Triple.isLittleEndian());
      Size payloadSize = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo().getFixedSize();
      tagBits.appendClearBits(payloadSize.getValueInBits());

      Size totalSize = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize();
      if (ExtraTagBitCount) {
        Size extraTagSize = totalSize - payloadSize;
        tagBits.append(APInt(extraTagSize.getValueInBits(),
                             (1U << ExtraTagBitCount) - 1));
      } else {
        assert(payloadSize == totalSize);
      }
      return tagBits.build();
    }
  };

  class MultiPayloadEnumImplStrategy final
    : public PayloadEnumImplStrategyBase
  {
    // The spare bits shared by all payloads, if any.
    // Invariant: The size of the bit vector is the size of the payload in bits,
    // rounded up to a byte boundary.
    SpareBitVector CommonSpareBits;

    // The common spare bits actually used for a tag in the payload area.
    SpareBitVector PayloadTagBits;

    // The number of tag values used for no-payload cases.
    unsigned NumEmptyElementTags = ~0u;

    // The payload size in bytes. This might need to be written to metadata
    // if it depends on resilient types.
    unsigned PayloadSize;

    /// More efficient value semantics implementations for certain enum layouts.
    enum CopyDestroyStrategy {
      /// No special behavior.
      Normal,
      /// The payloads are all trivially destructible, so copying is bitwise
      /// (if allowed), and destruction is a noop.
      TriviallyDestroyable,
      /// One or more of the payloads is ABI-inaccessible, so we cannot recurse.
      ABIInaccessible,
      /// The payloads are all bitwise-takable, but have no other special
      /// shared layout.
      BitwiseTakable,
      /// The payloads are all reference-counted values, and there is at
      /// most one no-payload case with the tagged-zero representation. Copy
      /// and destroy can just mask out the tag bits and pass the result to
      /// retain and release entry points.
      /// This implies BitwiseTakable.
      TaggedRefcounted,
    };

    CopyDestroyStrategy CopyDestroyKind;
    ReferenceCounting Refcounting;
    bool AllowFixedLayoutOptimizations;

    SILType loweredType;
    mutable llvm::Function *copyEnumFunction = nullptr;
    mutable llvm::Function *consumeEnumFunction = nullptr;
    SmallVector<llvm::Type *, 2> PayloadTypesAndTagType;

    TypeLayoutEntry *
    buildTypeLayoutEntry(IRGenModule &IGM,
                         SILType T,
                         bool useStructLayouts) const override {
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible)
        return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateResilientEntry(T);

      if (!useStructLayouts && AllowFixedLayoutOptimizations && TIK >= Loadable) {
        // The type layout entry code does not handle spare bits atm.
        return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateTypeInfoBasedEntry(getTypeInfo(),
                                                                 T);
      }

      unsigned emptyCases = ElementsWithNoPayload.size();
      std::vector<TypeLayoutEntry*> nonEmptyCases;
      for (auto &elt : ElementsWithPayload) {
        auto eltPayloadType = T.getEnumElementType(
            elt.decl, IGM.getSILModule(), IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());

        nonEmptyCases.push_back(
            elt.ti->buildTypeLayoutEntry(IGM, eltPayloadType, useStructLayouts));
      }
      return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateEnumEntry(emptyCases, nonEmptyCases,
                                                      T, getTypeInfo());
    }

    llvm::Function *emitCopyEnumFunction(IRGenModule &IGM, SILType type) const {
      IRGenMangler Mangler;
      auto manglingBits =
        getTypeAndGenericSignatureForManglingOutlineFunction(type);
      std::string name =
        Mangler.mangleOutlinedCopyFunction(manglingBits.first,
                                           manglingBits.second);
      auto func = createOutlineLLVMFunction(IGM, name, PayloadTypesAndTagType);

      IRGenFunction IGF(IGM, func);
      Explosion src = IGF.collectParameters();
      if (IGM.DebugInfo)
        IGM.DebugInfo->emitArtificialFunction(IGF, IGF.CurFn);
      auto parts = destructureAndTagLoadableEnumFromOutlined(IGF, src);

      forNontrivialPayloads(IGF, parts.tag, [&](unsigned tagIndex,
                                                EnumImplStrategy::Element elt) {
        auto &lti = cast<LoadableTypeInfo>(*elt.ti);
        Explosion value;
        projectPayloadValue(IGF, parts.payload, tagIndex, lti, value);

        Explosion tmp;
        lti.copy(IGF, value, tmp, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
        (void)tmp.claimAll(); // FIXME: repack if not bit-identical
      });

      IGF.Builder.CreateRetVoid();
      return func;
    }

    llvm::Function *emitConsumeEnumFunction(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                            SILType type) const {
      IRGenMangler Mangler;
      auto manglingBits =
        getTypeAndGenericSignatureForManglingOutlineFunction(type);
      std::string name =
        Mangler.mangleOutlinedConsumeFunction(manglingBits.first,
                                              manglingBits.second);
      auto func = createOutlineLLVMFunction(IGM, name, PayloadTypesAndTagType);

      IRGenFunction IGF(IGM, func);
      if (IGM.DebugInfo)
        IGM.DebugInfo->emitArtificialFunction(IGF, IGF.CurFn);
      Explosion src = IGF.collectParameters();
      auto parts = destructureAndTagLoadableEnumFromOutlined(IGF, src);

      forNontrivialPayloads(IGF, parts.tag, [&](unsigned tagIndex,
                                                EnumImplStrategy::Element elt) {
        auto &lti = cast<LoadableTypeInfo>(*elt.ti);
        Explosion value;
        projectPayloadValue(IGF, parts.payload, tagIndex, lti, value);

        lti.consume(IGF, value, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity(),
                    type.getEnumElementType(elt.decl,
                                          IGM.getSILTypes(),
                                          IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext()));
      });

      IGF.Builder.CreateRetVoid();
      return func;
    }

    static EnumPayloadSchema getPayloadSchema(ArrayRef<Element> payloads) {
      // TODO: We might be able to form a nicer schema if the payload elements
      // share a schema. For now just use a generic schema.
      unsigned maxBitSize = 0;
      for (auto payload : payloads) {
        auto fixedTI = dyn_cast<FixedTypeInfo>(payload.ti);
        if (!fixedTI)
          return EnumPayloadSchema();
        maxBitSize = std::max(maxBitSize,
                            unsigned(fixedTI->getFixedSize().getValueInBits()));
      }
      return EnumPayloadSchema(maxBitSize);
    }

  public:
    MultiPayloadEnumImplStrategy(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                 TypeInfoKind tik,
                                 IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize,
                                 bool allowFixedLayoutOptimizations,
                                 unsigned NumElements,
                                 std::vector<Element> &&WithPayload,
                                 std::vector<Element> &&WithNoPayload)
      : PayloadEnumImplStrategyBase(IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                                    NumElements,
                                    std::move(WithPayload),
                                    std::move(WithNoPayload),
                                    getPayloadSchema(WithPayload)),
        CopyDestroyKind(Normal),
        AllowFixedLayoutOptimizations(allowFixedLayoutOptimizations)
    {
      assert(ElementsWithPayload.size() > 1);

      // Check the payloads to see if we can take advantage of common layout to
      // optimize our value semantics.
      bool allTriviallyDestroyable = true;
      bool allBitwiseTakable = true;
      bool allSingleRefcount = true;
      bool haveRefcounting = false;
      for (auto &elt : ElementsWithPayload) {
        if (!elt.ti->isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal))
          allTriviallyDestroyable = false;
        if (!elt.ti->isBitwiseTakable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal))
          allBitwiseTakable = false;

        // refcounting is only set in the else branches
        ReferenceCounting refcounting;
        if (!elt.ti->isSingleRetainablePointer(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal,
                                               &refcounting)) {
          allSingleRefcount = false;
        } else if (haveRefcounting) {
          // Only support a single style of reference counting for now.
          // swift_unknowRetain does not support the heap buffer of indirect
          // enums. And I am not convinced that unknowRetain supports
          // bridgedObjectRetain.
          if (refcounting != Refcounting)
            allSingleRefcount = false;
        } else {
          Refcounting = refcounting;
          haveRefcounting = true;
        }
      }

      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        CopyDestroyKind = ABIInaccessible;
      } else if (allTriviallyDestroyable) {
        assert(!allSingleRefcount && "TriviallyDestroyable *and* refcounted?!");
        CopyDestroyKind = TriviallyDestroyable;
      // FIXME: Memory corruption issues arise when enabling this for mixed
      // Swift/ObjC enums.
      } else if (allSingleRefcount
                 && ElementsWithNoPayload.size() <= 1) {
        CopyDestroyKind = TaggedRefcounted;
      } else if (allBitwiseTakable) {
        CopyDestroyKind = BitwiseTakable;
      }
    }

    bool needsPayloadSizeInMetadata() const override {
      // For dynamic multi-payload enums, it would be expensive to recalculate
      // the payload area size from all of the cases, so cache it in the
      // metadata. For fixed-layout cases this isn't necessary (except for
      // reflection, but it's OK if reflection is a little slow).
      //
      // Note that even if from within our module the enum has a fixed layout,
      // we might need the payload size if from another module the enum has
      // a dynamic size, which can happen if the enum contains a resilient
      // payload.
      return !AllowFixedLayoutOptimizations;
    }

    unsigned getPayloadSizeForMetadata() const override {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed);
      return PayloadSize;
    }

    TypeInfo *completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                     SILType Type,
                                     EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                     llvm::StructType *enumTy) override;

  private:
    TypeInfo *completeFixedLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                  SILType Type,
                                  EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                  llvm::StructType *enumTy);
    TypeInfo *completeDynamicLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                    SILType Type,
                                    EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                    llvm::StructType *enumTy);

    unsigned getNumCaseBits() const {
      return CommonSpareBits.size() - CommonSpareBits.count();
    }

    /// The number of empty cases representable by each tag value.
    /// Equal to the size of the payload minus the spare bits used for tags.
    unsigned getNumCasesPerTag() const {
      unsigned numCaseBits = getNumCaseBits();
      return numCaseBits >= 32
        ? 0x80000000 : 1 << numCaseBits;
    }

    /// Extract the payload-discriminating tag from a payload and optional
    /// extra tag value.
    llvm::Value *extractPayloadTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                   const EnumPayload &payload,
                                   llvm::Value *extraTagBits) const {
      unsigned numSpareBits = PayloadTagBits.count();
      llvm::Value *tag = nullptr;
      unsigned numTagBits
        = getIntegerBitSizeForTag(numSpareBits + ExtraTagBitCount);

      // Get the tag bits from spare bits, if any.
      if (numSpareBits > 0) {
        tag = payload.emitGatherSpareBits(IGF, PayloadTagBits, 0, numTagBits);
      }

      // Get the extra tag bits, if any.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        assert(extraTagBits);
        if (!tag) {
          return extraTagBits;
        } else {
          extraTagBits = IGF.Builder.CreateZExt(extraTagBits, tag->getType());
          extraTagBits = IGF.Builder.CreateShl(extraTagBits, numSpareBits);
          return IGF.Builder.CreateOr(tag, extraTagBits);
        }
      }
      assert(!extraTagBits);
      return tag;
    }

    llvm::Type *getRefcountedPtrType(IRGenModule &IGM) const {
      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TaggedRefcounted:
        return IGM.getReferenceType(Refcounting);
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
      case BitwiseTakable:
      case Normal:
      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("not a refcounted payload");
      }

      llvm_unreachable("Not a valid CopyDestroyStrategy.");
    }

    void retainRefcountedPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                 llvm::Value *ptr) const {
      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TaggedRefcounted:
        IGF.emitStrongRetain(ptr, Refcounting, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
        return;
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
      case BitwiseTakable:
      case Normal:
      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("not a refcounted payload");
      }
    }

    void fixLifetimeOfRefcountedPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                        llvm::Value *ptr) const {
      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TaggedRefcounted:
        IGF.emitFixLifetime(ptr);
        return;
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
      case BitwiseTakable:
      case Normal:
      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("not a refcounted payload");
      }
    }

    void releaseRefcountedPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                  llvm::Value *ptr) const {
      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TaggedRefcounted:
        IGF.emitStrongRelease(ptr, Refcounting, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
        return;
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
      case BitwiseTakable:
      case Normal:
      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("not a refcounted payload");
      }
    }

    /// Pack tag into spare bits and tagIndex into payload bits.
    APInt getEmptyCasePayload(IRGenModule &IGM,
                              unsigned tag,
                              unsigned tagIndex) const {
      // The payload may be empty.
      if (CommonSpareBits.empty())
        return APInt();
      
      APInt v = scatterBits(PayloadTagBits.asAPInt(), tag);
      v |= scatterBits(~CommonSpareBits.asAPInt(), tagIndex);
      return v;
    }

    /// Pack tag into spare bits and tagIndex into payload bits.
    EnumPayload getEmptyCasePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                    llvm::Value *tag,
                                    llvm::Value *tagIndex) const {
      auto result = EnumPayload::zero(IGF.IGM, PayloadSchema);
      if (!CommonSpareBits.empty())
        result.emitScatterBits(IGF.IGM, IGF.Builder, ~CommonSpareBits.asAPInt(), tagIndex);
      if (!PayloadTagBits.empty())
        result.emitScatterBits(IGF.IGM, IGF.Builder, PayloadTagBits.asAPInt(), tag);
      return result;
    }

    struct DestructuredLoadableEnum {
      EnumPayload payload;
      llvm::Value *extraTagBits;
    };
    DestructuredLoadableEnum
    destructureLoadableEnum(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src) const {
      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromExplosion(IGM, src, PayloadSchema);
      llvm::Value *extraTagBits
        = ExtraTagBitCount > 0 ? src.claimNext() : nullptr;
      
      return {payload, extraTagBits};
    }
    
    struct DestructuredAndTaggedLoadableEnum {
      EnumPayload payload;
      llvm::Value *extraTagBits, *tag;
    };
    DestructuredAndTaggedLoadableEnum
    destructureAndTagLoadableEnum(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src) const {
      auto destructured = destructureLoadableEnum(IGF, src);
      
      llvm::Value *tag = extractPayloadTag(IGF, destructured.payload,
                                           destructured.extraTagBits);

      return {destructured.payload, destructured.extraTagBits, tag};
    }
    DestructuredAndTaggedLoadableEnum
    destructureAndTagLoadableEnumFromOutlined(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                              Explosion &src) const {
      EnumPayload payload;
      unsigned claimSZ = src.size();
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        --claimSZ;
      }
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < claimSZ; ++i) {
        payload.PayloadValues.push_back(src.claimNext());
      }
      llvm::Value *extraTagBits =
          ExtraTagBitCount > 0 ? src.claimNext() : nullptr;
      llvm::Value *tag = extractPayloadTag(IGF, payload, extraTagBits);
      return {payload, extraTagBits, tag};
    }

    /// Returns a tag index in the range [0..NumElements-1].
    llvm::Value *
    loadDynamicTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr, SILType T) const {
      addr = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(addr, IGM.OpaqueTy);
      auto metadata = IGF.emitTypeMetadataRef(T.getASTType());
      auto call = IGF.Builder.CreateCall(
          IGM.getGetEnumCaseMultiPayloadFunctionPointer(),
          {addr.getAddress(), metadata});
      call->setDoesNotThrow();
      call->setOnlyReadsMemory();

      return call;
    }

    /// Returns a tag index in the range [0..ElementsWithPayload-1]
    /// if the current case is a payload case, otherwise returns
    /// an undefined value.
    llvm::Value *
    loadPayloadTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr, SILType T) const {
      if (TIK >= Fixed) {
        // Load the fixed-size representation and derive the tags.
        EnumPayload payload; llvm::Value *extraTagBits;
        std::tie(payload, extraTagBits)
          = emitPrimitiveLoadPayloadAndExtraTag(IGF, addr);
        return extractPayloadTag(IGF, payload, extraTagBits);
      }
      
      // Otherwise, ask the runtime to extract the dynamically-placed tag.
      return loadDynamicTag(IGF, addr, T);
    }

  public:

    /// Returns a tag index in the range [0..NumElements-1].
    llvm::Value *
    emitGetEnumTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T, Address addr)
    const override {
      unsigned numPayloadCases = ElementsWithPayload.size();
      llvm::Constant *payloadCases =
          llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, numPayloadCases);

      if (TIK < Fixed) {
        // Ask the runtime to extract the dynamically-placed tag.
        return loadDynamicTag(IGF, addr, T);
      }

      // For fixed-size enums, the currently inhabited case is a function of
      // both the payload tag and the payload value.
      //
      // Low-numbered payload tags correspond to payload cases. No-payload
      // cases are represented with the remaining payload tags.

      // Load the fixed-size representation and derive the tags.
      EnumPayload payload; llvm::Value *extraTagBits;
      std::tie(payload, extraTagBits)
        = emitPrimitiveLoadPayloadAndExtraTag(IGF, addr);

      // Load the payload tag.
      llvm::Value *tagValue = extractPayloadTag(IGF, payload, extraTagBits);
      tagValue = IGF.Builder.CreateZExtOrTrunc(tagValue, IGM.Int32Ty);

      // If we don't have any no-payload cases, we are done -- the payload tag
      // alone is enough to distinguish between all cases.
      if (ElementsWithNoPayload.empty())
        return tagValue;

      // To distinguish between non-payload cases, load the payload value and
      // strip off the spare bits.
      auto OccupiedBits = CommonSpareBits;
      OccupiedBits.flipAll();

      // Load the payload value, to distinguish no-payload cases.
      llvm::Value *payloadValue = payload.emitGatherSpareBits(
          IGF, OccupiedBits, 0, 32);

      llvm::Value *currentCase;

      unsigned numCaseBits = getNumCaseBits();
      if (numCaseBits >= 32 ||
          getNumCasesPerTag() >= ElementsWithNoPayload.size()) {
        // All no-payload cases have the same payload tag, so we can just use
        // the payload value to distinguish between them.
        //
        // The payload value is a tag index in the range
        // [0..ElementsWithNoPayload], so we are done.
        currentCase = payloadValue;
      } else {
        // The no-payload cases are distributed between multiple payload tags;
        // combine the payload tag with the payload value.

        // First, subtract number of payload cases from the payload tag to get
        // the most significant bits of the current case.
        currentCase = IGF.Builder.CreateSub(tagValue, payloadCases);

        // Shift the most significant bits of the tag value into place.
        llvm::Constant *numCaseBitsVal =
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, numCaseBits);
        currentCase = IGF.Builder.CreateShl(currentCase, numCaseBitsVal);

        // Add the payload value to the shifted payload tag.
        //
        // The result is a tag index in the range [0..ElementsWithNoPayload],
        // so we are done.
        currentCase = IGF.Builder.CreateOr(currentCase, payloadValue);
      }
      // Now, we have the index of a no-payload case. Add the number of payload
      // cases back, to get an index of a case.
      currentCase = IGF.Builder.CreateAdd(currentCase, payloadCases);

      // Test if this is a payload or no-payload case.
      llvm::Value *match = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpUGE(tagValue, payloadCases);

      // Return one of the two values we computed based on the above.
      return IGF.Builder.CreateSelect(match, currentCase, tagValue);
    }

    llvm::Value *
    emitIndirectCaseTest(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T,
                         Address enumAddr,
                         EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      if (TIK >= Fixed) {
        // Load the fixed-size representation and switch directly.
        Explosion value;
        loadForSwitch(IGF, enumAddr, value);
        return emitValueCaseTest(IGF, value, Case);
      }
      
      // Use the runtime to dynamically switch.
      auto tag = loadDynamicTag(IGF, enumAddr, T);
      unsigned tagIndex = getTagIndex(Case);
      llvm::Value *expectedTag
        = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, tagIndex);
      return IGF.Builder.CreateICmpEQ(tag, expectedTag);
    }
    
    llvm::Value *
    emitValueCaseTest(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &value,
                      EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();
      auto parts = destructureAndTagLoadableEnum(IGF, value);
      unsigned numTagBits
        = cast<llvm::IntegerType>(parts.tag->getType())->getBitWidth();

      // Cases with payloads are numbered consecutively, and only required
      // testing the tag. Scan until we find the right one.
      unsigned tagIndex = 0;
      for (auto &payloadCasePair : ElementsWithPayload) {
        if (payloadCasePair.decl == Case) {
          llvm::Value *caseValue
            = llvm::ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(numTagBits,tagIndex));
          return IGF.Builder.CreateICmpEQ(parts.tag, caseValue);
        }
        ++tagIndex;
      }
      // Elements without payloads are numbered after the payload elts.
      // Multiple empty elements are packed into the payload for each tag
      // value.
      unsigned casesPerTag = getNumCasesPerTag();

      auto elti = ElementsWithNoPayload.begin(),
      eltEnd = ElementsWithNoPayload.end();

      llvm::Value *tagValue = nullptr;
      APInt payloadValue;
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumEmptyElementTags; ++i) {
        assert(elti != eltEnd &&
               "ran out of cases before running out of extra tags?");

        // Look through the cases for this tag.
        for (unsigned idx = 0; idx < casesPerTag && elti != eltEnd; ++idx) {
          if (elti->decl == Case) {
            tagValue = llvm::ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(numTagBits,tagIndex));
            payloadValue = getEmptyCasePayload(IGM, tagIndex, idx);
            goto found_empty_case;
          }
          ++elti;
        }
        ++tagIndex;
      }

      llvm_unreachable("Didn't find case decl");
      
    found_empty_case:
      llvm::Value *match = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpEQ(parts.tag, tagValue);
      if (!CommonSpareBits.empty()) {
        auto payloadMatch = parts.payload
          .emitCompare(IGF, APInt::getAllOnes(CommonSpareBits.size()),
                       payloadValue);
        match = IGF.Builder.CreateAnd(match, payloadMatch);
      }
      return match;
    }

    void emitValueSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                         Explosion &value,
                         ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                            llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                         llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const override {
      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();

      // Create a map of the destination blocks for quicker lookup.
      llvm::DenseMap<EnumElementDecl*,llvm::BasicBlock*> destMap(dests.begin(),
                                                                 dests.end());

      // Create an unreachable branch for unreachable switch defaults.
      auto *unreachableBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);

      // If there was no default branch in SIL, use the unreachable branch as
      // the default.
      if (!defaultDest)
        defaultDest = unreachableBB;
      
      auto isUnreachable =
        defaultDest == unreachableBB ? IsUnreachable : IsNotUnreachable;

      auto parts = destructureAndTagLoadableEnum(IGF, value);

      // Figure out how many branches we have for the tag switch.
      // We have one for each payload case we're switching to.
      unsigned numPayloadBranches = std::count_if(ElementsWithPayload.begin(),
                                                  ElementsWithPayload.end(),
        [&](const Element &e) -> bool {
          return destMap.find(e.decl) != destMap.end();
        });
      // We have one for each group of empty tags corresponding to a tag value
      // for which we have a case corresponding to at least one member of the
      // group.
      unsigned numEmptyBranches = 0;
      unsigned noPayloadI = 0;
      unsigned casesPerTag = getNumCasesPerTag();
      while (noPayloadI < ElementsWithNoPayload.size()) {
        for (unsigned i = 0;
             i < casesPerTag && noPayloadI < ElementsWithNoPayload.size();
             ++i, ++noPayloadI) {
          if (destMap.find(ElementsWithNoPayload[noPayloadI].decl)
              != destMap.end()) {
            ++numEmptyBranches;
            noPayloadI += casesPerTag - i;
            goto nextTag;
          }
        }
      nextTag:;
      }

      // Extract and switch on the tag bits.
      unsigned numTagBits
        = cast<llvm::IntegerType>(parts.tag->getType())->getBitWidth();
      auto tagSwitch = SwitchBuilder::create(IGF, parts.tag,
                                 SwitchDefaultDest(defaultDest, isUnreachable),
                                 numPayloadBranches + numEmptyBranches);

      // Switch over the tag bits for payload cases.
      unsigned tagIndex = 0;
      for (auto &payloadCasePair : ElementsWithPayload) {
        EnumElementDecl *payloadCase = payloadCasePair.decl;
        auto found = destMap.find(payloadCase);
        if (found != destMap.end())
          tagSwitch->addCase(llvm::ConstantInt::get(C,APInt(numTagBits,tagIndex)),
                             found->second);
        ++tagIndex;
      }

      // Switch over the no-payload cases.
      auto elti = ElementsWithNoPayload.begin(),
           eltEnd = ElementsWithNoPayload.end();

      for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumEmptyElementTags; ++i) {
        assert(elti != eltEnd &&
               "ran out of cases before running out of extra tags?");
        
        auto tagVal = llvm::ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(numTagBits, tagIndex));
        
        // If the payload is empty, there's only one case per tag.
        if (CommonSpareBits.empty()) {
          auto found = destMap.find(elti->decl);
          if (found != destMap.end())
            tagSwitch->addCase(tagVal, found->second);
        
          ++elti;
          ++tagIndex;
          continue;
        }
        
        SmallVector<std::pair<APInt, llvm::BasicBlock *>, 4> cases;
        
        // Switch over the cases for this tag.
        for (unsigned idx = 0; idx < casesPerTag && elti != eltEnd; ++idx) {
          auto val = getEmptyCasePayload(IGM, tagIndex, idx);
          auto found = destMap.find(elti->decl);
          if (found != destMap.end())
            cases.push_back({val, found->second});
          ++elti;
        }
        
        if (!cases.empty()) {
          auto *tagBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
          tagSwitch->addCase(tagVal, tagBB);
          
          IGF.Builder.emitBlock(tagBB);

          parts.payload.emitSwitch(IGF, APInt::getAllOnes(PayloadBitCount),
                                 cases,
                                 SwitchDefaultDest(defaultDest, isUnreachable));
        }

        ++tagIndex;
      }

      // Delete the unreachable default block if we didn't use it, or emit it
      // if we did.
      if (unreachableBB->use_empty()) {
        delete unreachableBB;
      } else {
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(unreachableBB);
        IGF.Builder.CreateUnreachable();
      }
    }
    
  private:
    void emitDynamicSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                           SILType T,
                           Address addr,
                           ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                              llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                           llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const {
      // Ask the runtime to derive the tag index.
      auto tag = loadDynamicTag(IGF, addr, T);
      
      // Switch on the tag value.
      
      // Create a map of the destination blocks for quicker lookup.
      llvm::DenseMap<EnumElementDecl*,llvm::BasicBlock*> destMap(dests.begin(),
                                                                 dests.end());

      // Create an unreachable branch for unreachable switch defaults.
      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();
      auto *unreachableBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);

      // If there was no default branch in SIL, use the unreachable branch as
      // the default.
      if (!defaultDest)
        defaultDest = unreachableBB;

      auto tagSwitch = SwitchBuilder::create(IGF, tag,
         SwitchDefaultDest(defaultDest,
               defaultDest == unreachableBB ? IsUnreachable : IsNotUnreachable),
         dests.size());

      auto emitCase = [&](Element elt) {
        auto tagVal =
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, getTagIndex(elt.decl));
        auto found = destMap.find(elt.decl);
        if (found != destMap.end())
          tagSwitch->addCase(tagVal, found->second);
      };

      for (auto &elt : ElementsWithPayload)
        emitCase(elt);
      
      for (auto &elt : ElementsWithNoPayload)
        emitCase(elt);

      // Delete the unreachable default block if we didn't use it, or emit it
      // if we did.
      if (unreachableBB->use_empty()) {
        delete unreachableBB;
      } else {
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(unreachableBB);
        IGF.Builder.CreateUnreachable();
      }
    }
  
  public:
    void emitIndirectSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            SILType T,
                            Address addr,
                            ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                               llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                            llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const override {
      if (TIK >= Fixed) {
        // Load the fixed-size representation and switch directly.
        Explosion value;
        loadForSwitch(IGF, addr, value);
        return emitValueSwitch(IGF, value, dests, defaultDest);
      }

      // Use the runtime to dynamically switch.
      return emitDynamicSwitch(IGF, T, addr, dests, defaultDest);
    }

  private:
    void projectPayloadValue(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                             EnumPayload payload,
                             unsigned payloadTag,
                             const LoadableTypeInfo &payloadTI,
                             Explosion &out) const {
      // If the payload is empty, so is the explosion.
      if (CommonSpareBits.empty())
        return;
      
      // If we have spare bits, we have to mask out any set tag bits packed
      // there.
      if (PayloadTagBits.any()) {
        unsigned spareBitCount = PayloadTagBits.count();
        if (spareBitCount < 32)
          payloadTag &= (1U << spareBitCount) - 1U;
        if (payloadTag != 0) {
          APInt mask = ~PayloadTagBits.asAPInt();
          payload.emitApplyAndMask(IGF, mask);
        }
      }

      // Unpack the payload.
      payloadTI.unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, payload, out, 0);
    }

  public:
    void emitValueProject(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                          Explosion &inValue,
                          EnumElementDecl *theCase,
                          Explosion &out) const override {
      auto foundPayload = std::find_if(ElementsWithPayload.begin(),
                                       ElementsWithPayload.end(),
             [&](const Element &e) { return e.decl == theCase; });

      // Non-payload cases project to an empty explosion.
      if (foundPayload == ElementsWithPayload.end()) {
        (void)inValue.claim(getExplosionSize());
        return;
      }

      auto parts = destructureLoadableEnum(IGF, inValue);

      // Unpack the payload.
      projectPayloadValue(IGF, parts.payload,
                          foundPayload - ElementsWithPayload.begin(),
                     cast<LoadableTypeInfo>(*foundPayload->ti), out);
    }

    void packIntoEnumPayload(IRGenModule &IGM,
                             IRBuilder &builder,
                             EnumPayload &outerPayload,
                             Explosion &src,
                             unsigned offset) const override {
      auto innerPayload = EnumPayload::fromExplosion(IGM, src,
                                                     PayloadSchema);
      // Pack the payload, if any.
      innerPayload.packIntoEnumPayload(IGM, builder, outerPayload, offset);
      // Pack the extra bits, if any.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        outerPayload.insertValue(IGM, builder, src.claimNext(),
                                 CommonSpareBits.size() + offset);
    }

    void unpackFromEnumPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                               const EnumPayload &outerPayload,
                               Explosion &dest,
                               unsigned offset) const override {
      // Unpack the payload.
      auto inner
        = EnumPayload::unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, outerPayload, offset,
                                             PayloadSchema);
      inner.explode(IGM, dest);
      // Unpack the extra bits, if any.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        dest.add(outerPayload.extractValue(IGF, ExtraTagTy,
                                           CommonSpareBits.size() + offset));
    }

  private:
    void emitPayloadInjection(IRBuilder &builder,
                              const FixedTypeInfo &payloadTI,
                              Explosion &params, Explosion &out,
                              unsigned tag) const {
      // Pack the payload.
      auto &loadablePayloadTI = cast<LoadableTypeInfo>(payloadTI); // FIXME
      
      auto payload = EnumPayload::zero(IGM, PayloadSchema);
      loadablePayloadTI.packIntoEnumPayload(IGM, builder, payload, params, 0);

      // If we have spare bits, pack tag bits into them.
      unsigned numSpareBits = PayloadTagBits.count();
      if (numSpareBits > 0) {
        APInt tagMaskVal = scatterBits(PayloadTagBits.asAPInt(), tag);
        payload.emitApplyOrMask(IGM, builder, tagMaskVal);
      }

      payload.explode(IGM, out);

      // If we have extra tag bits, pack the remaining tag bits into them.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        tag >>= numSpareBits;
        auto extra = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.getLLVMContext(),
                                            getExtraTagBitConstant(tag));
        out.add(extra);
      }
    }

    std::pair<APInt, APInt>
    getNoPayloadCaseValue(unsigned index) const {
      // Figure out the tag and payload for the empty case.
      unsigned numCaseBits = getNumCaseBits();
      unsigned tag, tagIndex;
      if (numCaseBits >= 32 ||
          getNumCasesPerTag() >= ElementsWithNoPayload.size()) {
        // All no-payload cases have the same payload tag, so we can just use
        // the payload value to distinguish between no-payload cases.
        tag = ElementsWithPayload.size();
        tagIndex = index;
      } else {
        // The no-payload cases are distributed between multiple payload tags;
        // combine the payload tag with the payload value.
        tag = (index >> numCaseBits) + ElementsWithPayload.size();
        tagIndex = index & ((1 << numCaseBits) - 1);
      }

      APInt payload;
      APInt extraTag;
      unsigned numSpareBits = CommonSpareBits.count();
      if (numSpareBits > 0) {
        // If we have spare bits, pack the tag into the spare bits and
        // the tagIndex into the payload.
        payload = getEmptyCasePayload(IGM, tag, tagIndex);
      } else if (!CommonSpareBits.empty()) {
        // Otherwise the payload is just the index.
        payload = APInt(CommonSpareBits.size(), tagIndex);
      }

      // If the tag bits do not fit in the spare bits, the remaining tag bits
      // are the extra tag bits.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0)
        extraTag = getExtraTagBitConstant(tag >> numSpareBits);

      return {payload, extraTag};
    }

    std::pair<EnumPayload, llvm::Value *>
    getNoPayloadCaseValue(IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *index) const {
      // Split the case index into two pieces, the tag and tag index.
      unsigned numCaseBits = getNumCaseBits();

      llvm::Value *tag;
      llvm::Value *tagIndex;
      if (numCaseBits >= 32 ||
          getNumCasesPerTag() >= ElementsWithNoPayload.size()) {
        // All no-payload cases have the same payload tag, so we can just use
        // the payload value to distinguish between no-payload cases.
        tag = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, ElementsWithPayload.size());
        tagIndex = index;
      } else {
        // The no-payload cases are distributed between multiple payload tags.
        tag = IGF.Builder.CreateAdd(
            IGF.Builder.CreateLShr(index,
                              llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, numCaseBits)),
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, ElementsWithPayload.size()));
        tagIndex = IGF.Builder.CreateAnd(index,
            llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, ((1 << numCaseBits) - 1)));
      }

      EnumPayload payload;
      llvm::Value *extraTag;
      unsigned numSpareBits = CommonSpareBits.count();
      if (numSpareBits > 0) {
        // If we have spare bits, pack the tag into the spare bits and
        // the tagIndex into the payload.
        payload = getEmptyCasePayload(IGF, tag, tagIndex);
      } else if (!CommonSpareBits.empty()) {
        // Otherwise the payload is just the index.
        auto mask = APInt::getLowBitsSet(CommonSpareBits.size(),
                                         std::min(32U, numCaseBits));
        payload = EnumPayload::zero(IGM, PayloadSchema);
        payload.emitScatterBits(IGF.IGM, IGF.Builder, mask, tagIndex);
      }

      // If the tag bits do not fit in the spare bits, the remaining tag bits
      // are the extra tag bits.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        extraTag = tag;
        if (numSpareBits > 0)
          extraTag = IGF.Builder.CreateLShr(tag,
                             llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, numSpareBits));
      }
      return {payload, extraTag};
    }

    void emitNoPayloadInjection(Explosion &out, unsigned index) const {
      APInt payloadVal, extraTag;
      std::tie(payloadVal, extraTag) = getNoPayloadCaseValue(index);
      
      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromBitPattern(IGM, payloadVal,
                                                 PayloadSchema);
      payload.explode(IGM, out);
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        out.add(llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.getLLVMContext(), extraTag));
      }
    }

    void forNontrivialPayloads(IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *tag,
               llvm::function_ref<void(unsigned, EnumImplStrategy::Element)> f)
    const {
      auto *endBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(IGM.getLLVMContext());

      unsigned numNontrivialPayloads
        = std::count_if(ElementsWithPayload.begin(), ElementsWithPayload.end(),
                     [](Element e) -> bool {
                       return !e.ti->isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal);
                     });

      bool anyTrivial = !ElementsWithNoPayload.empty()
        || numNontrivialPayloads != ElementsWithPayload.size();
      
      auto swi = SwitchBuilder::create(IGF, tag,
        SwitchDefaultDest(endBB, anyTrivial ? IsNotUnreachable : IsUnreachable),
        numNontrivialPayloads);
      auto *tagTy = cast<llvm::IntegerType>(tag->getType());

      // Handle nontrivial tags.
      unsigned tagIndex = 0;
      for (auto &payloadCasePair : ElementsWithPayload) {
        auto &payloadTI = *payloadCasePair.ti;

        // Trivial payloads don't need any work.
        if (payloadTI.isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal)) {
          ++tagIndex;
          continue;
        }

        // Unpack and handle nontrivial payloads.
        auto *caseBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(IGM.getLLVMContext());
        swi->addCase(llvm::ConstantInt::get(tagTy, tagIndex), caseBB);

        ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);

        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(caseBB);
        f(tagIndex, payloadCasePair);
        IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);

        ++tagIndex;
      }

      IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);
    }

    void maskTagBitsFromPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                EnumPayload &payload) const {
      if (PayloadTagBits.none())
        return;

      APInt mask = ~PayloadTagBits.asAPInt();
      payload.emitApplyAndMask(IGF, mask);
    }

    void fillExplosionForOutlinedCall(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src,
                                      Explosion &out) const {
      assert(out.empty() && "Out explosion must be empty!");
      auto parts = destructureAndTagLoadableEnum(IGF, src);
      parts.payload.explode(IGM, out);
      if (parts.extraTagBits)
        out.add(parts.extraTagBits);
    }

  public:
    void emitValueInjection(IRGenModule &IGM,
                            IRBuilder &builder,
                            EnumElementDecl *elt,
                            Explosion &params,
                            Explosion &out) const override {
      // See whether this is a payload or empty case we're emitting.
      auto payloadI = std::find_if(ElementsWithPayload.begin(),
                                   ElementsWithPayload.end(),
                               [&](const Element &e) { return e.decl == elt; });
      if (payloadI != ElementsWithPayload.end())
        return emitPayloadInjection(builder, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*payloadI->ti),
                                    params, out,
                                    payloadI - ElementsWithPayload.begin());

      auto emptyI = std::find_if(ElementsWithNoPayload.begin(),
                                 ElementsWithNoPayload.end(),
                               [&](const Element &e) { return e.decl == elt; });
      assert(emptyI != ElementsWithNoPayload.end() && "case not in enum");
      emitNoPayloadInjection(out, emptyI - ElementsWithNoPayload.begin());
    }

    void copy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src, Explosion &dest,
              Atomicity atomicity) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);

      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
        reexplode(src, dest);
        return;

      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("ABI-accessible type cannot be loadable");

      case BitwiseTakable:
      case Normal: {
        if (loweredType.hasLocalArchetype()) {
          auto parts = destructureAndTagLoadableEnum(IGF, src);

          forNontrivialPayloads(
              IGF, parts.tag,
              [&](unsigned tagIndex, EnumImplStrategy::Element elt) {
                auto &lti = cast<LoadableTypeInfo>(*elt.ti);
                Explosion value;
                projectPayloadValue(IGF, parts.payload, tagIndex, lti, value);

                Explosion tmp;
                lti.copy(IGF, value, tmp, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity());
                (void)tmp.claimAll(); // FIXME: repack if not bit-identical
              });
          return;
        }
        if (!copyEnumFunction)
          copyEnumFunction = emitCopyEnumFunction(IGM, loweredType);
        Explosion tmp;
        fillExplosionForOutlinedCall(IGF, src, tmp);
        llvm::CallInst *call = IGF.Builder.CreateCallWithoutDbgLoc(
            copyEnumFunction->getFunctionType(), copyEnumFunction,
            tmp.getAll());
        call->setCallingConv(IGM.DefaultCC);
        dest.add(tmp.claimAll());
        return;
      }
      case TaggedRefcounted: {
        auto parts = destructureLoadableEnum(IGF, src);

        // Hold onto the original payload, so we can pass it on as the copy.
        auto origPayload = parts.payload;

        // Mask the tag bits out of the payload, if any.
        maskTagBitsFromPayload(IGF, parts.payload);

        // Retain the pointer.
        auto ptr =
            parts.payload.extractValue(IGF, getRefcountedPtrType(IGM), 0);
        retainRefcountedPayload(IGF, ptr);

        origPayload.explode(IGM, dest);
        if (parts.extraTagBits)
          dest.add(parts.extraTagBits);
        return;
      }
      }
    }

    void consume(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src,
                 Atomicity atomicity, SILType T) const override {
      if (tryEmitConsumeUsingDeinit(IGF, src, T)) {
        return;
      }
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);
      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
        (void)src.claim(getExplosionSize());
        return;

      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("ABI-accessible type cannot be loadable");

      case BitwiseTakable:
      case Normal: {
        if (loweredType.hasLocalArchetype()) {
          auto parts = destructureAndTagLoadableEnum(IGF, src);

          forNontrivialPayloads(
              IGF, parts.tag,
              [&](unsigned tagIndex, EnumImplStrategy::Element elt) {
                auto &lti = cast<LoadableTypeInfo>(*elt.ti);
                Explosion value;
                projectPayloadValue(IGF, parts.payload, tagIndex, lti, value);

                lti.consume(IGF, value, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity(),
                            T.getEnumElementType(elt.decl,
                                    IGF.IGM.getSILTypes(),
                                    IGF.IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext()));
              });
          return;
        }
        if (!consumeEnumFunction)
          consumeEnumFunction = emitConsumeEnumFunction(IGM, loweredType);
        Explosion tmp;
        fillExplosionForOutlinedCall(IGF, src, tmp);
        llvm::CallInst *call = IGF.Builder.CreateCallWithoutDbgLoc(
            consumeEnumFunction->getFunctionType(), consumeEnumFunction,
            tmp.claimAll());
        call->setCallingConv(IGM.DefaultCC);
        return;
      }
      case TaggedRefcounted: {
        auto parts = destructureLoadableEnum(IGF, src);
        // Mask the tag bits out of the payload, if any.
        maskTagBitsFromPayload(IGF, parts.payload);

        // Release the pointer.
        auto ptr =
            parts.payload.extractValue(IGF, getRefcountedPtrType(IGM), 0);
        releaseRefcountedPayload(IGF, ptr);
        return;
      }
      }
    }

    void fixLifetime(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Loadable);

      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
        (void)src.claim(getExplosionSize());
        return;

      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("ABI-accessible type cannot be loadable");

      case BitwiseTakable:
      case Normal: {
        auto parts = destructureAndTagLoadableEnum(IGF, src);

        forNontrivialPayloads(IGF, parts.tag,
          [&](unsigned tagIndex, EnumImplStrategy::Element elt) {
            auto &lti = cast<LoadableTypeInfo>(*elt.ti);
            Explosion value;
            projectPayloadValue(IGF, parts.payload, tagIndex, lti, value);

            lti.fixLifetime(IGF, value);
          });
        return;
      }

      case TaggedRefcounted: {
        auto parts = destructureLoadableEnum(IGF, src);
        // Mask the tag bits out of the payload, if any.
        maskTagBitsFromPayload(IGF, parts.payload);
        
        // Fix the pointer.
        auto ptr = parts.payload.extractValue(IGF,
                                          getRefcountedPtrType(IGM), 0);
        fixLifetimeOfRefcountedPayload(IGF, ptr);
        return;
      }
      }
    }

  private:
    /// Emit a reassignment sequence from an enum at one address to another.
    void emitIndirectAssign(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, IsTake_t isTake, bool isOutlined) const {
      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();

      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
        return emitPrimitiveCopy(IGF, dest, src, T);

      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("shouldn't get here");

      case BitwiseTakable:
      case TaggedRefcounted:
      case Normal: {
        // If the enum is loadable, it's better to do this directly using
        // values, so we don't need to RMW tag bits in place.
        if (TI->isLoadable()) {
          Explosion tmpSrc, tmpOld;
          if (isTake)
            loadAsTake(IGF, src, tmpSrc);
          else
            loadAsCopy(IGF, src, tmpSrc);

          loadAsTake(IGF, dest, tmpOld);
          initialize(IGF, tmpSrc, dest, isOutlined);
          consume(IGF, tmpOld, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity(), T);
          return;
        }

        auto *endBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);

        // Check whether the source and destination alias.
        llvm::Value *alias = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpEQ(dest.getAddress(),
                                                      src.getAddress());
        auto *noAliasBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
        IGF.Builder.CreateCondBr(alias, endBB, noAliasBB);
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(noAliasBB);
        ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);

        // Destroy the old value.
        destroy(IGF, dest, T, false /*outline calling outline*/);

        // Reinitialize with the new value.
        emitIndirectInitialize(IGF, dest, src, T, isTake, isOutlined);

        IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);
        return;
      }
      }
    }

    void emitIndirectInitialize(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                                SILType T, IsTake_t isTake,
                                bool isOutlined) const {
      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();

      switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
      case TriviallyDestroyable:
        return emitPrimitiveCopy(IGF, dest, src, T);

      case ABIInaccessible:
        llvm_unreachable("shouldn't get here");

      case BitwiseTakable:
      case TaggedRefcounted:
        // Takes can be done by primitive copy in these case.
        if (isTake)
          return emitPrimitiveCopy(IGF, dest, src, T);
        LLVM_FALLTHROUGH;
        
      case Normal: {
        // If the enum is loadable, do this directly using values, since we
        // have to strip spare bits from the payload.
        if (TI->isLoadable()) {
          Explosion tmpSrc;
          if (isTake)
            loadAsTake(IGF, src, tmpSrc);
          else
            loadAsCopy(IGF, src, tmpSrc);
          initialize(IGF, tmpSrc, dest, isOutlined);
          return;
        }

        // If the enum is address-only, we better not have any spare bits,
        // otherwise we have no way of copying the original payload without
        // destructively modifying it in place.
        assert(PayloadTagBits.none() &&
               "address-only multi-payload enum layout cannot use spare bits");

        /// True if the type is trivially copyable or takable by this operation.
        auto isTrivial = [&](const TypeInfo &ti) -> bool {
          return ti.isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal)
              || (isTake && ti.isBitwiseTakable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal));
        };
        
        llvm::Value *tag = loadPayloadTag(IGF, src, T);

        auto *endBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);

        /// Switch out nontrivial payloads.
        auto *trivialBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
        
        unsigned numNontrivialPayloads
          = std::count_if(ElementsWithPayload.begin(),
                          ElementsWithPayload.end(),
                          [&](Element e) -> bool {
                            return !isTrivial(*e.ti);
                          });
        bool anyTrivial = !ElementsWithNoPayload.empty()
          || numNontrivialPayloads != ElementsWithPayload.size();
        
        auto swi = SwitchBuilder::create(IGF, tag,
          SwitchDefaultDest(trivialBB, anyTrivial ? IsNotUnreachable
                                                  : IsUnreachable),
          numNontrivialPayloads);
        auto *tagTy = cast<llvm::IntegerType>(tag->getType());

        unsigned tagIndex = 0;
        for (auto &payloadCasePair : ElementsWithPayload) {
          SILType PayloadT =
              T.getEnumElementType(payloadCasePair.decl, IGF.getSILModule(),
                                   IGF.IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());
          auto &payloadTI = *payloadCasePair.ti;
          // Trivial and, in the case of a take, bitwise-takable payloads,
          // can all share the default path.
          if (isTrivial(payloadTI)) {
            ++tagIndex;
            continue;
          }

          // For nontrivial payloads, we need to copy/take the payload using its
          // value semantics.
          auto *caseBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
          swi->addCase(llvm::ConstantInt::get(tagTy, tagIndex), caseBB);
          IGF.Builder.emitBlock(caseBB);

          ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);

          // Do the take/copy of the payload.
          Address srcData =
              IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(src, payloadTI.getStorageType());
          Address destData = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(
              dest, payloadTI.getStorageType());

          if (isTake)
            payloadTI.initializeWithTake(IGF, destData, srcData, PayloadT,
                                         isOutlined);
          else
            payloadTI.initializeWithCopy(IGF, destData, srcData, PayloadT,
                                         isOutlined);

          // Plant spare bit tag bits, if any, into the new value.
          llvm::Value *tag = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, tagIndex);
          if (TIK < Fixed)
            storeDynamicTag(IGF, dest, tag, T);
          else
            storePayloadTag(IGF, dest, tagIndex, T);

          IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);

          ++tagIndex;
        }

        // For trivial payloads (including no-payload cases), we can just
        // primitive-copy to the destination.
        if (anyTrivial) {
          IGF.Builder.emitBlock(trivialBB);
          ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);
          emitPrimitiveCopy(IGF, dest, src, T);
          IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
        } else {
          // If there are no trivial cases to handle, this is unreachable.
          if (trivialBB->use_empty()) {
            delete trivialBB;
          } else {
            IGF.Builder.emitBlock(trivialBB);
            IGF.Builder.CreateUnreachable();
          }
        }

        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);
      }
      }
    }

  public:
    void assignWithCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                        SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitAssignWithCopyCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        emitIndirectAssign(IGF, dest, src, T, IsNotTake, isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsNotInitialization, IsNotTake);
      }
    }

    void assignWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                        SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitAssignWithTakeCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        emitIndirectAssign(IGF, dest, src, T, IsTake, isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsNotInitialization, IsTake);
      }
    }

    void initializeWithCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitInitializeWithCopyCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        emitIndirectInitialize(IGF, dest, src, T, IsNotTake, isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsInitialization, IsNotTake);
      }
    }

    void initializeWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitInitializeWithTakeCall(IGF, T, dest, src);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        emitIndirectInitialize(IGF, dest, src, T, IsTake, isOutlined);
      } else {
        callOutlinedCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, IsInitialization, IsTake);
      }
    }

    void collectMetadataForOutlining(OutliningMetadataCollector &collector,
                                     SILType T) const override {
      if (CopyDestroyKind != Normal) {
        return;
      }

      for (auto &payloadCasePair : ElementsWithPayload) {
        SILType payloadT = T.getEnumElementType(
            payloadCasePair.decl, collector.IGF.getSILModule(),
            collector.IGF.IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());
        auto &payloadTI = *payloadCasePair.ti;
        payloadTI.collectMetadataForOutlining(collector, payloadT);
      }
      collector.collectTypeMetadataForLayout(T);
    }

    void destroy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr, SILType T,
                 bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (tryEmitDestroyUsingDeinit(IGF, addr, T)) {
        return;
      }

      if (CopyDestroyKind == TriviallyDestroyable) {
        return;
      }
      if (!ElementsAreABIAccessible) {
        emitDestroyCall(IGF, T, addr);
      } else if (isOutlined || T.hasParameterizedExistential()) {
        switch (CopyDestroyKind) {
        case TriviallyDestroyable:
          return;

        case ABIInaccessible:
          llvm_unreachable("shouldn't get here");

        case BitwiseTakable:
        case Normal:
        case TaggedRefcounted: {
          // If loadable, it's better to do this directly to the value than
          // in place, so we don't need to RMW out the tag bits in memory.
          if (TI->isLoadable()) {
            Explosion tmp;
            loadAsTake(IGF, addr, tmp);
            consume(IGF, tmp, IGF.getDefaultAtomicity(), T);
            return;
          }

          auto tag = loadPayloadTag(IGF, addr, T);

          forNontrivialPayloads(
              IGF, tag, [&](unsigned tagIndex, EnumImplStrategy::Element elt) {
                // Clear tag bits out of the payload area, if any.
                destructiveProjectDataForLoad(IGF, T, addr);
                // Destroy the data.
                Address dataAddr = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(
                    addr, elt.ti->getStorageType());
                SILType payloadT = T.getEnumElementType(
                    elt.decl, IGF.getSILModule(),
                    IGF.IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());
                elt.ti->destroy(IGF, dataAddr, payloadT, true /*isOutlined*/);
              });
          return;
        }
        }
      } else {
        callOutlinedDestroy(IGF, addr, T);
      }
    }

  private:
    void storePayloadTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address enumAddr,
                         unsigned index, SILType T) const {
      // If the tag has spare bits, we need to mask them into the
      // payload area.
      unsigned numSpareBits = PayloadTagBits.count();
      if (numSpareBits > 0) {
        unsigned spareTagBits = numSpareBits >= 32
          ? index : index & ((1U << numSpareBits) - 1U);

        // Mask the spare bits into the payload area.
        Address payloadAddr = projectPayload(IGF, enumAddr);
        auto payload = EnumPayload::load(IGF, payloadAddr, PayloadSchema);
        
        // We need to mask not only the payload tag bits, but all spare bits,
        // because the other spare bits may be used to tag a single-payload
        // enum containing this enum as a payload. Single payload layout
        // unfortunately assumes that tagging the payload case is a no-op.
        auto spareBitMask = ~CommonSpareBits.asAPInt();
        APInt tagBitMask = scatterBits(PayloadTagBits.asAPInt(), spareTagBits);

        payload.emitApplyAndMask(IGF, spareBitMask);
        payload.emitApplyOrMask(IGM, IGF.Builder, tagBitMask);
        payload.store(IGF, payloadAddr);
      }

      // Initialize the extra tag bits, if we have them.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        unsigned extraTagBits = index >> numSpareBits;
        auto *extraTagValue = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.getLLVMContext(),
                                          getExtraTagBitConstant(extraTagBits));
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(extraTagValue,
                                projectExtraTagBits(IGF, enumAddr));
      }
    }

    void storePayloadTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address enumAddr,
                         llvm::Value *tag, SILType T) const {
      unsigned numSpareBits = PayloadTagBits.count();
      if (numSpareBits > 0) {
        llvm::Value *spareTagBits;
        if (numSpareBits >= 32)
          spareTagBits = tag;
        else {
          spareTagBits = IGF.Builder.CreateAnd(tag,
                           llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty,
                                                  ((1U << numSpareBits) - 1U)));
        }

        // Load the payload area.
        Address payloadAddr = projectPayload(IGF, enumAddr);
        auto payload = EnumPayload::load(IGF, payloadAddr, PayloadSchema);

        // Mask off the spare bits.
        // We need to mask not only the payload tag bits, but all spare bits,
        // because the other spare bits may be used to tag a single-payload
        // enum containing this enum as a payload. Single payload layout
        // unfortunately assumes that tagging the payload case is a no-op.
        auto spareBitMask = ~CommonSpareBits.asAPInt();
        payload.emitApplyAndMask(IGF, spareBitMask);

        // Store the tag into the spare bits.
        payload.emitScatterBits(IGF.IGM, IGF.Builder, PayloadTagBits.asAPInt(), spareTagBits);

        // Store the payload back.
        payload.store(IGF, payloadAddr);
      }

      // Initialize the extra tag bits, if we have them.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        auto *extraTagValue = tag;
        if (numSpareBits > 0) {
          auto *shiftCount = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty,
                                                    numSpareBits);
          extraTagValue = IGF.Builder.CreateLShr(tag, shiftCount);
        }
        extraTagValue = IGF.Builder.CreateIntCast(extraTagValue,
                                                  ExtraTagTy, false);
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(extraTagValue,
                                projectExtraTagBits(IGF, enumAddr));
      }
    }

    void storeNoPayloadTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address enumAddr,
                           unsigned index, SILType T) const {
      // We can just primitive-store the representation for the empty case.
      APInt payloadValue, extraTag;
      std::tie(payloadValue, extraTag) = getNoPayloadCaseValue(index);
      
      auto payload = EnumPayload::fromBitPattern(IGM, payloadValue,
                                                 PayloadSchema);
      payload.store(IGF, projectPayload(IGF, enumAddr));

      // Initialize the extra tag bits, if we have them.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(
                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.getLLVMContext(), extraTag),
                    projectExtraTagBits(IGF, enumAddr));
      }
    }

    void storeNoPayloadTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address enumAddr,
                           llvm::Value *tag, SILType T) const {
      // We can just primitive-store the representation for the empty case.
      EnumPayload payloadValue;
      llvm::Value *extraTag;
      std::tie(payloadValue, extraTag) = getNoPayloadCaseValue(IGF, tag);
      payloadValue.store(IGF, projectPayload(IGF, enumAddr));

      // Initialize the extra tag bits, if we have them.
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        extraTag = IGF.Builder.CreateIntCast(extraTag, ExtraTagTy,
                                             /*isSigned=*/false);
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(extraTag, projectExtraTagBits(IGF, enumAddr));
      }
    }

    void storeDynamicTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address enumAddr,
                         llvm::Value *tag, SILType T) const {
      assert(TIK < Fixed);

      // Invoke the runtime to store the tag.
      enumAddr = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(enumAddr, IGM.OpaqueTy);
      auto metadata = IGF.emitTypeMetadataRef(T.getASTType());

      auto call = IGF.Builder.CreateCall(
          IGM.getStoreEnumTagMultiPayloadFunctionPointer(),
          {enumAddr.getAddress(), metadata, tag});
      call->setDoesNotThrow();
    }

  public:

    void storeTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                  SILType T,
                  Address enumAddr,
                  EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      unsigned index = getTagIndex(Case);

      // Use the runtime to initialize dynamic cases.
      if (TIK < Fixed) {
        auto tag = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, index);
        return storeDynamicTag(IGF, enumAddr, tag, T);
      }
      
      // See whether this is a payload or empty case we're emitting.
      unsigned numPayloadCases = ElementsWithPayload.size();
      if (index < numPayloadCases)
        return storePayloadTag(IGF, enumAddr, index, T);
      return storeNoPayloadTag(IGF, enumAddr, index - numPayloadCases, T);
    }

    void emitStoreTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                      SILType T,
                      Address enumAddr,
                      llvm::Value *tag) const override {
      llvm::Value *numPayloadCases =
          llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty,
                                 ElementsWithPayload.size());

      // Use the runtime to initialize dynamic cases.
      if (TIK < Fixed) {
        return storeDynamicTag(IGF, enumAddr, tag, T);
      }

      // If there are no empty cases, don't need a conditional.
      if (ElementsWithNoPayload.empty()) {
        storePayloadTag(IGF, enumAddr, tag, T);
        return;
      }

      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();
      auto noPayloadBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
      auto payloadBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
      auto endBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);

      llvm::Value *cond = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpUGE(tag, numPayloadCases);
      IGF.Builder.CreateCondBr(cond, noPayloadBB, payloadBB);

      IGF.Builder.emitBlock(noPayloadBB);
      {
        ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);
        storeNoPayloadTag(IGF, enumAddr,
                          IGF.Builder.CreateSub(tag, numPayloadCases), T);
        IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
      }

      IGF.Builder.emitBlock(payloadBB);
      {
        ConditionalDominanceScope condition(IGF);

        storePayloadTag(IGF, enumAddr, tag, T);
        IGF.Builder.CreateBr(endBB);
      }

      IGF.Builder.emitBlock(endBB);
    }

    /// Clear any tag bits stored in the payload area of the given address.
    void destructiveProjectDataForLoad(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                       SILType T,
                                       Address enumAddr) const override {
      // If the case has non-zero tag bits stored in spare bits, we need to
      // mask them out before the data can be read.
      unsigned numSpareBits = PayloadTagBits.count();
      if (numSpareBits > 0) {
        Address payloadAddr = projectPayload(IGF, enumAddr);
        auto payload = EnumPayload::load(IGF, payloadAddr, PayloadSchema);
        auto spareBitMask = ~PayloadTagBits.asAPInt();
        payload.emitApplyAndMask(IGF, spareBitMask);
        payload.store(IGF, payloadAddr);
      }
    }

    llvm::Value *emitPayloadLayoutArray(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T,
                                 MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const {
      auto numPayloads = ElementsWithPayload.size();
      auto metadataBufferTy = llvm::ArrayType::get(IGM.Int8PtrPtrTy,
                                                   numPayloads);
      auto metadataBuffer = IGF.createAlloca(metadataBufferTy,
                                             IGM.getPointerAlignment(),
                                             "payload_types");
      llvm::Value *firstAddr = nullptr;
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < numPayloads; ++i) {
        auto &elt = ElementsWithPayload[i];
        Address eltAddr = IGF.Builder.CreateStructGEP(metadataBuffer, i,
                                                  IGM.getPointerSize() * i);
        if (i == 0) firstAddr = eltAddr.getAddress();

        auto payloadTy =
            T.getEnumElementType(elt.decl, IGF.getSILModule(),
                                 IGF.IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());

        auto metadata = emitTypeLayoutRef(IGF, payloadTy, collector);
        
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(metadata, eltAddr);
      }
      assert(firstAddr && "Expected firstAddr to be assigned to");

      return firstAddr;
    }

    llvm::Value *emitPayloadMetadataArray(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T,
                                 MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const {
      auto numPayloads = ElementsWithPayload.size();
      auto metadataBufferTy = llvm::ArrayType::get(IGM.TypeMetadataPtrTy,
                                                   numPayloads);
      auto metadataBuffer = IGF.createAlloca(metadataBufferTy,
                                             IGM.getPointerAlignment(),
                                             "payload_types");
      llvm::Value *firstAddr = nullptr;
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < numPayloads; ++i) {
        auto &elt = ElementsWithPayload[i];
        Address eltAddr = IGF.Builder.CreateStructGEP(metadataBuffer, i,
                                                  IGM.getPointerSize() * i);
        if (i == 0) firstAddr = eltAddr.getAddress();

        auto payloadTy =
            T.getEnumElementType(elt.decl, IGF.getSILModule(),
                                 IGF.IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());

        auto request = DynamicMetadataRequest::getNonBlocking(
          MetadataState::LayoutComplete, collector);
        auto metadata = IGF.emitTypeMetadataRefForLayout(payloadTy, request);

        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(metadata, eltAddr);
      }
      assert(firstAddr && "Expected firstAddr to be assigned to");

      return firstAddr;
    }

    void initializeMetadata(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            llvm::Value *metadata,
                            bool isVWTMutable,
                            SILType T,
                        MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const override {
      // Fixed-size enums don't need dynamic metadata initialization.
      if (TIK >= Fixed) return;
      
      // Ask the runtime to set up the metadata record for a dynamic enum.
      auto payloadLayoutArray = emitPayloadLayoutArray(IGF, T, collector);
      auto numPayloadsVal = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.SizeTy,
                                                   ElementsWithPayload.size());

      auto flags = emitEnumLayoutFlags(IGM, isVWTMutable);
      IGF.Builder.CreateCall(
          IGM.getInitEnumMetadataMultiPayloadFunctionPointer(),
          {metadata, flags, numPayloadsVal, payloadLayoutArray});
    }

    void initializeMetadataWithLayoutString(
        IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *metadata, bool isVWTMutable, SILType T,
        MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const override {
      // Fixed-size enums don't need dynamic metadata initialization.
      if (TIK >= Fixed) return;

      // Ask the runtime to set up the metadata record for a dynamic enum.
      auto payloadLayoutArray = emitPayloadMetadataArray(IGF, T, collector);
      auto numPayloadsVal = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.SizeTy,
                                                   ElementsWithPayload.size());

      auto flags = emitEnumLayoutFlags(IGM, isVWTMutable);
      IGF.Builder.CreateCall(
          IGM.getInitEnumMetadataMultiPayloadWithLayoutStringFunctionPointer(),
          {metadata, flags, numPayloadsVal, payloadLayoutArray});
    }

    /// \group Extra inhabitants

    // If we didn't use all of the available tag bit representations, offer
    // the remaining ones as extra inhabitants.

    bool mayHaveExtraInhabitants(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      if (TIK >= Fixed)
        return getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IGM) > 0;
      return true;
    }
    
    /// Rounds the extra tag bit count up to the next byte size.
    unsigned getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants() const {
      if (!ExtraTagTy)
        return 0;
      return (ExtraTagTy->getBitWidth() + 7) & ~7;
    }
    
    Address projectExtraTagBitsForExtraInhabitants(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                                   Address base) const {
      auto addr = projectExtraTagBits(IGF, base);
      if (ExtraTagTy->getBitWidth() != getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants()) {
        addr = IGF.Builder.CreateElementBitCast(
            addr,
            llvm::IntegerType::get(IGM.getLLVMContext(),
                                   getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants()));
      }
      return addr;
    }
    
    // If there are common spare bits we didn't use for tags, rotate the
    // extra inhabitant values so that the used tag bits are at the bottom.
    // This will cleanly separate the used tag values from the extra inhabitants
    // so we can discriminate them with one comparison. The tag favors high
    // bits, whereas extra inhabitants count down from -1 using all bits
    // (capping out at up to 32 spare bits, in which case the lowest 32
    // bits are used).
    std::pair<unsigned, unsigned> getRotationAmountsForExtraInhabitants() const{
      assert([&]{
        auto maskedBits = PayloadTagBits;
        maskedBits &= CommonSpareBits;
        return maskedBits == PayloadTagBits;
      }());

      unsigned commonSpareBitsCount = CommonSpareBits.count();
      unsigned payloadTagBitsCount = PayloadTagBits.count();
      if (commonSpareBitsCount == payloadTagBitsCount
          || commonSpareBitsCount - payloadTagBitsCount >= 32) {
        return std::make_pair(0, 0);
      }
      unsigned shlAmount = commonSpareBitsCount - payloadTagBitsCount;
      unsigned shrAmount = std::min(commonSpareBitsCount, 32u) - shlAmount;
      return {shlAmount, shrAmount};
    }

    llvm::Value *getExtraInhabitantIndex(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         Address src,
                                         SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed);
      return getExtraInhabitantIndexImpl(IGF, src, T, isOutlined,
                                         getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IGF.IGM));
    }

    llvm::Value *getExtraInhabitantIndexImpl(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                             Address src, SILType T,
                                             bool isOutlined,
                                             unsigned xiCount) const {
      llvm::Value *tag;
      if (CommonSpareBits.count()) {
        auto payload = EnumPayload::load(IGF, projectPayload(IGF, src),
                                         PayloadSchema);
        tag = payload.emitGatherSpareBits(IGF, CommonSpareBits, 0, 32);
        
        // If there are common spare bits we didn't use for tags, rotate the
        // tag value so that the used tag bits are at the bottom. This will
        // cleanly separate the used tag values from the extra inhabitants so
        // we can discriminate them with one comparison. The tag favors high
        // bits, whereas extra inhabitants count down from -1 using all bits
        // (capping out at up to 32 spare bits, in which case the lowest 32
        // bits are used).
        //
        // Note that since this is the inverse operation--we're taking the bits
        // out of a payload and mapping them back to an extra inhabitant index--
        // the `shr` and `shl` amounts are intentionally swapped here.
        unsigned shrAmount, shlAmount;
        std::tie(shrAmount, shlAmount) = getRotationAmountsForExtraInhabitants();
        if (shrAmount != 0) {
          assert(getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants() == 0);
          auto tagLo = IGF.Builder.CreateLShr(tag, shrAmount);
          auto tagHi = IGF.Builder.CreateShl(tag, shlAmount);
          tag = IGF.Builder.CreateOr(tagLo, tagHi);
          if (CommonSpareBits.count() < 32) {
            auto mask = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty,
                                          (1u << CommonSpareBits.count()) - 1u);
            tag = IGF.Builder.CreateAnd(tag, mask);
          }
        }
        
        if (getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants()) {
          auto extraTagAddr = projectExtraTagBitsForExtraInhabitants(IGF, src);
          auto extraTag = IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(extraTagAddr);
          auto extraTagBits =
            IGF.Builder.CreateZExtOrTrunc(extraTag, IGM.Int32Ty);
          extraTagBits =
            IGF.Builder.CreateShl(extraTagBits, CommonSpareBits.count());
          tag = IGF.Builder.CreateOr(tag, extraTagBits);
        }
      } else {
        auto extraTagAddr = projectExtraTagBitsForExtraInhabitants(IGF, src);
        auto extraTag = IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(extraTagAddr);
        tag = IGF.Builder.CreateZExtOrTrunc(extraTag, IGM.Int32Ty);
      }
      
      // Check whether it really is an extra inhabitant.
      auto tagBits = CommonSpareBits.count() + getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants();
      auto maxTag = tagBits >= 32 ? ~0u : (1 << tagBits) - 1;
      auto index = IGF.Builder.CreateSub(
                               llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, maxTag),
                               tag);
      auto isExtraInhabitant = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpULT(index,
                              llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGF.IGM.Int32Ty, xiCount));
      return IGF.Builder.CreateSelect(isExtraInhabitant,
                            index, llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, -1));
    }

    void storeExtraInhabitant(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                              llvm::Value *index,
                              Address dest,
                              SILType T,
                              bool isOutlined) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed);

      auto indexValue = IGF.Builder.CreateNot(index);
      
      // If there are common spare bits we didn't use for tags, rotate the
      // tag value so that the used tag bits are at the bottom. This will
      // cleanly separate the used tag values from the extra inhabitants so
      // we can discriminate them with one comparison. The tag favors high
      // bits, whereas extra inhabitants count down from -1 using all bits
      // (capping out at up to 32 spare bits, in which case the lowest 32
      // bits are used).
      unsigned shlAmount, shrAmount;
      std::tie(shlAmount, shrAmount) = getRotationAmountsForExtraInhabitants();

      if (shlAmount != 0) {
        assert(getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants() == 0);
        if (CommonSpareBits.count() < 32) {
          auto mask = llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty,
                                         (1u << CommonSpareBits.count()) - 1u);
          indexValue = IGF.Builder.CreateAnd(indexValue, mask);
        }
        auto indexValueHi = IGF.Builder.CreateShl(indexValue, shlAmount);
        auto indexValueLo = IGF.Builder.CreateLShr(indexValue, shrAmount);
        indexValue = IGF.Builder.CreateOr(indexValueHi, indexValueLo);
      }
      
      if (CommonSpareBits.count()) {
        // Factor the index value into parts to scatter into the payload and
        // to store in the extra tag bits, if any.
        auto payload = EnumPayload::zero(IGM, PayloadSchema);
        payload.emitScatterBits(IGF.IGM, IGF.Builder, CommonSpareBits.asAPInt(), indexValue);
        payload.store(IGF, projectPayload(IGF, dest));
        if (getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants() > 0) {
          auto tagBits = IGF.Builder.CreateLShr(indexValue,
              llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.Int32Ty, CommonSpareBits.count()));
          auto tagAddr = projectExtraTagBitsForExtraInhabitants(IGF, dest);
          tagBits =
              IGF.Builder.CreateZExtOrTrunc(tagBits, tagAddr.getElementType());
          IGF.Builder.CreateStore(tagBits, tagAddr);
        }
      } else {
        // Only need to store the tag value.
        auto tagAddr = projectExtraTagBitsForExtraInhabitants(IGF, dest);
        indexValue =
            IGF.Builder.CreateZExtOrTrunc(indexValue, tagAddr.getElementType());
        IGF.Builder.CreateStore(indexValue, tagAddr);
      }
    }

    llvm::Value *getEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                         Address src, SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (TIK < Fixed) {
        // For dynamic layouts, the runtime provides a value witness to do this.
        return emitGetEnumTagSinglePayloadCall(IGF, T, numEmptyCases, src);
      }

      return getFixedTypeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*TI),
                                              numEmptyCases, src, T,
                                              isOutlined);
    }

    void storeEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                   llvm::Value *index,
                                   llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                   Address src, SILType T,
                                   bool isOutlined) const override {
      if (TIK < Fixed) {
        // For dynamic layouts, the runtime provides a value witness to do this.
        emitStoreEnumTagSinglePayloadCall(IGF, T, index, numEmptyCases, src);
        return;
      }

      storeFixedTypeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*TI),
                                         index, numEmptyCases, src, T,
                                         isOutlined);
    }
    
    APInt
    getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      // The extra inhabitant goes into the tag bits.
      auto tagBits = CommonSpareBits.asAPInt();
      auto fixedTI = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI);
      if (getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants() > 0) {
        auto mask = BitPatternBuilder(IGM.Triple.isLittleEndian());
        mask.append(CommonSpareBits);
        mask.padWithSetBitsTo(fixedTI->getFixedSize().getValueInBits());
        tagBits = mask.build().value();
      }
      return tagBits;
    }
    
    unsigned getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      unsigned totalTagBits = CommonSpareBits.count() + getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants();
      if (totalTagBits >= 32)
        return ValueWitnessFlags::MaxNumExtraInhabitants;
      unsigned totalTags = 1u << totalTagBits;
      unsigned rawCount =
        totalTags - ElementsWithPayload.size() - NumEmptyElementTags;
      return std::min(rawCount,
                      unsigned(ValueWitnessFlags::MaxNumExtraInhabitants));
    }

    APInt
    getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                 unsigned bits,
                                 unsigned index) const override {
      // Count down from all-ones since a small negative number constant is
      // likely to be easier to reify.
      auto mask = ~index;
      
      // If there are common spare bits we didn't use for tags, rotate the
      // tag value so that the used tag bits are at the bottom. This will
      // cleanly separate the used tag values from the extra inhabitants so
      // we can discriminate them with one comparison. The tag favors high
      // bits, whereas extra inhabitants count down from -1 using all bits
      // (capping out at up to 32 spare bits, in which case the lowest 32
      // bits are used).
      unsigned shlAmount, shrAmount;
      std::tie(shlAmount, shrAmount) = getRotationAmountsForExtraInhabitants();
      
      if (shlAmount != 0) {
        assert(getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants() == 0);
        if (CommonSpareBits.count() < 32) {
          mask &= (1u << CommonSpareBits.count()) - 1;
        }
        mask = (mask >> shrAmount) | (mask << shlAmount);
      }
      
      auto extraTagMask = getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants() >= 32
        ? ~0u : (1 << getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants()) - 1;

      auto value = BitPatternBuilder(IGM.Triple.isLittleEndian());
      if (auto payloadBitCount = CommonSpareBits.count()) {
        auto payloadTagMask = payloadBitCount >= 32
          ? ~0u : (1 << payloadBitCount) - 1;
        auto payloadPart = mask & payloadTagMask;
        auto payloadBits = scatterBits(CommonSpareBits.asAPInt(),
                                       payloadPart);
        value.append(payloadBits);
        if (getExtraTagBitCountForExtraInhabitants() > 0) {
          value.append(APInt(bits - CommonSpareBits.size(),
                             (mask >> payloadBitCount) & extraTagMask));
        }
      } else {
        value.appendClearBits(CommonSpareBits.size());
        value.append(APInt(bits - CommonSpareBits.size(), mask & extraTagMask));
      }
      return value.build().value();
    }

    ClusteredBitVector
    getBitPatternForNoPayloadElement(EnumElementDecl *theCase) const override {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed);

      auto emptyI = std::find_if(ElementsWithNoPayload.begin(),
                                 ElementsWithNoPayload.end(),
                           [&](const Element &e) { return e.decl == theCase; });
      assert(emptyI != ElementsWithNoPayload.end() && "case not in enum");

      unsigned index = emptyI - ElementsWithNoPayload.begin();

      APInt payloadPart, extraPart;
      std::tie(payloadPart, extraPart) = getNoPayloadCaseValue(index);
      auto value = BitPatternBuilder(IGM.Triple.isLittleEndian());
      if (PayloadBitCount > 0)
        value.append(payloadPart);

      Size size = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize();
      if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
        auto paddedWidth = size.getValueInBits() - PayloadBitCount;
        auto extraPadded = zextOrSelf(extraPart, paddedWidth);
        value.append(std::move(extraPadded));
      }
      return value.build();
    }

    ClusteredBitVector
    getBitMaskForNoPayloadElements() const override {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed);

      // All bits are significant.
      // TODO: They don't have to be.
      return ClusteredBitVector::getConstant(
                       cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize().getValueInBits(),
                       true);
    }

    ClusteredBitVector getTagBitsForPayloads() const override {
      assert(TIK >= Fixed);
      Size size = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(TI)->getFixedSize();

      if (ExtraTagBitCount == 0) {
        assert(PayloadTagBits.size() == size.getValueInBits());
        return PayloadTagBits;
      }

      // Build a mask containing the tag bits for the payload and those
      // spilled into the extra tag.
      auto tagBits = BitPatternBuilder(IGM.Triple.isLittleEndian());
      tagBits.append(PayloadTagBits);

      // Set tag bits in extra tag to 1.
      unsigned extraTagSize = size.getValueInBits() - PayloadTagBits.size();
      tagBits.append(APInt(extraTagSize, (1U << ExtraTagBitCount) - 1U));
      return tagBits.build();
    }
  };

  class ResilientEnumImplStrategy final
    : public EnumImplStrategy
  {
  public:
    ResilientEnumImplStrategy(IRGenModule &IGM,
                              unsigned NumElements,
                              std::vector<Element> &&WithPayload,
                              std::vector<Element> &&WithNoPayload)
      : EnumImplStrategy(IGM, Opaque, IsFixedSize,
                         NumElements,
                         std::move(WithPayload),
                         std::move(WithNoPayload))
    { }

    llvm::Value *loadResilientTagIndex(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                       EnumElementDecl *Case) const {
      auto address = IGM.getAddrOfEnumCase(Case, NotForDefinition);
      return IGF.Builder.CreateLoad(address);
    }

    TypeInfo *completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                     SILType Type,
                                     EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                     llvm::StructType *enumTy) override;

    void destructiveProjectDataForLoad(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                       SILType T,
                                       Address enumAddr) const override {
      emitDestructiveProjectEnumDataCall(IGF, T, enumAddr);
    }

    TypeLayoutEntry *
    buildTypeLayoutEntry(IRGenModule &IGM,
                         SILType T,
                         bool useStructLayouts) const override {
      return IGM.typeLayoutCache.getOrCreateResilientEntry(T);
    }

    void storeTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                  SILType T,
                  Address enumAddr,
                  EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      emitDestructiveInjectEnumTagCall(IGF, T, loadResilientTagIndex(IGF, Case),
                                       enumAddr);
    }

    llvm::Value *testResilientTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *tag,
                                  EnumElementDecl *Case) const {
      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();

      // If the enum case is weakly linked check the address of the case
      // first.
      llvm::BasicBlock *conditionalBlock = nullptr;
      llvm::BasicBlock *afterConditionalBlock = nullptr;
      llvm::BasicBlock *beforeNullPtrCheck = nullptr;
      if (Case->isWeakImported(IGM.getSwiftModule())) {
        beforeNullPtrCheck = IGF.Builder.GetInsertBlock();
        auto address = IGM.getAddrOfEnumCase(Case, NotForDefinition);
        conditionalBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
        afterConditionalBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
        auto *addressVal =
            IGF.Builder.CreatePtrToInt(address.getAddress(), IGM.IntPtrTy);
        auto isNullPtr = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpEQ(
            addressVal, llvm::ConstantInt::get(IGM.IntPtrTy, 0));
        IGF.Builder.CreateCondBr(isNullPtr, afterConditionalBlock,
                                 conditionalBlock);
      }
      if (conditionalBlock)
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(conditionalBlock);

      // Check the tag.
      auto tagVal = loadResilientTagIndex(IGF, Case);
      auto matchesTag = IGF.Builder.CreateICmpEQ(tag, tagVal);
      if (conditionalBlock) {
        IGF.Builder.CreateBr(afterConditionalBlock);
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(afterConditionalBlock);
        auto phi = IGF.Builder.CreatePHI(IGM.Int1Ty, 2);
        phi->addIncoming(IGF.Builder.getInt1(false), beforeNullPtrCheck);
        phi->addIncoming(matchesTag, conditionalBlock);
        matchesTag = phi;
      }
      return matchesTag;
    }

    llvm::Value *
    emitIndirectCaseTest(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T,
                         Address enumAddr,
                         EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      llvm::Value *tag = emitGetEnumTagCall(IGF, T, enumAddr);
      return testResilientTag(IGF, tag, Case);
    }

    void emitIndirectSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            SILType T,
                            Address enumAddr,
                            ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                               llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                            llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const override {
      // Switch on the tag value.
      llvm::Value *tag = emitGetEnumTagCall(IGF, T, enumAddr);

      // Create a map of the destination blocks for quicker lookup.
      llvm::DenseMap<EnumElementDecl*,llvm::BasicBlock*> destMap(dests.begin(),
                                                                 dests.end());

      // Create an unreachable branch for unreachable switch defaults.
      auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();
      auto *unreachableBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);

      // If there was no default branch in SIL, use the unreachable branch as
      // the default.
      if (!defaultDest)
        defaultDest = unreachableBB;

      llvm::BasicBlock *continuationBB = nullptr;

      unsigned numCasesEmitted = 0;

      auto emitCase = [&](Element elt) {
        auto found = destMap.find(elt.decl);
        if (found != destMap.end()) {
          if (continuationBB)
            IGF.Builder.emitBlock(continuationBB);

          // Check the tag.
          auto matchesTag = testResilientTag(IGF, tag, elt.decl);

          // If we are not the last block create a continuation block.
          if (++numCasesEmitted < dests.size())
            continuationBB = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(C);
          // Otherwise, our continuation is the default destination.
          else
            continuationBB = defaultDest;
          IGF.Builder.CreateCondBr(matchesTag, found->second, continuationBB);
        }
      };

      for (auto &elt : ElementsWithPayload)
        emitCase(elt);

      for (auto &elt : ElementsWithNoPayload)
        emitCase(elt);

      // If we have not emitted any cases jump to the default destination.
      if (numCasesEmitted == 0) {
        IGF.Builder.CreateBr(defaultDest);
      }

      // Delete the unreachable default block if we didn't use it, or emit it
      // if we did.
      if (unreachableBB->use_empty()) {
        delete unreachableBB;
      } else {
        IGF.Builder.emitBlock(unreachableBB);
        IGF.Builder.CreateUnreachable();
      }
    }

    void assignWithCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                        SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      emitAssignWithCopyCall(IGF, T,
                             dest, src);
    }

    void assignWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                        SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      emitAssignWithTakeCall(IGF, T,
                             dest, src);
    }

    void initializeWithCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      emitInitializeWithCopyCall(IGF, T,
                                 dest, src);
    }

    void initializeWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      emitInitializeWithTakeCall(IGF, T,
                                 dest, src);
    }

    void collectMetadataForOutlining(OutliningMetadataCollector &collector,
                                     SILType T) const override {
      collector.collectTypeMetadataForLayout(T);
    }

    void destroy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr, SILType T,
                 bool isOutlined) const override {
      emitDestroyCall(IGF, T, addr);
    }

    void getSchema(ExplosionSchema &schema) const override {
      schema.add(ExplosionSchema::Element::forAggregate(getStorageType(),
                                                  TI->getBestKnownAlignment()));
    }

    // \group Operations for loadable enums

    void addToAggLowering(IRGenModule &IGM, SwiftAggLowering &lowering,
                          Size offset) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are never loadable");
    }
    
    ClusteredBitVector
    getTagBitsForPayloads() const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    ClusteredBitVector
    getBitPatternForNoPayloadElement(EnumElementDecl *theCase)
    const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    ClusteredBitVector
    getBitMaskForNoPayloadElements() const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void initializeFromParams(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &params,
                              Address dest, SILType T,
                              bool isOutlined) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }
  
    void emitValueInjection(IRGenModule &IGM,
                            IRBuilder &builder,
                            EnumElementDecl *elt,
                            Explosion &params,
                            Explosion &out) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    llvm::Value *
    emitValueCaseTest(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &value,
                      EnumElementDecl *Case) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void emitValueSwitch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                         Explosion &value,
                         ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl*,
                                            llvm::BasicBlock*>> dests,
                         llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void emitValueProject(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                          Explosion &inValue,
                          EnumElementDecl *theCase,
                          Explosion &out) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    unsigned getExplosionSize() const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void loadAsCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr,
                    Explosion &e) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void loadAsTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr,
                            Explosion &e) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void assign(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &e, Address addr,
                bool isOutlined, SILType T) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void initialize(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &e, Address addr,
                    bool isOutlined) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void reexplode(Explosion &src,
                           Explosion &dest) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void copy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src, Explosion &dest,
              Atomicity atomicity) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void consume(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src,
                 Atomicity atomicity, SILType T) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void fixLifetime(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void packIntoEnumPayload(IRGenModule &IGM,
                             IRBuilder &builder,
                             EnumPayload &outerPayload,
                             Explosion &src,
                             unsigned offset) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    void unpackFromEnumPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                               const EnumPayload &outerPayload,
                               Explosion &dest,
                               unsigned offset) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are always indirect");
    }

    /// \group Operations for emitting type metadata

    llvm::Value *
    emitGetEnumTag(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType T, Address addr)
    const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums cannot be defined");
    }

    void emitStoreTag(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                      SILType T,
                      Address enumAddr,
                      llvm::Value *tag) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums cannot be defined");
    }
    
    bool needsPayloadSizeInMetadata() const override {
      return false;
    }

    void initializeMetadata(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                            llvm::Value *metadata,
                            bool isVWTMutable,
                            SILType T,
                        MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums cannot be defined");
    }

    void initializeMetadataWithLayoutString(
        IRGenFunction &IGF, llvm::Value *metadata, bool isVWTMutable, SILType T,
        MetadataDependencyCollector *collector) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums cannot be defined");
    }

    /// \group Extra inhabitants

    bool mayHaveExtraInhabitants(IRGenModule &) const override {
      return true;
    }

    llvm::Value *getExtraInhabitantIndex(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         Address src,
                                         SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are never fixed-layout types");
    }

    void storeExtraInhabitant(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                              llvm::Value *index,
                              Address dest,
                              SILType T,
                              bool isOutlined) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enums are never fixed-layout types");
    }

    llvm::Value *getEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                         Address src, SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      return emitGetEnumTagSinglePayloadCall(IGF, T, numEmptyCases, src);
    }

    void storeEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                   llvm::Value *index,
                                   llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                   Address src, SILType T,
                                   bool isOutlined) const override {
      emitStoreEnumTagSinglePayloadCall(IGF, T, index, numEmptyCases, src);
    }

    APInt
    getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enum is not fixed size");
    }
    
    unsigned getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enum is not fixed size");
    }

    APInt
    getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                 unsigned bits,
                                 unsigned index) const override {
      llvm_unreachable("resilient enum is not fixed size");
    }
  };
} // end anonymous namespace

std::unique_ptr<EnumImplStrategy>
EnumImplStrategy::get(TypeConverter &TC, SILType type, EnumDecl *theEnum) {
  unsigned numElements = 0;
  TypeInfoKind tik = Loadable;
  IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize = IsFixedSize;
  bool allowFixedLayoutOptimizations = true;
  std::vector<Element> elementsWithPayload;
  std::vector<Element> elementsWithNoPayload;

  if (TC.IGM.isResilient(theEnum, ResilienceExpansion::Minimal))
    alwaysFixedSize = IsNotFixedSize;

  // Resilient enums are manipulated as opaque values, except we still
  // make the following assumptions:
  // 1) The indirect-ness of cases won't change
  // 2) Payload types won't change in a non-resilient way
  bool isResilient = TC.IGM.isResilient(theEnum, ResilienceExpansion::Maximal);
  
  // The most general resilience scope where the enum type is visible.
  // Case numbering must not depend on any information that is not static
  // in this resilience scope.
  ResilienceExpansion accessScope =
      TC.IGM.getResilienceExpansionForAccess(theEnum);

  // The most general resilience scope where the enum's layout is known.
  // Fixed-size optimizations can be applied if all payload types are
  // fixed-size from this resilience scope.
  ResilienceExpansion layoutScope =
      TC.IGM.getResilienceExpansionForLayout(theEnum);

  for (auto elt : theEnum->getAllElements()) {
    ++numElements;

    if (!elt->hasAssociatedValues()) {
      elementsWithNoPayload.push_back({elt, nullptr, nullptr});
      continue;
    }

    // For the purposes of memory layout, treat unavailable cases as if they do
    // not have a payload.
    if (!elt->isAvailableDuringLowering()) {
      elementsWithNoPayload.push_back({elt, nullptr, nullptr});
      continue;
    }

    // If the payload is indirect, we can use the NativeObject type metadata
    // without recurring. The box won't affect loadability or fixed-ness.
    if (elt->isIndirect() || theEnum->isIndirect()) {
      auto *nativeTI = &TC.getNativeObjectTypeInfo();
      elementsWithPayload.push_back({elt, nativeTI, nativeTI});
      continue;
    }
    
    // Compute whether this gives us an apparent payload or dynamic layout.
    // Note that we do *not* apply substitutions from a bound generic instance
    // yet. We want all instances of a generic enum to share an implementation
    // strategy. If the abstract layout of the enum is dependent on generic
    // parameters, then we additionally need to constrain any layout
    // optimizations we perform to things that are reproducible by the runtime.
    Type origArgType = elt->getArgumentInterfaceType();
    origArgType = theEnum->mapTypeIntoContext(origArgType);

    auto origArgLoweredTy = TC.IGM.getLoweredType(origArgType);
    auto *origArgTI = &TC.getCompleteTypeInfo(origArgLoweredTy.getASTType());

    // If the unsubstituted argument contains a generic parameter type, or
    // is not fixed-size in all resilience domains that have knowledge of
    // this enum's layout, we need to constrain our layout optimizations to
    // what the runtime can reproduce.
    if (!isResilient &&
        !origArgTI->isFixedSize(layoutScope))
      allowFixedLayoutOptimizations = false;

    // If the payload is empty, turn the case into a no-payload case, but
    // only if case numbering remains unchanged from all resilience domains
    // that can see the enum.
    if (origArgTI->isKnownEmpty(accessScope)) {
      elementsWithNoPayload.push_back({elt, nullptr, nullptr});
    } else {
      // *Now* apply the substitutions and get the type info for the instance's
      // payload type, since we know this case carries an apparent payload in
      // the generic case.
      SILType fieldTy = type.getEnumElementType(
          elt, TC.IGM.getSILModule(), TC.IGM.getMaximalTypeExpansionContext());
      auto *substArgTI = &TC.IGM.getTypeInfo(fieldTy);

      elementsWithPayload.push_back({elt, substArgTI, origArgTI});

      if (!isResilient) {
        if (!substArgTI->isFixedSize(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal))
          tik = Opaque;
        else if (!substArgTI->isLoadable() && tik > Fixed)
          tik = Fixed;

        // If the substituted argument contains a type that is not fixed-size
        // in all resilience domains that have knowledge of this enum's layout,
        // we need to constrain our layout optimizations to what the runtime
        // can reproduce.
        if (!substArgTI->isFixedSize(layoutScope)) {
          alwaysFixedSize = IsNotFixedSize;
          assert(!allowFixedLayoutOptimizations);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  assert(numElements == elementsWithPayload.size()
           + elementsWithNoPayload.size()
         && "not all elements accounted for");

  if (isResilient) {
    return std::unique_ptr<EnumImplStrategy>(
            new ResilientEnumImplStrategy(TC.IGM,
                                         numElements,
                                         std::move(elementsWithPayload),
                                         std::move(elementsWithNoPayload)));
  }

  // namespace-like enums must be imported as empty decls.
  if (theEnum->hasClangNode() && numElements == 0 && !theEnum->isObjC()) {
    return std::unique_ptr<EnumImplStrategy>(new SingletonEnumImplStrategy(
        TC.IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize, numElements,
        std::move(elementsWithPayload), std::move(elementsWithNoPayload)));
  }

  // Enums imported from Clang or marked with @objc use C-compatible layout.
  if (theEnum->hasClangNode() || theEnum->isObjC()) {
    assert(elementsWithPayload.empty() && "C enum with payload?!");
    assert(alwaysFixedSize == IsFixedSize && "C enum with resilient payload?!");
    return std::unique_ptr<EnumImplStrategy>(
           new CCompatibleEnumImplStrategy(TC.IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                                           numElements,
                                           std::move(elementsWithPayload),
                                           std::move(elementsWithNoPayload)));
  }

  if (numElements <= 1)
    return std::unique_ptr<EnumImplStrategy>(
          new SingletonEnumImplStrategy(TC.IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                                         numElements,
                                         std::move(elementsWithPayload),
                                         std::move(elementsWithNoPayload)));
  if (elementsWithPayload.size() > 1)
    return std::unique_ptr<EnumImplStrategy>(
           new MultiPayloadEnumImplStrategy(TC.IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                                            allowFixedLayoutOptimizations,
                                            numElements,
                                            std::move(elementsWithPayload),
                                            std::move(elementsWithNoPayload)));
  if (elementsWithPayload.size() == 1)
    return std::unique_ptr<EnumImplStrategy>(
           new SinglePayloadEnumImplStrategy(TC.IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                                             numElements,
                                             std::move(elementsWithPayload),
                                             std::move(elementsWithNoPayload)));

  return std::unique_ptr<EnumImplStrategy>(
         new NoPayloadEnumImplStrategy(TC.IGM, tik, alwaysFixedSize,
                                       numElements,
                                       std::move(elementsWithPayload),
                                       std::move(elementsWithNoPayload)));
}

namespace {
  /// Common base template for enum type infos.
  template<typename BaseTypeInfo>
  class EnumTypeInfoBase : public BaseTypeInfo {
  public:
    EnumImplStrategy &Strategy;

    template<typename...AA>
    EnumTypeInfoBase(EnumImplStrategy &strategy, AA &&...args)
      : BaseTypeInfo(std::forward<AA>(args)...), Strategy(strategy) {}

    ~EnumTypeInfoBase() override {
      delete &Strategy;
    }

    llvm::StructType *getStorageType() const {
      return cast<llvm::StructType>(TypeInfo::getStorageType());
    }

    /// \group Methods delegated to the EnumImplStrategy

    void getSchema(ExplosionSchema &s) const override {
      return Strategy.getSchema(s);
    }
    void destroy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr, SILType T,
                 bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.destroy(IGF, addr, T, isOutlined);
    }
    void initializeFromParams(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &params,
                              Address dest, SILType T,
                              bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.initializeFromParams(IGF, params, dest, T, isOutlined);
    }
    void initializeWithCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.initializeWithCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, isOutlined);
    }
    void initializeWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                            SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.initializeWithTake(IGF, dest, src, T, isOutlined);
    }
    void collectMetadataForOutlining(OutliningMetadataCollector &collector,
                                     SILType T) const override {
      return Strategy.collectMetadataForOutlining(collector, T);
    }
    void assignWithCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                        SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.assignWithCopy(IGF, dest, src, T, isOutlined);
    }
    void assignWithTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address dest, Address src,
                        SILType T, bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.assignWithTake(IGF, dest, src, T, isOutlined);
    }
    bool mayHaveExtraInhabitants(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      return Strategy.mayHaveExtraInhabitants(IGM);
    }
    llvm::Value *getEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                         Address enumAddr,
                                         SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.getEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, numEmptyCases, enumAddr, T,
                                              isOutlined);
    }
    void storeEnumTagSinglePayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                   llvm::Value *whichCase,
                                   llvm::Value *numEmptyCases,
                                   Address enumAddr,
                                   SILType T,
                                   bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.storeEnumTagSinglePayload(IGF, whichCase, numEmptyCases,
                                                enumAddr, T, isOutlined);
    }
    bool isSingleRetainablePointer(ResilienceExpansion expansion,
                                   ReferenceCounting *rc) const override {
      return Strategy.isSingleRetainablePointer(expansion, rc);
    }
    TypeLayoutEntry
    *buildTypeLayoutEntry(IRGenModule &IGM,
                          SILType ty,
                          bool useStructLayouts) const override {
      return Strategy.buildTypeLayoutEntry(IGM, ty, useStructLayouts);
    }
    bool canValueWitnessExtraInhabitantsUpTo(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                             unsigned index) const override {
      return Strategy.canValueWitnessExtraInhabitantsUpTo(IGM, index);
    }
  };

  template <class Base>
  class FixedEnumTypeInfoBase : public EnumTypeInfoBase<Base> {
  protected:
    using EnumTypeInfoBase<Base>::EnumTypeInfoBase;

  public:
    using EnumTypeInfoBase<Base>::Strategy;

    /// \group Methods delegated to the EnumImplStrategy

    unsigned getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      return Strategy.getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(IGM);
    }

    APInt getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                       unsigned bits,
                                       unsigned index)
    const override {
      return Strategy.getFixedExtraInhabitantValue(IGM, bits, index);
    }
    
    APInt getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IRGenModule &IGM) const override {
      return Strategy.getFixedExtraInhabitantMask(IGM);
    }

    llvm::Value *getExtraInhabitantIndex(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                         Address src,
                                         SILType T,
                                         bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.getExtraInhabitantIndex(IGF, src, T, isOutlined);
    }
    void storeExtraInhabitant(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                              llvm::Value *index,
                              Address dest,
                              SILType T,
                              bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.storeExtraInhabitant(IGF, index, dest, T, isOutlined);
    }
  };

  /// TypeInfo for fixed-layout but address-only enum types.
  class FixedEnumTypeInfo : public FixedEnumTypeInfoBase<FixedTypeInfo> {
  public:
    FixedEnumTypeInfo(EnumImplStrategy &strategy,
                      llvm::StructType *T, Size S, SpareBitVector SB,
                      Alignment A,
                      IsTriviallyDestroyable_t isTriviallyDestroyable,
                      IsBitwiseTakable_t isBT,
                      IsCopyable_t copyable,
                      IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize)
      : FixedEnumTypeInfoBase(strategy, T, S, std::move(SB), A,
                              isTriviallyDestroyable, isBT, copyable,
                              alwaysFixedSize) {}
  };

  /// TypeInfo for loadable enum types.
  class LoadableEnumTypeInfo : public FixedEnumTypeInfoBase<LoadableTypeInfo> {
  public:
    // FIXME: Derive spare bits from element layout.
    LoadableEnumTypeInfo(EnumImplStrategy &strategy,
                         llvm::StructType *T, Size S, SpareBitVector SB,
                         Alignment A,
                         IsTriviallyDestroyable_t isTriviallyDestroyable,
                         IsCopyable_t copyable,
                         IsFixedSize_t alwaysFixedSize)
      : FixedEnumTypeInfoBase(strategy, T, S, std::move(SB), A,
                              isTriviallyDestroyable, copyable,
                              alwaysFixedSize) {}

    void addToAggLowering(IRGenModule &IGM, SwiftAggLowering &lowering,
                          Size offset) const override {
      Strategy.addToAggLowering(IGM, lowering, offset);
    }

    unsigned getExplosionSize() const override {
      return Strategy.getExplosionSize();
    }
    void loadAsCopy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr,
                    Explosion &e) const override {
      return Strategy.loadAsCopy(IGF, addr, e);
    }
    void loadAsTake(IRGenFunction &IGF, Address addr,
                    Explosion &e) const override {
      return Strategy.loadAsTake(IGF, addr, e);
    }
    void assign(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &e, Address addr,
                bool isOutlined, SILType T) const override {
      return Strategy.assign(IGF, e, addr, isOutlined, T);
    }
    void initialize(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &e, Address addr,
                    bool isOutlined) const override {
      return Strategy.initialize(IGF, e, addr, isOutlined);
    }
    void reexplode( Explosion &src,
                   Explosion &dest) const override {
      return Strategy.reexplode(src, dest);
    }
    void copy(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src,
              Explosion &dest, Atomicity atomicity) const override {
      return Strategy.copy(IGF, src, dest, atomicity);
    }
    void consume(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src,
                 Atomicity atomicity, SILType T) const override {
      return Strategy.consume(IGF, src, atomicity, T);
    }
    void fixLifetime(IRGenFunction &IGF, Explosion &src) const override {
      return Strategy.fixLifetime(IGF, src);
    }
    void packIntoEnumPayload(IRGenModule &IGM,
                             IRBuilder &builder,
                             EnumPayload &payload,
                             Explosion &in,
                             unsigned offset) const override {
      return Strategy.packIntoEnumPayload(IGM, builder, payload, in, offset);
    }
    void unpackFromEnumPayload(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                               const EnumPayload &payload,
                               Explosion &dest,
                               unsigned offset) const override {
      return Strategy.unpackFromEnumPayload(IGF, payload, dest, offset);
    }
    LoadedRef loadRefcountedPtr(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                SourceLoc loc, Address addr) const override {
      return LoadedRef(Strategy.loadRefcountedPtr(IGF, loc, addr), false);
    }
  };

  /// TypeInfo for dynamically-sized enum types.
  class NonFixedEnumTypeInfo
    : public EnumTypeInfoBase<WitnessSizedTypeInfo<NonFixedEnumTypeInfo>>
  {
  public:
    NonFixedEnumTypeInfo(EnumImplStrategy &strategy,
                         llvm::Type *irTy,
                         Alignment align,
                         IsTriviallyDestroyable_t pod,
                         IsBitwiseTakable_t bt,
                         IsCopyable_t copy,
                         IsABIAccessible_t abiAccessible)
      : EnumTypeInfoBase(strategy, irTy, align, pod, bt, copy, abiAccessible) {}
  };

  /// TypeInfo for dynamically-sized enum types.
  class ResilientEnumTypeInfo
    : public EnumTypeInfoBase<ResilientTypeInfo<ResilientEnumTypeInfo>>
  {
  public:
    ResilientEnumTypeInfo(EnumImplStrategy &strategy,
                          llvm::Type *irTy,
                          IsCopyable_t copyable,
                          IsABIAccessible_t abiAccessible)
      : EnumTypeInfoBase(strategy, irTy, copyable, abiAccessible) {}
  };
} // end anonymous namespace

const EnumImplStrategy &
irgen::getEnumImplStrategy(IRGenModule &IGM, SILType ty) {
  assert(ty.getEnumOrBoundGenericEnum() && "not an enum");
  auto *ti = &IGM.getTypeInfo(ty);
  if (auto *loadableTI = dyn_cast<LoadableTypeInfo>(ti))
    return loadableTI->as<LoadableEnumTypeInfo>().Strategy;
  if (auto *fti = dyn_cast<FixedTypeInfo>(ti))
    return fti->as<FixedEnumTypeInfo>().Strategy;
  return ti->as<NonFixedEnumTypeInfo>().Strategy;
}

const EnumImplStrategy &
irgen::getEnumImplStrategy(IRGenModule &IGM, CanType ty) {
  return getEnumImplStrategy(IGM, IGM.getLoweredType(ty));
}

TypeInfo *
EnumImplStrategy::getFixedEnumTypeInfo(llvm::StructType *T, Size S,
                                       SpareBitVector SB,
                                       Alignment A,
                                       IsTriviallyDestroyable_t isTriviallyDestroyable,
                                       IsBitwiseTakable_t isBT,
                                       IsCopyable_t isCopyable) {
  TypeInfo *mutableTI;
  switch (TIK) {
  case Opaque:
    llvm_unreachable("not valid");
  case Fixed:
    mutableTI = new FixedEnumTypeInfo(*this, T, S, std::move(SB), A,
                                      isTriviallyDestroyable,
                                      isBT,
                                      isCopyable,
                                      AlwaysFixedSize);
    break;
  case Loadable:
    assert(isBT && "loadable enum not bitwise takable?!");
    mutableTI = new LoadableEnumTypeInfo(*this, T, S, std::move(SB), A,
                                         isTriviallyDestroyable,
                                         isCopyable,
                                         AlwaysFixedSize);
    break;
  }
  TI = mutableTI;
  return mutableTI;
}

TypeInfo *
SingletonEnumImplStrategy::completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                                  SILType Type,
                                                  EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                                  llvm::StructType *enumTy) {
  auto deinit = theEnum->getValueTypeDestructor()
    ? IsNotTriviallyDestroyable : IsTriviallyDestroyable;
  auto copyable = theEnum->canBeNoncopyable()
    ? IsNotCopyable : IsCopyable;
  if (ElementsWithPayload.empty()) {
    enumTy->setBody(ArrayRef<llvm::Type*>{}, /*isPacked*/ true);
    Alignment alignment(1);
    applyLayoutAttributes(TC.IGM, theEnum, /*fixed*/true, alignment);
    return registerEnumTypeInfo(new LoadableEnumTypeInfo(*this, enumTy,
                 Size(0), {},
                 alignment,
                 deinit,
                 copyable,
                 AlwaysFixedSize));
  } else {
    const TypeInfo &eltTI = *getSingleton();

    // Use the singleton element's storage type if fixed-size.
    if (eltTI.isFixedSize()) {
      llvm::Type *body[] = { eltTI.getStorageType() };
      enumTy->setBody(body, /*isPacked*/ true);
    } else {
      enumTy->setBody(ArrayRef<llvm::Type*>{}, /*isPacked*/ true);
    }

    if (TIK <= Opaque) {
      auto alignment = eltTI.getBestKnownAlignment();
      applyLayoutAttributes(TC.IGM, theEnum, /*fixed*/false, alignment);
      auto enumAccessible = IsABIAccessible_t(TC.IGM.isTypeABIAccessible(Type));
      return registerEnumTypeInfo(new NonFixedEnumTypeInfo(*this, enumTy,
             alignment,
             deinit & eltTI.isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal),
             eltTI.isBitwiseTakable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal),
             copyable,
             enumAccessible));
    } else {
      auto &fixedEltTI = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(eltTI);
      auto alignment = fixedEltTI.getFixedAlignment();
      applyLayoutAttributes(TC.IGM, theEnum, /*fixed*/true, alignment);

      return getFixedEnumTypeInfo(enumTy,
        fixedEltTI.getFixedSize(),
        fixedEltTI.getSpareBits(),
        alignment,
        deinit & fixedEltTI.isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal),
        fixedEltTI.isBitwiseTakable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal),
        copyable);
    }
  }
}

TypeInfo *
NoPayloadEnumImplStrategy::completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                                  SILType Type,
                                                  EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                                  llvm::StructType *enumTy) {
  // Since there are no payloads, we need just enough bits to hold a
  // discriminator.
  unsigned usedTagBits = llvm::Log2_32(ElementsWithNoPayload.size() - 1) + 1;

  Size tagSize;
  llvm::IntegerType *tagTy;
  std::tie(tagSize, tagTy) = getIntegerTypeForTag(IGM, usedTagBits);
  
  llvm::Type *body[] = { tagTy };
  enumTy->setBody(body, /*isPacked*/true);

  // Unused tag bits in the physical size can be used as spare bits.
  // TODO: We can use all values greater than the largest discriminator as
  // extra inhabitants, not just those made available by spare bits.
  auto spareBits = SpareBitVector::fromAPInt(
      APInt::getBitsSetFrom(tagSize.getValueInBits(), usedTagBits));

  Alignment alignment(tagSize.getValue());
  applyLayoutAttributes(TC.IGM, theEnum, /*fixed*/true, alignment);

  auto deinit = theEnum->getValueTypeDestructor()
    ? IsNotTriviallyDestroyable : IsTriviallyDestroyable;
  auto copyable = theEnum->canBeNoncopyable()
    ? IsNotCopyable : IsCopyable;
  return registerEnumTypeInfo(new LoadableEnumTypeInfo(*this,
                              enumTy, tagSize, std::move(spareBits),
                              alignment,
                              deinit,
                              copyable,
                              AlwaysFixedSize));
}

TypeInfo *
CCompatibleEnumImplStrategy::completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                                    SILType Type,
                                                    EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                                    llvm::StructType *enumTy){
  // The type should have come from Clang or be @objc,
  // and should have a raw type.
  assert((theEnum->hasClangNode() || theEnum->isObjC())
         && "c-compatible enum didn't come from clang!");
  assert(theEnum->hasRawType()
         && "c-compatible enum doesn't have raw type!");
  assert(!theEnum->getDeclaredTypeInContext()->is<BoundGenericType>()
         && "c-compatible enum is generic!");

  // The raw type should be a C integer type, which should have a single
  // scalar representation as a Swift struct. We'll use that same
  // representation type for the enum so that it's ABI-compatible.
  auto &rawTI = TC.getCompleteTypeInfo(
                                   theEnum->getRawType()->getCanonicalType());
  auto &rawFixedTI = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(rawTI);
  assert(rawFixedTI.isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal)
         && "c-compatible raw type isn't POD?!");
  ExplosionSchema rawSchema = rawTI.getSchema();
  assert(rawSchema.size() == 1
         && "c-compatible raw type has non-single-scalar representation?!");
  assert(rawSchema.begin()[0].isScalar()
         && "c-compatible raw type has non-single-scalar representation?!");
  llvm::Type *tagTy = rawSchema.begin()[0].getScalarType();

  llvm::Type *body[] = { tagTy };
  enumTy->setBody(body, /*isPacked*/ false);

  auto alignment = rawFixedTI.getFixedAlignment();
  applyLayoutAttributes(TC.IGM, theEnum, /*fixed*/true, alignment);

  assert(!TC.IGM.isResilient(theEnum, ResilienceExpansion::Minimal) &&
         "C-compatible enums cannot be resilient");

  return registerEnumTypeInfo(new LoadableEnumTypeInfo(*this, enumTy,
                                               rawFixedTI.getFixedSize(),
                                               rawFixedTI.getSpareBits(),
                                               alignment,
                                               IsTriviallyDestroyable,
                                               IsCopyable,
                                               IsFixedSize));
}

TypeInfo *SinglePayloadEnumImplStrategy::completeFixedLayout(
                                    TypeConverter &TC,
                                    SILType Type,
                                    EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                    llvm::StructType *enumTy) {
  // See whether the payload case's type has extra inhabitants.
  unsigned fixedExtraInhabitants = 0;
  unsigned numTags = ElementsWithNoPayload.size();

  auto &payloadTI = getFixedPayloadTypeInfo();
  fixedExtraInhabitants = payloadTI.getFixedExtraInhabitantCount(TC.IGM);

  // Determine how many tag bits we need. Given N extra inhabitants, we
  // represent the first N tags using those inhabitants. For additional tags,
  // we use discriminator bit(s) to inhabit the full bit size of the payload.
  NumExtraInhabitantTagValues = std::min(numTags, fixedExtraInhabitants);

  unsigned tagsWithoutInhabitants = numTags - NumExtraInhabitantTagValues;
  if (tagsWithoutInhabitants == 0) {
    ExtraTagBitCount = 0;
    NumExtraTagValues = 0;
  // If the payload size is greater than 32 bits, the calculation would
  // overflow, but one tag bit should suffice. if you have more than 2^32
  // enum discriminators you have other problems.
  } else if (payloadTI.getFixedSize().getValue() >= 4) {
    ExtraTagBitCount = 1;
    NumExtraTagValues = 2;
  } else {
    unsigned tagsPerTagBitValue =
      1 << payloadTI.getFixedSize().getValueInBits();
    NumExtraTagValues
      = (tagsWithoutInhabitants+(tagsPerTagBitValue-1))/tagsPerTagBitValue+1;
    ExtraTagBitCount = llvm::Log2_32(NumExtraTagValues-1) + 1;
  }

  // Create the body type.
  setTaggedEnumBody(TC.IGM, enumTy,
                    payloadTI.getFixedSize().getValueInBits(),
                    ExtraTagBitCount);

  // The enum has the alignment of the payload. The size includes the added
  // tag bits.
  auto sizeWithTag = payloadTI.getFixedSize().getValue();
  unsigned extraTagByteCount = (ExtraTagBitCount+7U)/8U;
  sizeWithTag += extraTagByteCount;

  // FIXME: We don't have enough semantic understanding of extra inhabitant
  // sets to be able to reason about how many spare bits from the payload type
  // we can forward. If we spilled tag bits, however, we can offer the unused
  // bits we have in that byte.
  auto spareBits = BitPatternBuilder(IGM.Triple.isLittleEndian());
  if (auto size = payloadTI.getFixedSize().getValueInBits()) {
    spareBits.appendClearBits(size);
  }
  if (ExtraTagBitCount > 0) {
    auto paddedSize = extraTagByteCount * 8;
    spareBits.append(APInt::getBitsSetFrom(paddedSize, ExtraTagBitCount));
  }
  auto alignment = payloadTI.getFixedAlignment();
  applyLayoutAttributes(TC.IGM, theEnum, /*fixed*/true, alignment);

  auto deinit = theEnum->getValueTypeDestructor()
    ? IsNotTriviallyDestroyable : IsTriviallyDestroyable;
  auto copyable = theEnum->canBeNoncopyable()
    ? IsNotCopyable : IsCopyable;
  getFixedEnumTypeInfo(
      enumTy, Size(sizeWithTag), spareBits.build(), alignment,
      deinit & payloadTI.isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal),
      payloadTI.isBitwiseTakable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal),
      copyable);
  if (TIK >= Loadable && CopyDestroyKind == Normal) {
    computePayloadTypesAndTagType(TC.IGM, *TI, PayloadTypesAndTagType);
    loweredType = Type;
  }

  return const_cast<TypeInfo *>(TI);
}

TypeInfo *SinglePayloadEnumImplStrategy::completeDynamicLayout(
                                                TypeConverter &TC,
                                                SILType Type,
                                                EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                                llvm::StructType *enumTy) {
  // The body is runtime-dependent, so we can't put anything useful here
  // statically.
  enumTy->setBody(ArrayRef<llvm::Type*>{}, /*isPacked*/true);

  // Layout has to be done when the value witness table is instantiated,
  // during initializeMetadata.
  auto &payloadTI = getPayloadTypeInfo();
  auto alignment = payloadTI.getBestKnownAlignment();
  
  applyLayoutAttributes(TC.IGM, theEnum, /*fixed*/false, alignment);
  
  auto enumAccessible = IsABIAccessible_t(TC.IGM.isTypeABIAccessible(Type));

  auto deinit = theEnum->getValueTypeDestructor()
    ? IsNotTriviallyDestroyable : IsTriviallyDestroyable;
  auto copyable = theEnum->canBeNoncopyable()
    ? IsNotCopyable : IsCopyable;
  return registerEnumTypeInfo(new NonFixedEnumTypeInfo(*this, enumTy,
         alignment,
         deinit & payloadTI.isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal),
         payloadTI.isBitwiseTakable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal),
         copyable,
         enumAccessible));
}

TypeInfo *
SinglePayloadEnumImplStrategy::completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                                      SILType type,
                                                      EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                                      llvm::StructType *enumTy) {
  if (TIK >= Fixed)
    return completeFixedLayout(TC, type, theEnum, enumTy);
  return completeDynamicLayout(TC, type, theEnum, enumTy);
}

TypeInfo *
MultiPayloadEnumImplStrategy::completeFixedLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                                  SILType Type,
                                                  EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                                  llvm::StructType *enumTy) {
  // We need tags for each of the payload types, which we may be able to form
  // using spare bits, plus a minimal number of tags with which we can
  // represent the empty cases.
  unsigned numPayloadTags = ElementsWithPayload.size();
  unsigned numEmptyElements = ElementsWithNoPayload.size();

  // See if the payload types have any spare bits in common.
  // At the end of the loop CommonSpareBits.size() will be the size (in bits)
  // of the largest payload.
  CommonSpareBits = {};
  Alignment worstAlignment(1);
  auto isCopyable = theEnum->canBeNoncopyable()
    ? IsNotCopyable : IsCopyable;
  auto isTriviallyDestroyable = theEnum->getValueTypeDestructor()
    ? IsNotTriviallyDestroyable : IsTriviallyDestroyable;
  IsBitwiseTakable_t isBT = IsBitwiseTakable;
  PayloadSize = 0;
  for (auto &elt : ElementsWithPayload) {
    auto &fixedPayloadTI = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*elt.ti);
    if (fixedPayloadTI.getFixedAlignment() > worstAlignment)
      worstAlignment = fixedPayloadTI.getFixedAlignment();
    if (!fixedPayloadTI.isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal))
      isTriviallyDestroyable = IsNotTriviallyDestroyable;
    if (!fixedPayloadTI.isBitwiseTakable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal))
      isBT = IsNotBitwiseTakable;

    unsigned payloadBytes = fixedPayloadTI.getFixedSize().getValue();
    unsigned payloadBits = fixedPayloadTI.getFixedSize().getValueInBits();

    if (payloadBytes > PayloadSize)
      PayloadSize = payloadBytes;

    // See what spare bits from the payload we can use for layout optimization.

    // The runtime currently does not track spare bits, so we can't use them
    // if the type is layout-dependent. (Even when the runtime does, it will
    // likely only track a subset of the spare bits.)
    if (!AllowFixedLayoutOptimizations || TIK < Loadable) {
      if (CommonSpareBits.size() < payloadBits) {
        // All bits are zero so we don't have to worry about endianness.
        assert(CommonSpareBits.none());
        CommonSpareBits.extendWithClearBits(payloadBits);
      }
      continue;
    }

    // Otherwise, all unsubstituted payload types are fixed-size and
    // we have no constraints on what spare bits we can use.

    // We might still have a dependently typed payload though, namely a
    // class-bound archetype. These do not have any spare bits because
    // they can contain Obj-C tagged pointers. To handle this case
    // correctly, we get spare bits from the unsubstituted type.
    auto &fixedOrigTI = cast<FixedTypeInfo>(*elt.origTI);
    fixedOrigTI.applyFixedSpareBitsMask(IGM, CommonSpareBits);
  }

  unsigned commonSpareBitCount = CommonSpareBits.count();
  unsigned usedBitCount = CommonSpareBits.size() - commonSpareBitCount;

  // Determine how many tags we need to accommodate the empty cases, if any.
  if (ElementsWithNoPayload.empty()) {
    NumEmptyElementTags = 0;
  } else {
    // We can store tags for the empty elements using the inhabited bits with
    // their own tag(s).
    if (usedBitCount >= 32) {
      NumEmptyElementTags = 1;
    } else {
      unsigned emptyElementsPerTag = 1 << usedBitCount;
      NumEmptyElementTags
        = (numEmptyElements + (emptyElementsPerTag-1))/emptyElementsPerTag;
    }
  }

  unsigned numTags = numPayloadTags + NumEmptyElementTags;
  unsigned numTagBits = llvm::Log2_32(numTags-1) + 1;
  ExtraTagBitCount = numTagBits <= commonSpareBitCount
    ? 0 : numTagBits - commonSpareBitCount;
  NumExtraTagValues =
      (commonSpareBitCount < 32) ? numTags >> commonSpareBitCount : 0;

  // Create the type. We need enough bits to store the largest payload plus
  // extra tag bits we need.
  setTaggedEnumBody(TC.IGM, enumTy,
                    CommonSpareBits.size(),
                    ExtraTagBitCount);

  // The enum has the worst alignment of its payloads. The size includes the
  // added tag bits.
  auto sizeWithTag = (CommonSpareBits.size() + 7U)/8U;
  unsigned extraTagByteCount = (ExtraTagBitCount+7U)/8U;
  sizeWithTag += extraTagByteCount;

  SpareBitVector spareBits;

  // Determine the bits we're going to use for the tag.
  assert(PayloadTagBits.empty());

  // The easiest case is if we're going to use all of the available
  // payload tag bits (plus potentially some extra bits), because we
  // can just straight-up use CommonSpareBits as that bitset.
  if (numTagBits >= commonSpareBitCount) {
    PayloadTagBits = CommonSpareBits;

    auto builder = BitPatternBuilder(IGM.Triple.isLittleEndian());
    // We're using all of the common spare bits as tag bits, so none
    // of them are spare; nor are the extra tag bits.
    builder.appendClearBits(CommonSpareBits.size());

    // The remaining bits in the extra tag bytes are spare.
    if (ExtraTagBitCount) {
      builder.append(APInt::getBitsSetFrom(extraTagByteCount * 8,
                                           ExtraTagBitCount));
    }

    // Set the spare bit mask.
    spareBits = builder.build();

  // Otherwise, we need to construct a new bitset that doesn't
  // include the bits we aren't using.
  } else {
    assert(ExtraTagBitCount == 0
           && "spilled extra tag bits with spare bits available?!");
    PayloadTagBits =
      ClusteredBitVector::getConstant(CommonSpareBits.size(), false);

    // Start the spare bit set using all the common spare bits.
    spareBits = CommonSpareBits;

    // Mark the bits we'll use as occupied in both bitsets.
    // We take bits starting from the most significant.
    unsigned remainingTagBits = numTagBits;
    for (unsigned bit = CommonSpareBits.size() - 1; true; --bit) {
      if (!CommonSpareBits[bit]) {
        assert(bit > 0 && "ran out of spare bits?!");
        continue;
      }

      // Use this bit as a payload tag bit.
      PayloadTagBits.setBit(bit);

      // A bit used as a payload tag bit is not a spare bit.
      spareBits.clearBit(bit);

      if (--remainingTagBits == 0) break;
      assert(bit > 0 && "ran out of spare bits?!");
    }
    assert(PayloadTagBits.count() == numTagBits);
  }
  
  applyLayoutAttributes(TC.IGM, theEnum, /*fixed*/ true, worstAlignment);

  getFixedEnumTypeInfo(enumTy, Size(sizeWithTag), std::move(spareBits),
                       worstAlignment, isTriviallyDestroyable, isBT,
                       isCopyable);
  if (TIK >= Loadable &&
      (CopyDestroyKind == Normal || CopyDestroyKind == BitwiseTakable)) {
    computePayloadTypesAndTagType(TC.IGM, *TI, PayloadTypesAndTagType);
    loweredType = Type;
  }

  return const_cast<TypeInfo *>(TI);
}


TypeInfo *MultiPayloadEnumImplStrategy::completeDynamicLayout(
                                                TypeConverter &TC,
                                                SILType Type,
                                                EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                                llvm::StructType *enumTy) {
  // The body is runtime-dependent, so we can't put anything useful here
  // statically.
  enumTy->setBody(ArrayRef<llvm::Type*>{}, /*isPacked*/true);

  // Layout has to be done when the value witness table is instantiated,
  // during initializeMetadata. We can at least glean the best available
  // static information from the payloads.
  Alignment alignment(1);
  auto td = theEnum->getValueTypeDestructor()
    ? IsNotTriviallyDestroyable : IsTriviallyDestroyable;
  auto bt = IsBitwiseTakable;
  for (auto &element : ElementsWithPayload) {
    auto &payloadTI = *element.ti;
    alignment = std::max(alignment, payloadTI.getBestKnownAlignment());
    td &= payloadTI.isTriviallyDestroyable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal);
    bt &= payloadTI.isBitwiseTakable(ResilienceExpansion::Maximal);
  }
  
  applyLayoutAttributes(TC.IGM, theEnum, /*fixed*/false, alignment);

  auto enumAccessible = IsABIAccessible_t(TC.IGM.isTypeABIAccessible(Type));
  
  auto cp = theEnum->canBeNoncopyable()
    ? IsNotCopyable : IsCopyable;
  return registerEnumTypeInfo(new NonFixedEnumTypeInfo(*this, enumTy,
                                                       alignment, td, bt, cp,
                                                       enumAccessible));
}

TypeInfo *
MultiPayloadEnumImplStrategy::completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                                     SILType Type,
                                                     EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                                     llvm::StructType *enumTy) {
  if (TIK >= Fixed)
    return completeFixedLayout(TC, Type, theEnum, enumTy);
  
  return completeDynamicLayout(TC, Type, theEnum, enumTy);
}

TypeInfo *
ResilientEnumImplStrategy::completeEnumTypeLayout(TypeConverter &TC,
                                                  SILType Type,
                                                  EnumDecl *theEnum,
                                                  llvm::StructType *enumTy) {
  auto abiAccessible = IsABIAccessible_t(TC.IGM.isTypeABIAccessible(Type));
  auto copyable = theEnum->canBeNoncopyable()
    ? IsNotCopyable : IsCopyable;
  return registerEnumTypeInfo(
                       new ResilientEnumTypeInfo(*this, enumTy, copyable,
                                                 abiAccessible));
}

const TypeInfo *TypeConverter::convertEnumType(TypeBase *key, CanType type,
                                               EnumDecl *theEnum) {
  llvm::StructType *storageType;

  // Resilient enum types lower down to the same opaque type.
  if (IGM.isResilient(theEnum, ResilienceExpansion::Maximal))
    storageType = cast<llvm::StructType>(IGM.OpaqueTy);
  else
    storageType = IGM.createNominalType(type);

  // Create a forward declaration.
  addForwardDecl(key);
  
  SILType loweredTy = SILType::getPrimitiveAddressType(type);

  // Determine the implementation strategy.
  auto strategy = EnumImplStrategy::get(*this, loweredTy, theEnum).release();

  // Create the TI.  The TI will delete the strategy in its destructor.
  auto *ti =
    strategy->completeEnumTypeLayout(*this, loweredTy, theEnum, storageType);

  // Assert that the layout query functions for fixed-layout enums work, for
  // LLDB's sake.
#ifndef NDEBUG

  // ... but not if we're building a legacy layout, in which case we only know
  // the extra inhabitant *count* and not the actual extra inhabitant values, so
  // we simply crash if we go do this.
  if (LoweringMode == Mode::Legacy)
    return ti;

  auto displayBitMask = [&](const SpareBitVector &v) {
    for (unsigned i = v.size(); i-- > 0;) {
      llvm::dbgs() << (v[i] ? '1' : '0');
      if (i % 8 == 0 && i != 0)
        llvm::dbgs() << '_';
    }
    llvm::dbgs() << '\n';
  };

  if (auto fixedTI = dyn_cast<FixedTypeInfo>(ti)) {
    LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "Layout for enum ";
               type->print(llvm::dbgs());
               llvm::dbgs() << ":\n";);

    SpareBitVector spareBits;
    fixedTI->applyFixedSpareBitsMask(IGM, spareBits);

    auto bitMask = strategy->getBitMaskForNoPayloadElements();
    assert(bitMask.size() == fixedTI->getFixedSize().getValueInBits());
    LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "  no-payload mask:\t";
               displayBitMask(bitMask));
    LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "  spare bits mask:\t";
               displayBitMask(spareBits));

    for (auto &elt : strategy->getElementsWithNoPayload()) {
      auto bitPattern = strategy->getBitPatternForNoPayloadElement(elt.decl);
      assert(bitPattern.size() == fixedTI->getFixedSize().getValueInBits());
      LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "  no-payload case "
                              << elt.decl->getBaseIdentifier().str()
                              << ":\t";
            displayBitMask(bitPattern));

      auto maskedBitPattern = bitPattern;
      maskedBitPattern &= spareBits;
      assert(maskedBitPattern.none() && "no-payload case occupies spare bits?!");
    }
    auto tagBits = strategy->getTagBitsForPayloads();
    assert(tagBits.count() >= 32
            || static_cast<size_t>(static_cast<size_t>(1) << tagBits.count())
               >= strategy->getElementsWithPayload().size());
    LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "  payload tag bits:\t";
               displayBitMask(tagBits));

    tagBits &= spareBits;
    assert(tagBits.none() && "tag bits overlap spare bits?!");
  }
#endif
  return ti;
}

void IRGenModule::emitEnumDecl(EnumDecl *theEnum) {
  if (!IRGen.hasLazyMetadata(theEnum) &&
      !theEnum->getASTContext().LangOpts.hasFeature(Feature::Embedded)) {
    emitEnumMetadata(*this, theEnum);
    emitFieldDescriptor(theEnum);
  }

  emitNestedTypeDecls(theEnum->getMembers());

  if (!isResilient(theEnum, ResilienceExpansion::Minimal))
    return;

  // Emit resilient tag indices.
  auto &strategy = getEnumImplStrategy(
      *this,
      theEnum->DeclContext::getDeclaredTypeInContext()->getCanonicalType());
  strategy.emitResilientTagIndices(*this);
}

void irgen::emitSwitchAddressOnlyEnumDispatch(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                  SILType enumTy,
                                  Address enumAddr,
                                  ArrayRef<std::pair<EnumElementDecl *,
                                                     llvm::BasicBlock *>> dests,
                                  llvm::BasicBlock *defaultDest) {
  auto &strategy = getEnumImplStrategy(IGF.IGM, enumTy);
  strategy.emitIndirectSwitch(IGF, enumTy,
                              enumAddr, dests, defaultDest);
}

void irgen::emitInjectLoadableEnum(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType enumTy,
                                    EnumElementDecl *theCase,
                                    Explosion &data,
                                    Explosion &out) {
  getEnumImplStrategy(IGF.IGM, enumTy)
    .emitValueInjection(IGF.IGM, IGF.Builder, theCase, data, out);
}

void irgen::emitProjectLoadableEnum(IRGenFunction &IGF, SILType enumTy,
                                     Explosion &inEnumValue,
                                     EnumElementDecl *theCase,
                                     Explosion &out) {
  getEnumImplStrategy(IGF.IGM, enumTy)
    .emitValueProject(IGF, inEnumValue, theCase, out);
}

Address irgen::emitProjectEnumAddressForStore(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                               SILType enumTy,
                                               Address enumAddr,
                                               EnumElementDecl *theCase) {
  return getEnumImplStrategy(IGF.IGM, enumTy)
    .projectDataForStore(IGF, theCase, enumAddr);
}

Address irgen::emitDestructiveProjectEnumAddressForLoad(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                                   SILType enumTy,
                                                   Address enumAddr,
                                                   EnumElementDecl *theCase) {
  return getEnumImplStrategy(IGF.IGM, enumTy)
    .destructiveProjectDataForLoad(IGF, enumTy, enumAddr, theCase);
}

void irgen::emitStoreEnumTagToAddress(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                       SILType enumTy,
                                       Address enumAddr,
                                       EnumElementDecl *theCase) {
  getEnumImplStrategy(IGF.IGM, enumTy)
    .storeTag(IGF, enumTy, enumAddr, theCase);
}

/// Extract the rightmost run of contiguous set bits from the
/// provided integer or zero if there are no set bits in the
/// provided integer. For example:
///
///   rightmostMask(0x0f0f_0f0f) = 0x0000_000f
///   rightmostMask(0xf0f0_f0f0) = 0x0000_00f0
///   rightmostMask(0xffff_ff10) = 0x0000_0010
///   rightmostMask(0xffff_ff80) = 0xffff_ff80
///   rightmostMask(0x0000_0000) = 0x0000_0000
///
static inline llvm::APInt rightmostMask(const llvm::APInt& mask) {
  if (mask.isShiftedMask()) {
    return mask;
  }
  // This formula is derived from the formula to "turn off the
  // rightmost contiguous string of 1's" in Chapter 2-1 of
  // Hacker's Delight (Second Edition) by Henry S. Warren and
  // attributed to Luther Woodrum.
  llvm::APInt result = -mask;
  result &= mask; // isolate rightmost set bit
  result += mask; // clear rightmost contiguous set bits
  result &= mask; // mask out carry bit leftover from add
  result ^= mask; // extract desired bits
  return result;
}

/// Pack masked bits into the low bits of an integer value.
/// Equivalent to a parallel bit extract instruction (PEXT),
/// although we don't currently emit PEXT directly.
llvm::Value *irgen::emitGatherBits(IRGenFunction &IGF,
                                   llvm::APInt mask,
                                   llvm::Value *source,
                                   unsigned resultLowBit,
                                   unsigned resultBitWidth) {
  auto &B = IGF.Builder;
  auto &C = IGF.IGM.getLLVMContext();
  assert(mask.getBitWidth() == source->getType()->getIntegerBitWidth()
    && "source and mask must have same width");

  // The source and mask need to be at least as wide as the result so
  // that bits can be shifted into the correct position.
  auto destTy = llvm::IntegerType::get(C, resultBitWidth);
  if (mask.getBitWidth() < resultBitWidth) {
    source = B.CreateZExt(source, destTy);
    mask = mask.zext(resultBitWidth);
  }

  // Shift each set of contiguous set bits into position and
  // accumulate them into the result.
  int64_t usedBits = resultLowBit;
  llvm::Value *result = nullptr;
  while (mask != 0) {
    // Isolate the rightmost run of contiguous set bits.
    // Example: 0b0011_01101_1100 -> 0b0000_0001_1100
    llvm::APInt partMask = rightmostMask(mask);

    // Update the bits we need to mask next.
    mask ^= partMask;

    // Shift the selected bits into position.
    llvm::Value *part = source;
    int64_t offset = int64_t(partMask.countTrailingZeros()) - usedBits;
    if (offset > 0) {
      uint64_t shift = uint64_t(offset);
      part = B.CreateLShr(part, shift);
      partMask.lshrInPlace(shift);
    } else if (offset < 0) {
      uint64_t shift = uint64_t(-offset);
      part = B.CreateShl(part, shift);
      partMask <<= shift;
    }

    // Truncate the output to the result size.
    if (partMask.getBitWidth() > resultBitWidth) {
      partMask = partMask.trunc(resultBitWidth);
      part = B.CreateTrunc(part, destTy);
    }

    // Mask out selected bits.
    part = B.CreateAnd(part, partMask);

    // Accumulate the result.
    result = result ? B.CreateOr(result, part) : part;

    // Update the offset and remaining mask.
    usedBits += partMask.popcount();
  }
  return result;
}

/// Unpack bits from the low bits of an integer value and
/// move them to the bit positions indicated by the mask.
/// Equivalent to a parallel bit deposit instruction (PDEP),
/// although we don't currently emit PDEP directly.
llvm::Value *irgen::emitScatterBits(IRGenModule &IGM,
                                    IRBuilder &builder,
                                    llvm::APInt mask,
                                    llvm::Value *source,
                                    unsigned packedLowBit) {
  auto &DL = IGM.DataLayout;
  auto &C = IGM.getLLVMContext();

  // Expand or contract the packed bits to the destination type.
  auto bitSize = mask.getBitWidth();
  auto sourceTy = dyn_cast<llvm::IntegerType>(source->getType());
  if (!sourceTy) {
    auto numBits = DL.getTypeSizeInBits(source->getType());
    sourceTy = llvm::IntegerType::get(C, numBits);
    source = builder.CreateBitOrPointerCast(source, sourceTy);
  }
  assert(packedLowBit < sourceTy->getBitWidth() &&
      "packedLowBit out of range");

  auto destTy = llvm::IntegerType::get(C, bitSize);
  auto usedBits = int64_t(packedLowBit);
  if (usedBits > 0 && sourceTy->getBitWidth() > bitSize) {
    // Need to shift before truncation if the packed value is wider
    // than the mask.
    source = builder.CreateLShr(source, uint64_t(usedBits));
    usedBits = 0;
  }
  if (sourceTy->getBitWidth() != bitSize) {
    source = builder.CreateZExtOrTrunc(source, destTy);
  }

  // No need to AND with the mask if the whole source can just be
  // shifted into place.
  // TODO: could do more to avoid inserting unnecessary ANDs. For
  // example we could take into account the packedLowBit.
  auto unknownBits = std::min(sourceTy->getBitWidth(), bitSize);
  bool needMask = !(mask.isShiftedMask() &&
                    mask.popcount() >= unknownBits);

  // Shift each set of contiguous set bits into position and
  // accumulate them into the result.
  llvm::Value *result = nullptr;
  while (mask != 0) {
    // Isolate the rightmost run of contiguous set bits.
    // Example: 0b0011_01101_1100 -> 0b0000_0001_1100
    llvm::APInt partMask = rightmostMask(mask);

    // Update the bits we need to mask next.
    mask ^= partMask;

    // Shift the selected bits into position.
    llvm::Value *part = source;
    int64_t offset = int64_t(partMask.countTrailingZeros()) - usedBits;
    if (offset > 0) {
      part = builder.CreateShl(part, uint64_t(offset));
    } else if (offset < 0) {
      part = builder.CreateLShr(part, uint64_t(-offset));
    }

    // Mask out selected bits.
    if (needMask) {
      part = builder.CreateAnd(part, partMask);
    }

    // Accumulate the result.
    result = result ? builder.CreateOr(result, part) : part;

    // Update the offset and remaining mask.
    usedBits += partMask.popcount();
  }
  return result;
}

/// Pack masked bits into the low bits of an integer value.
llvm::APInt irgen::gatherBits(const llvm::APInt &mask,
                              const llvm::APInt &value) {
  assert(mask.getBitWidth() == value.getBitWidth());
  llvm::APInt result = llvm::APInt(mask.popcount(), 0);
  unsigned j = 0;
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < mask.getBitWidth(); ++i) {
    if (!mask[i]) {
      continue;
    }
    if (value[i]) {
      result.setBit(j);
    }
    ++j;
  }
  return result;
}

/// Unpack bits from the low bits of an integer value and
/// move them to the bit positions indicated by the mask.
llvm::APInt irgen::scatterBits(const llvm::APInt &mask, unsigned value) {
  llvm::APInt result(mask.getBitWidth(), 0);
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < mask.getBitWidth() && value != 0; ++i) {
    if (!mask[i]) {
      continue;
    }
    if (value & 1) {
      result.setBit(i);
    }
    value >>= 1;
  }
  return result;
}

static void setAlignmentBits(SpareBitVector &v, Alignment align) {
  auto value = align.getValue() >> 1;
  for (unsigned i = 0; value; ++i, value >>= 1) {
    v.setBit(i);
  }
}

const SpareBitVector &
IRGenModule::getHeapObjectSpareBits() const {
  if (!HeapPointerSpareBits) {
    // Start with the spare bit mask for all pointers.
    HeapPointerSpareBits = TargetInfo.PointerSpareBits;

    // Low bits are made available by heap object alignment.
    setAlignmentBits(*HeapPointerSpareBits, TargetInfo.HeapObjectAlignment);
  }
  return *HeapPointerSpareBits;
}

const SpareBitVector &
IRGenModule::getFunctionPointerSpareBits() const {
  return TargetInfo.FunctionPointerSpareBits;
}