DerivedConformanceCodable.cpp

//===--- DerivedConformanceCodable.cpp - Derived Codable ------------------===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file implements explicit derivation of the Encodable and Decodable
// protocols for a struct or class.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "CodeSynthesis.h"
#include "TypeChecker.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "swift/AST/ConformanceLookup.h"
#include "swift/AST/Decl.h"
#include "swift/AST/Expr.h"
#include "swift/AST/Module.h"
#include "swift/AST/ParameterList.h"
#include "swift/AST/Pattern.h"
#include "swift/AST/Stmt.h"
#include "swift/AST/Types.h"
#include "swift/Basic/Assertions.h"
#include "swift/Basic/StringExtras.h"
#include "DerivedConformances.h"

using namespace swift;

/// Returns whether the type represented by the given ClassDecl inherits from a
/// type which conforms to the given protocol.
static bool superclassConformsTo(ClassDecl *target, KnownProtocolKind kpk) {
  if (!target) {
    return false;
  }

  auto superclass = target->getSuperclassDecl();
  if (!superclass)
    return false;

  return !lookupConformance(target->getSuperclass(),
                            target->getASTContext().getProtocol(kpk))
              .isInvalid();
}

/// Retrieve the variable name for the purposes of encoding/decoding.
///
/// \param paramIndex if set will be used to generate name in the form of
///                   '_$paramIndex' when VarDecl has no name.
static Identifier
getVarNameForCoding(VarDecl *var,
                    std::optional<int> paramIndex = std::nullopt) {
  auto &C = var->getASTContext();
  Identifier identifier;
  if (auto *PD = dyn_cast<ParamDecl>(var)) {
    identifier = PD->getArgumentName();
  } else {
    identifier = var->getName();
  }

  if (auto originalVar = var->getOriginalWrappedProperty())
    identifier = originalVar->getName();

  if (identifier.empty() && paramIndex.has_value())
    return C.getIdentifier("_" + std::to_string(paramIndex.value()));

  return identifier;
}

/// Compute the Identifier for the CodingKey of an enum case
static Identifier caseCodingKeysIdentifier(const ASTContext &C,
                                         EnumElementDecl *elt) {
  llvm::SmallString<16> scratch;
  camel_case::appendSentenceCase(scratch, elt->getBaseIdentifier().str());
  scratch += C.Id_CodingKeys.str();
  return C.getIdentifier(scratch.str());
}

/// Fetches the \c CodingKeys enum nested in \c target, potentially reaching
/// through a typealias if the "CodingKeys" entity is a typealias.
///
/// This is only useful once a \c CodingKeys enum has been validated (via \c
/// hasValidCodingKeysEnum) or synthesized (via \c synthesizeCodingKeysEnum).
///
/// \param C The \c ASTContext to perform the lookup in.
///
/// \param target The target type to look in.
///
/// \return A retrieved canonical \c CodingKeys enum if \c target has a valid
/// one; \c nullptr otherwise.
static EnumDecl *lookupEvaluatedCodingKeysEnum(ASTContext &C,
                                               NominalTypeDecl *target,
                                               Identifier identifier) {
  auto codingKeyDecls = target->lookupDirect(DeclName(identifier));
  if (codingKeyDecls.empty())
    return nullptr;

  auto *codingKeysDecl = codingKeyDecls.front();
  if (auto *typealiasDecl = dyn_cast<TypeAliasDecl>(codingKeysDecl))
    codingKeysDecl = typealiasDecl->getDeclaredInterfaceType()->getAnyNominal();

  return dyn_cast<EnumDecl>(codingKeysDecl);
}

static EnumDecl *lookupEvaluatedCodingKeysEnum(ASTContext &C,
                                               NominalTypeDecl *target) {
  return lookupEvaluatedCodingKeysEnum(C, target, C.Id_CodingKeys);
}

static EnumElementDecl *lookupEnumCase(ASTContext &C, NominalTypeDecl *target,
                                       Identifier identifier) {
  auto elementDecls = target->lookupDirect(DeclName(identifier));
  if (elementDecls.empty())
    return nullptr;

  auto *elementDecl = elementDecls.front();

  return dyn_cast<EnumElementDecl>(elementDecl);
}

static NominalTypeDecl *lookupErrorContext(ASTContext &C,
                                           NominalTypeDecl *errorDecl) {
  auto elementDecls = errorDecl->lookupDirect(C.Id_Context);
  if (elementDecls.empty())
    return nullptr;

  auto *decl = elementDecls.front();

  return dyn_cast<NominalTypeDecl>(decl);
}

static EnumDecl *
addImplicitCodingKeys(NominalTypeDecl *target,
                      llvm::SmallVectorImpl<Identifier> &caseIdentifiers,
                      Identifier codingKeysEnumIdentifier) {
  auto &C = target->getASTContext();
  assert(target->lookupDirect(DeclName(codingKeysEnumIdentifier)).empty());

  // We want to look through all the var declarations of this type to create
  // enum cases based on those var names.
  auto *codingKeyProto = C.getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::CodingKey);
  auto codingKeyType = codingKeyProto->getDeclaredInterfaceType();
  InheritedEntry protoTypeLoc[1] = {
    InheritedEntry(TypeLoc::withoutLoc(codingKeyType))};
  ArrayRef<InheritedEntry> inherited = C.AllocateCopy(protoTypeLoc);

  auto *enumDecl = new (C) EnumDecl(SourceLoc(), codingKeysEnumIdentifier,
                                    SourceLoc(), inherited, nullptr, target);
  enumDecl->setImplicit();
  enumDecl->setSynthesized();
  enumDecl->setAccess(AccessLevel::Private);

  // For classes which inherit from something Encodable or Decodable, we
  // provide case `super` as the first key (to be used in encoding super).
  auto *classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(target);
  if (superclassConformsTo(classDecl, KnownProtocolKind::Encodable) ||
      superclassConformsTo(classDecl, KnownProtocolKind::Decodable)) {
    // TODO: Ensure the class doesn't already have or inherit a variable named
    // "`super`"; otherwise we will generate an invalid enum. In that case,
    // diagnose and bail.
    auto *super = new (C) EnumElementDecl(SourceLoc(), C.Id_super, nullptr,
                                          SourceLoc(), nullptr, enumDecl);
    super->setImplicit();
    enumDecl->addMember(super);
  }

  for (auto caseIdentifier : caseIdentifiers) {
    auto *elt = new (C) EnumElementDecl(SourceLoc(), caseIdentifier, nullptr,
                                        SourceLoc(), nullptr, enumDecl);
    elt->setImplicit();
    enumDecl->addMember(elt);
  }

  // Forcibly derive conformance to CodingKey.
  TypeChecker::checkConformancesInContext(enumDecl);

  // Add to the type.
  target->addMember(enumDecl);

  return enumDecl;
}

static EnumDecl *addImplicitCaseCodingKeys(EnumDecl *target,
                                           EnumElementDecl *elementDecl,
                                           EnumDecl *codingKeysEnum) {
  auto &C = target->getASTContext();

  // Only derive if this case exist in the CodingKeys enum
  auto *codingKeyCase =
      lookupEnumCase(C, codingKeysEnum, elementDecl->getBaseIdentifier());
  if (!codingKeyCase)
    return nullptr;

  auto enumIdentifier = caseCodingKeysIdentifier(C, elementDecl);

  llvm::SmallVector<Identifier, 4> caseIdentifiers;
  if (elementDecl->hasAssociatedValues()) {
    for (auto entry : llvm::enumerate(*elementDecl->getParameterList())) {
      auto *paramDecl = entry.value();

      // if the type conforms to {En,De}codable, add it to the enum.
      Identifier paramIdentifier =
          getVarNameForCoding(paramDecl, entry.index());

      caseIdentifiers.push_back(paramIdentifier);
    }
  }

  return addImplicitCodingKeys(target, caseIdentifiers, enumIdentifier);
}

// Create CodingKeys in the parent type always, because both
// Encodable and Decodable might want to use it, and they may have
// different conditional bounds. CodingKeys is simple and can't
// depend on those bounds.
//
// FIXME: Eventually we should find a way to expose this function to the lookup
// machinery so it no longer costs two protocol conformance lookups to retrieve
// CodingKeys. It will also help in our quest to separate semantic and parsed
// members.
static EnumDecl *addImplicitCodingKeys(NominalTypeDecl *target) {
  auto &C = target->getASTContext();

  llvm::SmallVector<Identifier, 4> caseIdentifiers;
  if (auto *enumDecl = dyn_cast<EnumDecl>(target)) {
    for (auto *elementDecl : enumDecl->getAllElements()) {
      caseIdentifiers.push_back(elementDecl->getBaseIdentifier());
    }
  } else {
    for (auto *varDecl : target->getStoredProperties()) {
      if (!varDecl->isUserAccessible()) {
        continue;
      }

      caseIdentifiers.push_back(getVarNameForCoding(varDecl));
    }
  }

  return addImplicitCodingKeys(target, caseIdentifiers, C.Id_CodingKeys);
}

namespace {
  /// Container for a set of functions that produces notes used when a
  /// synthesized conformance fails.
  struct DelayedNotes : public std::vector<std::function<void()>> {
    ~DelayedNotes() {
      for (const auto &fn : *this) {
        fn();
      }
    }
  };
}

static EnumDecl *validateCodingKeysType(const DerivedConformance &derived,
                                        TypeDecl *_codingKeysTypeDecl,
                                        DelayedNotes &delayedNotes) {
  auto &C = derived.Context;
  // CodingKeys may be a typealias. If so, follow the alias to its canonical
  // type. We are creating a copy here, so we can hold on to the original
  // `TypeDecl` in case we need to produce a diagnostic.
  auto *codingKeysTypeDecl = _codingKeysTypeDecl;
  auto codingKeysType = codingKeysTypeDecl->getDeclaredInterfaceType();
  if (isa<TypeAliasDecl>(codingKeysTypeDecl))
    codingKeysTypeDecl = codingKeysType->getAnyNominal();

  // Ensure that the type we found conforms to the CodingKey protocol.
  auto *codingKeyProto = C.getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::CodingKey);
  if (!lookupConformance(codingKeysType, codingKeyProto)) {
    // If CodingKeys is a typealias which doesn't point to a valid nominal type,
    // codingKeysTypeDecl will be nullptr here. In that case, we need to warn on
    // the location of the usage, since there isn't an underlying type to
    // diagnose on.
    SourceLoc loc = codingKeysTypeDecl ? codingKeysTypeDecl->getLoc()
                                       : cast<TypeDecl>(_codingKeysTypeDecl)->getLoc();

    delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
      ASTContext &C = derived.getProtocolType()->getASTContext();
      C.Diags.diagnose(loc, diag::codable_codingkeys_type_does_not_conform_here,
                       derived.getProtocolType());
    });
    return nullptr;
  }

  auto *codingKeysDecl =
      dyn_cast_or_null<EnumDecl>(codingKeysType->getAnyNominal());
  if (!codingKeysDecl) {
    delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
      codingKeysTypeDecl->diagnose(
          diag::codable_codingkeys_type_is_not_an_enum_here,
          derived.getProtocolType());
    });
    return nullptr;
  }

  return codingKeysDecl;
}

/// Validates the given CodingKeys enum decl by ensuring its cases are a 1-to-1
/// match with the given VarDecls.
///
/// \param varDecls The \c var decls to validate against.
/// \param codingKeysTypeDecl The \c CodingKeys enum decl to validate.
static bool validateCodingKeysEnum(const DerivedConformance &derived,
                               llvm::SmallMapVector<Identifier, VarDecl *, 8> varDecls,
                               TypeDecl *codingKeysTypeDecl,
                               DelayedNotes &delayedNotes) {
  auto *codingKeysDecl = validateCodingKeysType(
      derived, codingKeysTypeDecl, delayedNotes);
  if (!codingKeysDecl)
    return false;

  // Look through all var decls.
  //
  // If any of the entries in the CodingKeys decl are not present in the type
  // by name, then this decl doesn't match.
  // If there are any vars left in the type which don't have a default value
  // (for Decodable), then this decl doesn't match.
  bool varDeclsAreValid = true;
  for (auto elt : codingKeysDecl->getAllElements()) {
    auto it = varDecls.find(elt->getBaseIdentifier());
    if (it == varDecls.end()) {
      delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
        elt->diagnose(diag::codable_extraneous_codingkey_case_here,
                      elt->getBaseIdentifier());
      });
      // TODO: Investigate typo-correction here; perhaps the case name was
      //       misspelled and we can provide a fix-it.
      varDeclsAreValid = false;
      continue;
    }

    // We have a property to map to. Ensure it's {En,De}codable.
    auto target = derived.getConformanceContext()->mapTypeIntoContext(
         it->second->getValueInterfaceType());
    if (checkConformance(target, derived.Protocol).isInvalid()) {
      TypeLoc typeLoc = {
          it->second->getTypeReprOrParentPatternTypeRepr(),
          it->second->getTypeInContext(),
      };

      auto var = it->second;
      auto proto = derived.getProtocolType();
      delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
        var->diagnose(diag::codable_non_conforming_property_here,
                      proto, typeLoc);
      });
      varDeclsAreValid = false;
    } else {
      // The property was valid. Remove it from the list.
      varDecls.erase(it);
    }
  }

  if (!varDeclsAreValid)
    return false;

  // If there are any remaining var decls which the CodingKeys did not cover,
  // we can skip them on encode. On decode, though, we can only skip them if
  // they have a default value.
  if (derived.Protocol->isSpecificProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Decodable)) {
    for (auto &entry : varDecls) {
      const auto *pbd = entry.second->getParentPatternBinding();
      if (pbd && pbd->isDefaultInitializable()) {
        continue;
      }

      if (entry.second->isParentInitialized()) {
        continue;
      }

      if (auto *paramDecl = dyn_cast<ParamDecl>(entry.second)) {
        if (paramDecl->hasDefaultExpr()) {
          continue;
        }
      }

      // The var was not default initializable, and did not have an explicit
      // initial value.
      varDeclsAreValid = false;
      delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
        entry.second->diagnose(diag::codable_non_decoded_property_here,
                               derived.getProtocolType(), entry.first);
      });
    }
  }

  return varDeclsAreValid;
}

static bool validateCodingKeysEnum_enum(const DerivedConformance &derived,
                                        TypeDecl *codingKeysTypeDecl,
                                        DelayedNotes &delayedNotes) {
  auto *enumDecl = dyn_cast<EnumDecl>(derived.Nominal);
  if (!enumDecl) {
    return false;
  }
  llvm::SmallSetVector<Identifier, 4> caseNames;
  for (auto *elt : enumDecl->getAllElements()) {
    caseNames.insert(elt->getBaseIdentifier());
  }

  auto *codingKeysDecl = validateCodingKeysType(
      derived, codingKeysTypeDecl, delayedNotes);
  if (!codingKeysDecl)
    return false;

  bool casesAreValid = true;
  for (auto *elt : codingKeysDecl->getAllElements()) {
    if (!caseNames.contains(elt->getBaseIdentifier())) {
      delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
        elt->diagnose(diag::codable_extraneous_codingkey_case_here,
                      elt->getBaseIdentifier());
      });
      casesAreValid = false;
    }
  }

  return casesAreValid;
}

/// Looks up and validates a CodingKeys enum for the given DerivedConformance.
/// If a CodingKeys enum does not exist, one will be derived.
static bool validateCodingKeysEnum(const DerivedConformance &derived,
                                   DelayedNotes &delayedNotes) {
  auto &C = derived.Context;

  auto codingKeysDecls =
       derived.Nominal->lookupDirect(DeclName(C.Id_CodingKeys));

  if (codingKeysDecls.size() > 1) {
    return false;
  }

  ValueDecl *result = codingKeysDecls.empty()
                          ? addImplicitCodingKeys(derived.Nominal)
                          : codingKeysDecls.front();
  auto *codingKeysTypeDecl = dyn_cast<TypeDecl>(result);
  if (!codingKeysTypeDecl) {
    delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
      result->diagnose(diag::codable_codingkeys_type_is_not_an_enum_here,
                       derived.getProtocolType());
    });
    return false;
  }

  if (dyn_cast<EnumDecl>(derived.Nominal)) {
    return validateCodingKeysEnum_enum(
        derived, codingKeysTypeDecl, delayedNotes);
  } else {

    // Look through all var decls in the given type.
    // * Filter out lazy/computed vars.
    // * Filter out ones which are present in the given decl (by name).

    // Here we'll hold on to properties by name -- when we've validated a property
    // against its CodingKey entry, it will get removed.
    llvm::SmallMapVector<Identifier, VarDecl *, 8> properties;
    for (auto *varDecl : derived.Nominal->getStoredProperties()) {
      if (!varDecl->isUserAccessible())
        continue;

      properties[getVarNameForCoding(varDecl)] = varDecl;
    }

    return validateCodingKeysEnum(
        derived, properties, codingKeysTypeDecl, delayedNotes);
  }
}

/// Looks up and validates a CaseCodingKeys enum for the given elementDecl.
/// If a CaseCodingKeys enum does not exist, one will be derived.
///
/// \param elementDecl The \c EnumElementDecl to validate against.
static bool validateCaseCodingKeysEnum(const DerivedConformance &derived,
                                       EnumElementDecl *elementDecl,
                                       DelayedNotes &delayedNotes) {
  auto &C = derived.Context;
  auto *enumDecl = dyn_cast<EnumDecl>(derived.Nominal);
  if (!enumDecl) {
    return false;
  }

  auto *codingKeysEnum = lookupEvaluatedCodingKeysEnum(C, enumDecl);

  // At this point we ran validation for this and should have
  // a CodingKeys decl.
  assert(codingKeysEnum && "Missing CodingKeys decl.");

  auto cckIdentifier = caseCodingKeysIdentifier(C, elementDecl);
  auto caseCodingKeysDecls =
       enumDecl->lookupDirect(DeclName(cckIdentifier));

  if (caseCodingKeysDecls.size() > 1) {
    return false;
  }

  ValueDecl *result = caseCodingKeysDecls.empty()
                          ? addImplicitCaseCodingKeys(
                              enumDecl, elementDecl, codingKeysEnum)
                          : caseCodingKeysDecls.front();

  if (!result) {
    // There is no coding key defined for this element,
    // which is okay, because not all elements have to
    // be considered for serialization. Attempts to
    // en-/decode them will be handled at runtime.
    return true;
  }

  auto *codingKeysTypeDecl = dyn_cast<TypeDecl>(result);
  if (!codingKeysTypeDecl) {
    delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
      result->diagnose(diag::codable_codingkeys_type_is_not_an_enum_here,
                       derived.getProtocolType());
    });
    return false;
  }

  // Here we'll hold on to parameters by name -- when we've validated a parameter
  // against its CodingKey entry, it will get removed.
  llvm::SmallMapVector<Identifier, VarDecl *, 8> properties;
  if (elementDecl->hasAssociatedValues()) {
    for (auto entry : llvm::enumerate(*elementDecl->getParameterList())) {
      auto paramDecl = entry.value();
      if (!paramDecl->isUserAccessible())
        continue;

      auto identifier = getVarNameForCoding(paramDecl, entry.index());
      properties[identifier] = paramDecl;
    }
  }

  return validateCodingKeysEnum(
      derived, properties, codingKeysTypeDecl, delayedNotes);
}

/// Creates a new var decl representing
///
///   var/let identifier : containerBase<keyType>
///
/// \c containerBase is the name of the type to use as the base (either
/// \c KeyedEncodingContainer or \c KeyedDecodingContainer).
///
/// \param C The AST context to create the decl in.
///
/// \param DC The \c DeclContext to create the decl in.
///
/// \param keyedContainerDecl The generic type to bind the key type in.
///
/// \param keyType The key type to bind to the container type.
///
/// \param introducer Whether to declare the variable as immutable.
///
/// \param identifier Identifier of the variable.
static VarDecl *createKeyedContainer(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                                     NominalTypeDecl *keyedContainerDecl,
                                     Type keyType,
                                     VarDecl::Introducer introducer,
                                     Identifier identifier) {
  // Bind Keyed*Container to Keyed*Container<KeyType>
  Type boundType[1] = {keyType};
  auto containerType = BoundGenericType::get(keyedContainerDecl, Type(),
                                             C.AllocateCopy(boundType));

  // let container : Keyed*Container<KeyType>
  auto *containerDecl = new (C) VarDecl(/*IsStatic=*/false, introducer,
                                        SourceLoc(), identifier, DC);
  containerDecl->setImplicit();
  containerDecl->setSynthesized();
  containerDecl->setInterfaceType(containerType);
  return containerDecl;
}

/// Creates a new var decl representing
///
///   var/let container : containerBase<keyType>
///
/// \c containerBase is the name of the type to use as the base (either
/// \c KeyedEncodingContainer or \c KeyedDecodingContainer).
///
/// \param C The AST context to create the decl in.
///
/// \param DC The \c DeclContext to create the decl in.
///
/// \param keyedContainerDecl The generic type to bind the key type in.
///
/// \param keyType The key type to bind to the container type.
///
/// \param introducer Whether to declare the variable as immutable.
static VarDecl *createKeyedContainer(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                                     NominalTypeDecl *keyedContainerDecl,
                                     Type keyType,
                                     VarDecl::Introducer introducer) {
  return createKeyedContainer(C, DC, keyedContainerDecl, keyType,
                              introducer, C.Id_container);
}

/// Creates a new \c CallExpr representing
///
///   base.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
///
/// \param C The AST context to create the expression in.
///
/// \param DC The \c DeclContext to create any decls in.
///
/// \param base The base expression to make the call on.
///
/// \param returnType The return type of the call.
///
/// \param param The parameter to the call.
static CallExpr *createContainerKeyedByCall(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                                            Expr *base, Type returnType,
                                            NominalTypeDecl *param) {
  // (keyedBy:)
  auto *keyedByDecl = new (C)
      ParamDecl(SourceLoc(), SourceLoc(),
                C.Id_keyedBy, SourceLoc(), C.Id_keyedBy, DC);
  keyedByDecl->setImplicit();
  keyedByDecl->setSpecifier(ParamSpecifier::Default);
  keyedByDecl->setInterfaceType(returnType);

  // base.container(keyedBy:) expr
  auto *paramList = ParameterList::createWithoutLoc(keyedByDecl);
  auto *unboundCall = UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(C, base, C.Id_container,
                                                        paramList);

  // CodingKeys.self expr
  auto *codingKeysExpr = TypeExpr::createImplicitForDecl(
      DeclNameLoc(), param, param->getDeclContext(),
      DC->mapTypeIntoContext(param->getInterfaceType()));
  auto *codingKeysMetaTypeExpr = new (C) DotSelfExpr(codingKeysExpr,
                                                     SourceLoc(), SourceLoc());

  // Full bound base.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) call
  auto *argList =
      ArgumentList::forImplicitSingle(C, C.Id_keyedBy, codingKeysMetaTypeExpr);
  return CallExpr::createImplicit(C, unboundCall, argList);
}

static CallExpr *createNestedContainerKeyedByForKeyCall(
    ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, Expr *base, NominalTypeDecl *codingKeysType,
    EnumElementDecl *key) {
  // base.nestedContainer(keyedBy:, forKey:) expr
  auto *unboundCall = UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(
      C, base, C.Id_nestedContainer, {C.Id_keyedBy, C.Id_forKey});

  // CodingKeys.self expr
  auto *codingKeysExpr = TypeExpr::createImplicitForDecl(
      DeclNameLoc(), codingKeysType, codingKeysType->getDeclContext(),
      DC->mapTypeIntoContext(codingKeysType->getInterfaceType()));
  auto *codingKeysMetaTypeExpr =
      new (C) DotSelfExpr(codingKeysExpr, SourceLoc(), SourceLoc());

  // key expr
  auto *metaTyRef = TypeExpr::createImplicit(
      DC->mapTypeIntoContext(key->getParentEnum()->getDeclaredInterfaceType()),
      C);
  auto *keyExpr = new (C) MemberRefExpr(metaTyRef, SourceLoc(), key,
                                        DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

  // Full bound base.nestedContainer(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self, forKey: key) call
  auto *argList = ArgumentList::forImplicitCallTo(
      unboundCall->getName(), {codingKeysMetaTypeExpr, keyExpr}, C);
  return CallExpr::createImplicit(C, unboundCall, argList);
}

static ThrowStmt *createThrowCodingErrorStmt(ASTContext &C, Expr *containerExpr,
                                             NominalTypeDecl *errorDecl,
                                             Identifier errorId,
                                             std::optional<Expr *> argument,
                                             StringRef debugMessage) {
  auto *contextDecl = lookupErrorContext(C, errorDecl);
  assert(contextDecl && "Missing Context decl.");

  auto *debugMessageExpr = new (C) StringLiteralExpr(
      C.AllocateCopy(debugMessage), SourceRange(),
      /* Implicit */ true);

  auto *contextTypeExpr =
      TypeExpr::createImplicit(contextDecl->getDeclaredType(), C);

  // Context.init(codingPath:, debugDescription:)
  auto *contextInitCall = UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(
      C, contextTypeExpr, DeclBaseName::createConstructor(),
      {C.Id_codingPath, C.Id_debugDescription, C.Id_underlyingError});

  auto *codingPathExpr =
      UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(C, containerExpr, C.Id_codingPath);
  auto *underlyingErrorExpr =
      new (C) NilLiteralExpr(SourceLoc(), /*implicit*/ true);

  auto *initArgList = ArgumentList::forImplicitCallTo(
      contextInitCall->getName(),
      {codingPathExpr, debugMessageExpr, underlyingErrorExpr}, C);
  auto *contextInitCallExpr = CallExpr::createImplicit(C, contextInitCall,
                                                       initArgList);
  llvm::SmallVector<Expr *, 2> arguments;
  if (argument.has_value()) {
    arguments.push_back(argument.value());
  }
  arguments.push_back(contextInitCallExpr);

  SmallVector<Identifier, 2> scratch;
  auto *decodeArgList = ArgumentList::forImplicitUnlabeled(C, arguments);
  auto *decodingErrorTypeExpr =
      TypeExpr::createImplicit(errorDecl->getDeclaredType(), C);
  auto *decodingErrorCall = UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(
      C, decodingErrorTypeExpr, errorId,
      decodeArgList->getArgumentLabels(scratch));

  auto *decodingErrorCallExpr =
      CallExpr::createImplicit(C, decodingErrorCall, decodeArgList);
  return new (C) ThrowStmt(SourceLoc(), decodingErrorCallExpr);
}

/// Looks up the property corresponding to the indicated coding key.
///
/// \param conformanceDC The DeclContext we're generating code within.
/// \param elt The CodingKeys enum case.
/// \param targetDecl The type to look up properties in.
///
/// \return A tuple containing the \c VarDecl for the property, the type that
/// should be passed when decoding it, and a boolean which is true if
/// \c encodeIfPresent/\c decodeIfPresent should be used for this property.
static std::tuple<VarDecl *, Type, bool>
lookupVarDeclForCodingKeysCase(DeclContext *conformanceDC,
                               EnumElementDecl *elt,
                               NominalTypeDecl *targetDecl) {
  for (auto decl : targetDecl->lookupDirect(
                                   DeclName(elt->getBaseIdentifier()))) {
    if (auto *vd = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(decl)) {
      // If we found a property with an attached wrapper, retrieve the
      // backing property.
      if (auto backingVar = vd->getPropertyWrapperBackingProperty())
        vd = backingVar;

      if (!vd->isStatic()) {
        // This is the VarDecl we're looking for.

        auto varType =
            conformanceDC->mapTypeIntoContext(vd->getValueInterfaceType());

        bool useIfPresentVariant = false;

        if (auto objType = varType->getOptionalObjectType()) {
          varType = objType;
          useIfPresentVariant = true;
        }

        return std::make_tuple(vd, varType, useIfPresentVariant);
      }
    }
  }

  llvm_unreachable("Should have found at least 1 var decl");
}

static TryExpr *createEncodeCall(ASTContext &C, Type codingKeysType,
                                 EnumElementDecl *codingKey,
                                 Expr *containerExpr, Expr *varExpr,
                                 bool useIfPresentVariant) {
  // CodingKeys.x
  auto *metaTyRef = TypeExpr::createImplicit(codingKeysType, C);
  auto *keyExpr = new (C) MemberRefExpr(metaTyRef, SourceLoc(), codingKey,
                                        DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

  // encode(_:forKey:)/encodeIfPresent(_:forKey:)
  auto methodName = useIfPresentVariant ? C.Id_encodeIfPresent : C.Id_encode;
  auto *encodeCall = UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(
      C, containerExpr, methodName, {Identifier(), C.Id_forKey});

  // container.encode(x, forKey: CodingKeys.x)
  auto *argList = ArgumentList::forImplicitCallTo(encodeCall->getName(),
                                                  {varExpr, keyExpr}, C);
  auto *callExpr = CallExpr::createImplicit(C, encodeCall, argList);

  // try container.encode(x, forKey: CodingKeys.x)
  auto *tryExpr = new (C) TryExpr(SourceLoc(), callExpr, Type(),
                                  /*Implicit=*/true);
  return tryExpr;
}

/// Synthesizes the body for `func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws`.
///
/// \param encodeDecl The function decl whose body to synthesize.
static std::pair<BraceStmt *, bool>
deriveBodyEncodable_encode(AbstractFunctionDecl *encodeDecl, void *) {
  // struct Foo : Codable {
  //   var x: Int
  //   var y: String
  //
  //   // Already derived by this point if possible.
  //   @derived enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
  //     case x
  //     case y
  //   }
  //
  //   @derived func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
  //     var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
  //     try container.encode(x, forKey: .x)
  //     try container.encode(y, forKey: .y)
  //   }
  // }

  // The enclosing type decl.
  auto conformanceDC = encodeDecl->getDeclContext();
  auto *targetDecl = conformanceDC->getSelfNominalTypeDecl();

  auto *funcDC = cast<DeclContext>(encodeDecl);
  auto &C = funcDC->getASTContext();

  // We'll want the CodingKeys enum for this type, potentially looking through
  // a typealias.
  auto *codingKeysEnum = lookupEvaluatedCodingKeysEnum(C, targetDecl);
  // We should have bailed already if:
  // a) The type does not have CodingKeys
  // b) The type is not an enum
  assert(codingKeysEnum && "Missing CodingKeys decl.");

  SmallVector<ASTNode, 5> statements;

  // Generate a reference to containerExpr ahead of time in case there are no
  // properties to encode or decode, but the type is a class which inherits from
  // something Codable and needs to encode super.

  // let container : KeyedEncodingContainer<CodingKeys>
  auto codingKeysType = codingKeysEnum->getDeclaredType();
  auto *containerDecl = createKeyedContainer(C, funcDC,
                                             C.getKeyedEncodingContainerDecl(),
                                             codingKeysEnum->getDeclaredInterfaceType(),
                                             VarDecl::Introducer::Var);

  auto *containerExpr = new (C) DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(containerDecl),
                                            DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true,
                                            AccessSemantics::DirectToStorage);

  // Need to generate
  //   `let container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)`
  // This is unconditional because a type with no properties should encode as an
  // empty container.
  //
  // `let container` (containerExpr) is generated above.

  // encoder
  auto encoderParam = encodeDecl->getParameters()->get(0);
  auto *encoderExpr = new (C) DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(encoderParam),
                                          DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

  // Bound encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) call
  auto containerType = containerDecl->getInterfaceType();
  auto *callExpr = createContainerKeyedByCall(C, funcDC, encoderExpr,
                                              containerType, codingKeysEnum);

  // Full `let container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)`
  // binding.
  auto *containerPattern = NamedPattern::createImplicit(C, containerDecl);
  auto *bindingDecl = PatternBindingDecl::createImplicit(
      C, StaticSpellingKind::None, containerPattern, callExpr, funcDC);
  statements.push_back(bindingDecl);
  statements.push_back(containerDecl);

  // Now need to generate `try container.encode(x, forKey: .x)` for all
  // existing properties. Optional properties get `encodeIfPresent`.
  for (auto *elt : codingKeysEnum->getAllElements()) {
    VarDecl *varDecl;
    Type varType;                // not used in Encodable synthesis
    bool useIfPresentVariant;

    std::tie(varDecl, varType, useIfPresentVariant) =
        lookupVarDeclForCodingKeysCase(conformanceDC, elt, targetDecl);

    // self.x
    auto *selfRef = DerivedConformance::createSelfDeclRef(encodeDecl);
    auto *varExpr = new (C) MemberRefExpr(selfRef, SourceLoc(),
                                          ConcreteDeclRef(varDecl),
                                          DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

    auto *encodeCallExpr = createEncodeCall(
        C, codingKeysType, elt, containerExpr, varExpr, useIfPresentVariant);

    statements.push_back(encodeCallExpr);
  }

  // Classes which inherit from something Codable should encode super as well.
  if (superclassConformsTo(dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(targetDecl),
                           KnownProtocolKind::Encodable)) {
    // Need to generate `try super.encode(to: container.superEncoder())`

    // superEncoder()
    auto *method = UnresolvedDeclRefExpr::createImplicit(C, C.Id_superEncoder);

    // container.superEncoder()
    auto *superEncoderRef = DotSyntaxCallExpr::create(
        C, method, SourceLoc(), Argument::unlabeled(containerExpr));

    // encode(to:) expr
    auto *encodeDeclRef = new (C) DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(encodeDecl),
                                              DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

    // super
    auto *superRef = new (C) SuperRefExpr(encodeDecl->getImplicitSelfDecl(),
                                          SourceLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

    // super.encode(to:)
    auto *encodeCall = DotSyntaxCallExpr::create(C, encodeDeclRef, SourceLoc(),
                                                 Argument::unlabeled(superRef));

    // super.encode(to: container.superEncoder())
    auto *args = ArgumentList::forImplicitSingle(C, C.Id_to, superEncoderRef);
    auto *callExpr = CallExpr::createImplicit(C, encodeCall, args);

    // try super.encode(to: container.superEncoder())
    auto *tryExpr = new (C) TryExpr(SourceLoc(), callExpr, Type(),
                                    /*Implicit=*/true);
    statements.push_back(tryExpr);
  }

  auto *body = BraceStmt::create(C, SourceLoc(), statements, SourceLoc(),
                                 /*implicit=*/true);
  return { body, /*isTypeChecked=*/false };
}

static SwitchStmt *
createEnumSwitch(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC, Expr *expr, EnumDecl *enumDecl,
                 EnumDecl *codingKeysEnum, bool createSubpattern,
                 std::function<std::tuple<EnumElementDecl *, BraceStmt *>(
                     EnumElementDecl *, EnumElementDecl *, ArrayRef<VarDecl *>)>
                     createCase) {
  SmallVector<CaseStmt *, 4> cases;
  for (auto elt : enumDecl->getAllElements()) {
    // .<elt>(let a0, let a1, ...)
    SmallVector<VarDecl *, 3> payloadVars;
    Pattern *subpattern = nullptr;
    std::optional<MutableArrayRef<VarDecl *>> caseBodyVarDecls;

    if (createSubpattern) {
      subpattern = DerivedConformance::enumElementPayloadSubpattern(
          elt, 'a', DC, payloadVars, /* useLabels */ true);

      auto hasBoundDecls = !payloadVars.empty();
      if (hasBoundDecls) {
        // We allocated a direct copy of our var decls for the case
        // body.
        auto copy = C.Allocate<VarDecl *>(payloadVars.size());
        for (unsigned i : indices(payloadVars)) {
          auto *vOld = payloadVars[i];
          auto *vNew = new (C) VarDecl(
              /*IsStatic*/ false, vOld->getIntroducer(), vOld->getNameLoc(),
              vOld->getName(), vOld->getDeclContext());
          vNew->setImplicit();
          copy[i] = vNew;
        }
        caseBodyVarDecls.emplace(copy);
      }
    }

    // CodingKeys.x
    auto *codingKeyCase =
        lookupEnumCase(C, codingKeysEnum, elt->getName().getBaseIdentifier());

    EnumElementDecl *targetElt;
    BraceStmt *caseBody;
    std::tie(targetElt, caseBody) = createCase(elt, codingKeyCase, payloadVars);

    if (caseBody) {
      // generate: case .<Case>:
      auto parentTy = DC->mapTypeIntoContext(
          targetElt->getParentEnum()->getDeclaredInterfaceType());
      auto *pat = EnumElementPattern::createImplicit(parentTy, targetElt,
                                                     subpattern, DC);

      auto labelItem = CaseLabelItem(pat);
      auto stmt =
          CaseStmt::create(C, CaseParentKind::Switch, SourceLoc(), labelItem,
                           SourceLoc(), SourceLoc(), caseBody,
                           /*case body vardecls*/
                           createSubpattern ? caseBodyVarDecls : std::nullopt);
      cases.push_back(stmt);
    }
  }

  // generate: switch $expr { }
  return SwitchStmt::createImplicit(LabeledStmtInfo(), expr, cases, C);
}

static DeclRefExpr *createContainer(ASTContext &C, DeclContext *DC,
                                    VarDecl::Introducer introducer,
                                    NominalTypeDecl *containerTypeDecl,
                                    VarDecl *target, EnumDecl *codingKeysEnum,
                                    llvm::SmallVectorImpl<ASTNode> &statements,
                                    bool throws) {
  // let/var container : KeyedDecodingContainer<CodingKeys>
  auto *containerDecl = createKeyedContainer(
      C, DC, containerTypeDecl, codingKeysEnum->getDeclaredInterfaceType(),
      introducer);

  auto *containerExpr =
      new (C) DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(containerDecl), DeclNameLoc(),
                          /*Implicit=*/true, AccessSemantics::DirectToStorage);

  // de/encoder
  auto *decoderExpr = new (C)
      DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(target), DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

  // Bound de/encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) call
  auto containerType = containerDecl->getInterfaceType();
  Expr *callExpr = createContainerKeyedByCall(C, DC, decoderExpr, containerType,
                                              codingKeysEnum);

  if (throws) {
    // try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
    callExpr = new (C) TryExpr(SourceLoc(), callExpr, Type(),
                               /*implicit=*/true);
  }

  // Full `let container = decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)`
  // binding.
  auto *containerPattern = NamedPattern::createImplicit(C, containerDecl);
  auto *bindingDecl = PatternBindingDecl::createImplicit(
      C, StaticSpellingKind::None, containerPattern, callExpr, DC);
  statements.push_back(bindingDecl);
  statements.push_back(containerDecl);

  return containerExpr;
}

static std::pair<BraceStmt *, bool>
deriveBodyEncodable_enum_encode(AbstractFunctionDecl *encodeDecl, void *) {
  // enum Foo : Codable {
  //   case bar(x: Int)
  //   case baz(y: String)
  //
  //   // Already derived by this point if possible.
  //   @derived enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
  //     case bar
  //     case baz
  //
  //     @derived enum BarCodingKeys : CodingKey {
  //       case x
  //     }
  //
  //     @derived enum BazCodingKeys : CodingKey {
  //       case y
  //     }
  //   }
  //
  //   @derived func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
  //     var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
  //     switch self {
  //     case bar(let x):
  //       let nestedContainer = try container.nestedContainer(keyedBy:
  //       BarCodingKeys.self, forKey: .bar) try nestedContainer.encode(x,
  //       forKey: .x)
  //     case baz(let y):
  //       let nestedContainer = try container.nestedContainer(keyedBy:
  //       BazCodingKeys.self, forKey: .baz) try nestedContainer.encode(y,
  //       forKey: .y)
  //     }
  //   }
  // }

  // The enclosing type decl.
  auto conformanceDC = encodeDecl->getDeclContext();
  auto *enumDecl = conformanceDC->getSelfEnumDecl();

  auto *funcDC = cast<DeclContext>(encodeDecl);
  auto &C = funcDC->getASTContext();

  // We'll want the CodingKeys enum for this type, potentially looking through
  // a typealias.
  auto *codingKeysEnum = lookupEvaluatedCodingKeysEnum(C, enumDecl);
  // We should have bailed already if:
  // a) The type does not have CodingKeys
  // b) The type is not an enum
  assert(codingKeysEnum && "Missing CodingKeys decl.");

  SmallVector<ASTNode, 5> statements;

  // Generate a reference to containerExpr ahead of time in case there are no
  // properties to encode or decode, but the type is a class which inherits from
  // something Codable and needs to encode super.

  // Need to generate
  //   `let container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)`
  // This is unconditional because a type with no properties should encode as an
  // empty container.

  // let container : KeyedEncodingContainer<CodingKeys>
  auto *containerExpr = createContainer(
      C, funcDC, VarDecl::Introducer::Var, C.getKeyedEncodingContainerDecl(),
      encodeDecl->getParameters()->get(0), codingKeysEnum, statements,
      /*throws*/ false);

  auto *selfRef = encodeDecl->getImplicitSelfDecl();

  // generate: switch self { }
  auto enumRef =
      new (C) DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(selfRef), DeclNameLoc(),
                          /*implicit*/ true, AccessSemantics::Ordinary);
  auto switchStmt = createEnumSwitch(
      C, funcDC, enumRef, enumDecl, codingKeysEnum,
      /*createSubpattern*/ true,
      [&](EnumElementDecl *elt, EnumElementDecl *codingKeyCase,
          ArrayRef<VarDecl *> payloadVars)
          -> std::tuple<EnumElementDecl *, BraceStmt *> {
        SmallVector<ASTNode, 3> caseStatements;

        if (elt->isUnavailable()) {
          // This case is not encodable because it is unavailable and therefore
          // should not be instantiable at runtime. Skipping this case will
          // result in the SIL pipeline giving the switch a default case for
          // unexpected values.
          return std::make_tuple(nullptr, nullptr);
        }

        if (!codingKeyCase) {
          // This case should not be encodable, so throw an error if an attempt
          // is made to encode it
          auto debugMessage =
              "Case '" + elt->getBaseIdentifier().str().str() +
              "' cannot be encoded because it is not defined in CodingKeys.";
          auto *selfRefExpr = new (C) DeclRefExpr(
              ConcreteDeclRef(selfRef), DeclNameLoc(), /* Implicit */ true);

          auto *throwStmt = createThrowCodingErrorStmt(
              C, containerExpr, C.getEncodingErrorDecl(), C.Id_invalidValue,
              selfRefExpr, debugMessage);

          caseStatements.push_back(throwStmt);
        } else {
          auto caseIdentifier = caseCodingKeysIdentifier(C, elt);
          auto *caseCodingKeys =
              lookupEvaluatedCodingKeysEnum(C, enumDecl, caseIdentifier);

          auto *nestedContainerDecl = createKeyedContainer(
              C, funcDC, C.getKeyedEncodingContainerDecl(),
              caseCodingKeys->getDeclaredInterfaceType(),
              VarDecl::Introducer::Var, C.Id_nestedContainer);

          auto *nestedContainerCall = createNestedContainerKeyedByForKeyCall(
              C, funcDC, containerExpr, caseCodingKeys, codingKeyCase);

          auto *containerPattern =
              NamedPattern::createImplicit(C, nestedContainerDecl);
          auto *bindingDecl = PatternBindingDecl::createImplicit(
              C, StaticSpellingKind::None, containerPattern,
              nestedContainerCall, funcDC);
          caseStatements.push_back(bindingDecl);
          caseStatements.push_back(nestedContainerDecl);

          for (auto entry : llvm::enumerate(payloadVars)) {
            auto *payloadVar = entry.value();
            auto *nestedContainerExpr = new (C) DeclRefExpr(
                ConcreteDeclRef(nestedContainerDecl), DeclNameLoc(),
                /*Implicit=*/true, AccessSemantics::DirectToStorage);
            auto payloadVarRef = new (C) DeclRefExpr(payloadVar, DeclNameLoc(),
                                                     /*implicit*/ true);
            auto *paramDecl = elt->getParameterList()->get(entry.index());
            auto caseCodingKeysIdentifier =
                getVarNameForCoding(paramDecl, entry.index());
            auto *caseCodingKey =
                lookupEnumCase(C, caseCodingKeys, caseCodingKeysIdentifier);

            // If there is no key defined for this parameter, skip it.
            if (!caseCodingKey)
              continue;

            auto varType = conformanceDC->mapTypeIntoContext(
                payloadVar->getValueInterfaceType());

            bool useIfPresentVariant = false;
            if (auto objType = varType->getOptionalObjectType()) {
              varType = objType;
              useIfPresentVariant = true;
            }

            auto *encodeCallExpr = createEncodeCall(
                C, caseCodingKeys->getDeclaredType(), caseCodingKey,
                nestedContainerExpr, payloadVarRef, useIfPresentVariant);

            caseStatements.push_back(encodeCallExpr);
          }
        }

        auto body =
            BraceStmt::create(C, SourceLoc(), caseStatements, SourceLoc());

        return std::make_tuple(elt, body);
      });

  statements.push_back(switchStmt);

  auto *body = BraceStmt::create(C, SourceLoc(), statements, SourceLoc(),
                                 /*implicit=*/true);
  return {body, /*isTypeChecked=*/false};
}

/// Synthesizes a function declaration for `encode(to: Encoder) throws` with a
/// lazily synthesized body for the given type.
///
/// Adds the function declaration to the given type before returning it.
static FuncDecl *deriveEncodable_encode(DerivedConformance &derived) {
  auto &C = derived.Context;
  auto conformanceDC = derived.getConformanceContext();

  // Expected type: (Self) -> (Encoder) throws -> ()
  // Constructed as: func type
  //                 input: Self
  //                 throws
  //                 output: function type
  //                         input: Encoder
  //                         output: ()
  // Create from the inside out:

  auto encoderType = ExistentialType::get(C.getEncoderType());
  auto returnType = TupleType::getEmpty(C);

  // Params: (Encoder)
  auto *encoderParam = new (C)
      ParamDecl(SourceLoc(), SourceLoc(), C.Id_to,
                SourceLoc(), C.Id_encoder, conformanceDC);
  encoderParam->setSpecifier(ParamSpecifier::Default);
  encoderParam->setInterfaceType(encoderType);
  encoderParam->setImplicit();

  ParameterList *params = ParameterList::createWithoutLoc(encoderParam);

  // Func name: encode(to: Encoder)
  DeclName name(C, C.Id_encode, params);
  auto *const encodeDecl = FuncDecl::createImplicit(
      C, StaticSpellingKind::None, name, /*NameLoc=*/SourceLoc(),
      /*Async=*/false,
      /*Throws=*/true, /*ThrownType=*/Type(),
      /*GenericParams=*/nullptr, params, returnType,
      conformanceDC);
  encodeDecl->setSynthesized();

  if (dyn_cast<EnumDecl>(derived.Nominal)) {
    encodeDecl->setBodySynthesizer(deriveBodyEncodable_enum_encode);
  } else {
    encodeDecl->setBodySynthesizer(deriveBodyEncodable_encode);
  }

  // This method should be marked as 'override' for classes inheriting Encodable
  // conformance from a parent class.
  if (superclassConformsTo(dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(derived.Nominal),
                           KnownProtocolKind::Encodable)) {
    auto *attr = new (C) OverrideAttr(/*IsImplicit=*/true);
    encodeDecl->getAttrs().add(attr);
  }

  addNonIsolatedToSynthesized(derived, encodeDecl);

  encodeDecl->copyFormalAccessFrom(derived.Nominal,
                                   /*sourceIsParentContext*/ true);

  derived.addMembersToConformanceContext({encodeDecl});

  return encodeDecl;
}

static TryExpr *createDecodeCall(ASTContext &C, Type resultType,
                                 Type codingKeysType,
                                 EnumElementDecl *codingKey,
                                 Expr *containerExpr,
                                 bool useIfPresentVariant) {
  auto methodName = useIfPresentVariant ? C.Id_decodeIfPresent : C.Id_decode;

  // Type.self
  auto *metaTyRef = TypeExpr::createImplicit(resultType, C);
  auto *targetExpr =
      new (C) DotSelfExpr(metaTyRef, SourceLoc(), SourceLoc(), resultType);

  // CodingKeys.x
  metaTyRef = TypeExpr::createImplicit(codingKeysType, C);
  auto *keyExpr =
      new (C) MemberRefExpr(metaTyRef, SourceLoc(), codingKey, DeclNameLoc(),
                            /*Implicit=*/true);

  // decode(_:forKey:)/decodeIfPresent(_:forKey:)
  auto *decodeCall = UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(
      C, containerExpr, methodName, {Identifier(), C.Id_forKey});

  // container.decode(Type.self, forKey: CodingKeys.x)
  auto *argList = ArgumentList::forImplicitCallTo(decodeCall->getName(),
                                                  {targetExpr, keyExpr}, C);
  auto *callExpr = CallExpr::createImplicit(C, decodeCall, argList);

  // try container.decode(Type.self, forKey: CodingKeys.x)
  auto *tryExpr = new (C) TryExpr(SourceLoc(), callExpr, Type(),
                                  /*Implicit=*/true);
  return tryExpr;
}

/// Synthesizes the body for `init(from decoder: Decoder) throws`.
///
/// \param initDecl The function decl whose body to synthesize.
static std::pair<BraceStmt *, bool>
deriveBodyDecodable_init(AbstractFunctionDecl *initDecl, void *) {
  // struct Foo : Codable {
  //   var x: Int
  //   var y: String
  //
  //   // Already derived by this point if possible.
  //   @derived enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
  //     case x
  //     case y
  //   }
  //
  //   @derived init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
  //     let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
  //     x = try container.decode(Type.self, forKey: .x)
  //     y = try container.decode(Type.self, forKey: .y)
  //   }
  // }

  // The enclosing type decl.
  auto conformanceDC = initDecl->getDeclContext();
  auto *targetDecl = conformanceDC->getSelfNominalTypeDecl();

  auto *funcDC = cast<DeclContext>(initDecl);
  auto &C = funcDC->getASTContext();

  // We'll want the CodingKeys enum for this type, potentially looking through
  // a typealias.
  auto *codingKeysEnum = lookupEvaluatedCodingKeysEnum(C, targetDecl);
  // We should have bailed already if:
  // a) The type does not have CodingKeys
  // b) The type is not an enum
  assert(codingKeysEnum && "Missing CodingKeys decl.");

  // Generate a reference to containerExpr ahead of time in case there are no
  // properties to encode or decode, but the type is a class which inherits from
  // something Codable and needs to decode super.

  // let container : KeyedDecodingContainer<CodingKeys>
  auto codingKeysType = codingKeysEnum->getDeclaredType();
  auto *containerDecl = createKeyedContainer(C, funcDC,
                                             C.getKeyedDecodingContainerDecl(),
                                             codingKeysEnum->getDeclaredInterfaceType(),
                                             VarDecl::Introducer::Let);

  auto *containerExpr = new (C) DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(containerDecl),
                                            DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true,
                                            AccessSemantics::DirectToStorage);

  SmallVector<ASTNode, 5> statements;
  auto enumElements = codingKeysEnum->getAllElements();
  if (!enumElements.empty()) {
    // Need to generate
    //   `let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)`
    // `let container` (containerExpr) is generated above.

    // decoder
    auto decoderParam = initDecl->getParameters()->get(0);
    auto *decoderExpr = new (C) DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(decoderParam),
                                            DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

    // Bound decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self) call
    auto containerType = containerDecl->getInterfaceType();
    auto *callExpr = createContainerKeyedByCall(C, funcDC, decoderExpr,
                                                containerType, codingKeysEnum);

    // try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
    auto *tryExpr = new (C) TryExpr(SourceLoc(), callExpr, Type(),
                                    /*implicit=*/true);

    // Full `let container = decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)`
    // binding.
    auto *containerPattern = NamedPattern::createImplicit(C, containerDecl);
    auto *bindingDecl = PatternBindingDecl::createImplicit(
        C, StaticSpellingKind::None, containerPattern, tryExpr, funcDC);
    statements.push_back(bindingDecl);
    statements.push_back(containerDecl);

    // Now need to generate `x = try container.decode(Type.self, forKey: .x)`
    // for all existing properties. Optional properties get `decodeIfPresent`.
    for (auto *elt : enumElements) {
      VarDecl *varDecl;
      Type varType;
      bool useIfPresentVariant;

      std::tie(varDecl, varType, useIfPresentVariant) =
          lookupVarDeclForCodingKeysCase(conformanceDC, elt, targetDecl);

      // Don't output a decode statement for a let with an initial value.
      if (varDecl->isLet() && varDecl->isParentInitialized()) {
        // But emit a warning to let the user know that it won't be decoded.
        auto lookupResult =
            codingKeysEnum->lookupDirect(varDecl->getBaseName());
        auto keyExistsInCodingKeys =
            llvm::any_of(lookupResult, [&](ValueDecl *VD) {
              if (isa<EnumElementDecl>(VD)) {
                return VD->getBaseName() == varDecl->getBaseName();
              }
              return false;
            });
        auto *encodableProto = C.getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Encodable);
        bool conformsToEncodable =
            (bool) lookupConformance(
                targetDecl->getDeclaredInterfaceType(), encodableProto);

        // Strategy to use for CodingKeys enum diagnostic part - this is to
        // make the behaviour more explicit:
        //
        // 1. If we have an *implicit* CodingKeys enum:
        // (a) If the type is Decodable only, explicitly define the enum and
        //     remove the key from it. This makes it explicit that the key
        //     will not be decoded.
        // (b) If the type is Codable, explicitly define the enum and keep the
        //     key in it. This is because removing the key will break encoding
        //     which is mostly likely not what the user expects.
        //
        // 2. If we have an *explicit* CodingKeys enum:
        // (a) If the type is Decodable only and the key exists in the enum,
        //     then explicitly remove the key from the enum. This makes it
        //     explicit that the key will not be decoded.
        // (b) If the type is Decodable only and the key does not exist in
        //     the enum, do nothing. This is because the user has explicitly
        //     made it clear that they don't want the key to be decoded.
        // (c) If the type is Codable, do nothing. This is because removing
        //     the key will break encoding which is most likely not what the
        //     user expects.
        if (!codingKeysEnum->isImplicit()) {
          if (conformsToEncodable || !keyExistsInCodingKeys) {
            continue;
          }
        }

        varDecl->diagnose(diag::decodable_property_will_not_be_decoded);
        if (codingKeysEnum->isImplicit()) {
          varDecl->diagnose(
              diag::decodable_property_init_or_codingkeys_implicit,
              conformsToEncodable ? 0 : 1, varDecl->getName());
        } else {
          varDecl->diagnose(
              diag::decodable_property_init_or_codingkeys_explicit,
              varDecl->getName());
        }
        if (auto *PBD = varDecl->getParentPatternBinding()) {
          varDecl->diagnose(diag::decodable_make_property_mutable)
              .fixItReplace(PBD->getLoc(), "var");
        }

        continue;
      }

      auto *tryExpr = createDecodeCall(C, varType, codingKeysType, elt,
                                       containerExpr, useIfPresentVariant);

      auto *selfRef = DerivedConformance::createSelfDeclRef(initDecl);
      auto *varExpr = UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(C, selfRef,
                                                        varDecl->getName());
      auto *assignExpr = new (C) AssignExpr(varExpr, SourceLoc(), tryExpr,
                                            /*Implicit=*/true);
      statements.push_back(assignExpr);
    }
  }

  // Classes which have a superclass must call super.init(from:) if the
  // superclass is Decodable, or super.init() if it is not.
  if (auto *classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(targetDecl)) {
    if (auto *superclassDecl = classDecl->getSuperclassDecl()) {
      if (superclassConformsTo(classDecl, KnownProtocolKind::Decodable)) {
        // Need to generate `try super.init(from: container.superDecoder())`

        // container.superDecoder
        auto *superDecoderRef =
          UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(C, containerExpr,
                                            C.Id_superDecoder);

        // container.superDecoder()
        auto *superDecoderCall =
            CallExpr::createImplicitEmpty(C, superDecoderRef);

        // super
        auto *superRef = new (C) SuperRefExpr(initDecl->getImplicitSelfDecl(),
                                              SourceLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

        // super.init(from:)
        auto *initCall = UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(
            C, superRef, DeclBaseName::createConstructor(), {C.Id_from});

        // super.decode(from: container.superDecoder())
        auto *argList =
            ArgumentList::forImplicitSingle(C, C.Id_from, superDecoderCall);
        auto *callExpr = CallExpr::createImplicit(C, initCall, argList);

        // try super.init(from: container.superDecoder())
        auto *tryExpr = new (C) TryExpr(SourceLoc(), callExpr, Type(),
                                        /*Implicit=*/true);
        statements.push_back(tryExpr);
      } else {
        // The explicit constructor name is a compound name taking no arguments.
        DeclName initName(C, DeclBaseName::createConstructor(),
                          ArrayRef<Identifier>());

        // We need to look this up in the superclass to see if it throws.
        auto result = superclassDecl->lookupDirect(initName);

        // We should have bailed one level up if this were not available.
        assert(!result.empty());

        // If the init is failable, we should have already bailed one level
        // above.
        ConstructorDecl *superInitDecl = cast<ConstructorDecl>(result.front());
        assert(!superInitDecl->isFailable());

        // super
        auto *superRef = new (C) SuperRefExpr(initDecl->getImplicitSelfDecl(),
                                              SourceLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

        // super.init()
        auto *superInitRef = UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(C, superRef,
                                                               initName);
        // super.init() call
        Expr *callExpr = CallExpr::createImplicitEmpty(C, superInitRef);

        // If super.init throws, try super.init()
        if (superInitDecl->hasThrows())
          callExpr = new (C) TryExpr(SourceLoc(), callExpr, Type(),
                                     /*Implicit=*/true);

        statements.push_back(callExpr);
      }
    }
  }

  auto *body = BraceStmt::create(C, SourceLoc(), statements, SourceLoc(),
                                 /*implicit=*/true);
  return { body, /*isTypeChecked=*/false };
}

/// Synthesizes the body for `init(from decoder: Decoder) throws`.
///
/// \param initDecl The function decl whose body to synthesize.
static std::pair<BraceStmt *, bool>
deriveBodyDecodable_enum_init(AbstractFunctionDecl *initDecl, void *) {
  // enum Foo : Codable {
  //   case bar(x: Int)
  //   case baz(y: String)
  //   @available(*, unavailable) case qux(z: Double)
  //
  //   // Already derived by this point if possible.
  //   @derived enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
  //     case bar
  //     case baz
  //     case qux
  //
  //     @derived enum BarCodingKeys : CodingKey {
  //       case x
  //     }
  //
  //     @derived enum BazCodingKeys : CodingKey {
  //       case y
  //     }
  //
  //     @derived enum QuxCodingKeys : CodingKey {
  //       case z
  //     }
  //   }
  //
  //   @derived init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
  //     let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
  //     var allKeys = ArraySlice(container.allKeys)
  //     guard let onlyKey = allKeys.popFirst(), allKeys.isEmpty else {
  //       let context = DecodingError.Context(
  //           codingPath: container.codingPath,
  //           debugDescription: "Invalid number of keys found, expected one.")
  //       throw DecodingError.typeMismatch(Foo.self, context)
  //     }
  //     switch onlyKey {
  //     case .bar:
  //       let nestedContainer = try container.nestedContainer(
  //           keyedBy: BarCodingKeys.self, forKey: .bar)
  //       let x = try nestedContainer.decode(Int.self, forKey: .x)
  //       self = .bar(x: x)
  //     case .baz:
  //       let nestedContainer = try container.nestedContainer(
  //           keyedBy: BazCodingKeys.self, forKey: .baz)
  //       let y = try nestedContainer.decode(String.self, forKey: .y)
  //       self = .baz(y: y)
  //     case .qux:
  //       throw DecodingError.dataCorrupted(
  //         DecodingError.Context(
  //           codingPath: decoder.codingPath,
  //           debugDescription: "Unavailable enum element encountered.")
  //       )
  //     }
  //   }

  // The enclosing type decl.
  auto conformanceDC = initDecl->getDeclContext();
  auto *targetEnum = conformanceDC->getSelfEnumDecl();

  auto *funcDC = cast<DeclContext>(initDecl);
  auto &C = funcDC->getASTContext();

  // We'll want the CodingKeys enum for this type, potentially looking through
  // a typealias.
  auto *codingKeysEnum = lookupEvaluatedCodingKeysEnum(C, targetEnum);
  // We should have bailed already if:
  // a) The type does not have CodingKeys
  // b) The type is not an enum
  assert(codingKeysEnum && "Missing CodingKeys decl.");

  SmallVector<ASTNode, 5> statements;
  if (codingKeysEnum->hasCases()) {
    // Need to generate
    //   `let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)`

    auto *containerExpr = createContainer(
        C, funcDC, VarDecl::Introducer::Let, C.getKeyedDecodingContainerDecl(),
        initDecl->getParameters()->get(0), codingKeysEnum, statements,
        /*throws*/ true);

    // generate: var allKeys = ArraySlice(container.allKeys);
    auto *allKeysDecl =
        new (C) VarDecl(/*IsStatic=*/false, VarDecl::Introducer::Var,
                        SourceLoc(), C.Id_allKeys, funcDC);
    allKeysDecl->setImplicit();
    allKeysDecl->setSynthesized();
    {
      auto *arraySliceRef =
          new (C) DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(C.getArraySliceDecl()),
                              DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);
      auto *containerAllKeys =
          UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(C, containerExpr, C.Id_allKeys);
      auto *argList = ArgumentList::createImplicit(
          C, {Argument::unlabeled(containerAllKeys)});
      auto *init = CallExpr::createImplicit(C, arraySliceRef, argList);

      auto *allKeysPattern = NamedPattern::createImplicit(C, allKeysDecl);
      auto *allKeysBindingDecl = PatternBindingDecl::createImplicit(
          C, StaticSpellingKind::None, allKeysPattern, init, funcDC);

      statements.push_back(allKeysBindingDecl);
      statements.push_back(allKeysDecl);
    }

    // generate:
    //  guard let onlyKey = allKeys.popFirst(), allKeys.isEmpty else {
    //    let context = DecodingError.Context(
    //            codingPath: container.codingPath,
    //            debugDescription: "Invalid number of keys found, expected
    //            one.")
    //    throw DecodingError.typeMismatch(Foo.self, context)
    //  }
    auto *theKeyDecl =
        new (C) VarDecl(/*IsStatic=*/false, VarDecl::Introducer::Let,
                        SourceLoc(), C.getIdentifier("onlyKey"), funcDC);
    theKeyDecl->setImplicit();
    theKeyDecl->setSynthesized();

    SmallVector<StmtConditionElement, 2> guardElements;
    {
      auto *allKeysExpr =
          new (C) DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(allKeysDecl), DeclNameLoc(),
                              /*Implicit=*/true);

      // generate: let onlyKey = allKeys.popFirst;
      auto *allKeysPopFirstCallExpr = CallExpr::createImplicitEmpty(
          C, UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(C, allKeysExpr, C.Id_popFirst));

      auto *theKeyPattern = BindingPattern::createImplicit(
          C, VarDecl::Introducer::Let,
          NamedPattern::createImplicit(C, theKeyDecl));

      guardElements.emplace_back(ConditionalPatternBindingInfo::create(
          C, SourceLoc(), theKeyPattern, allKeysPopFirstCallExpr));

      // generate: allKeys.isEmpty;
      auto *allKeysIsEmptyExpr =
          UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(C, allKeysExpr, C.Id_isEmpty);

      guardElements.emplace_back(allKeysIsEmptyExpr);
    }

    auto *targetType = TypeExpr::createImplicit(
        funcDC->mapTypeIntoContext(targetEnum->getDeclaredInterfaceType()), C);
    auto *targetTypeExpr =
        new (C) DotSelfExpr(targetType, SourceLoc(), SourceLoc());

    auto *throwStmt = createThrowCodingErrorStmt(
        C, containerExpr, C.getDecodingErrorDecl(), C.Id_typeMismatch,
        targetTypeExpr, "Invalid number of keys found, expected one.");

    auto *guardBody = BraceStmt::create(C, SourceLoc(), {throwStmt},
                                        SourceLoc(), /* Implicit */ true);

    auto *guardStmt =
        new (C) GuardStmt(SourceLoc(), C.AllocateCopy(guardElements), guardBody,
                          /* Implicit */ true);

    statements.push_back(guardStmt);

    // generate: switch onlyKey { }
    auto *theKeyExpr = new (C) DeclRefExpr(ConcreteDeclRef(theKeyDecl),
                                           DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

    auto switchStmt = createEnumSwitch(
        C, funcDC, theKeyExpr, targetEnum, codingKeysEnum,
        /*createSubpattern*/ false,
        [&](EnumElementDecl *elt, EnumElementDecl *codingKeyCase,
            ArrayRef<VarDecl *> payloadVars)
            -> std::tuple<EnumElementDecl *, BraceStmt *> {
          // Skip this case if it's not defined in the CodingKeys
          if (!codingKeyCase)
            return std::make_tuple(nullptr, nullptr);

          if (elt->isUnavailable()) {
            // generate:
            //       throw DecodingError.dataCorrupted(
            //         DecodingError.Context(
            //           codingPath: decoder.codingPath,
            //           debugDescription: "...")
            auto *throwStmt = createThrowCodingErrorStmt(
                C, containerExpr, C.getDecodingErrorDecl(), C.Id_dataCorrupted,
                std::nullopt, "Unavailable enum element encountered.");

            auto body =
                BraceStmt::create(C, SourceLoc(), {throwStmt}, SourceLoc());

            return std::make_tuple(codingKeyCase, body);
          }

          llvm::SmallVector<ASTNode, 3> caseStatements;
          auto caseIdentifier = caseCodingKeysIdentifier(C, elt);
          auto *caseCodingKeys =
              lookupEvaluatedCodingKeysEnum(C, targetEnum, caseIdentifier);

          auto *nestedContainerDecl = createKeyedContainer(
              C, funcDC, C.getKeyedDecodingContainerDecl(),
              caseCodingKeys->getDeclaredInterfaceType(),
              VarDecl::Introducer::Let, C.Id_nestedContainer);

          auto *nestedContainerCall = createNestedContainerKeyedByForKeyCall(
              C, funcDC, containerExpr, caseCodingKeys, codingKeyCase);

          auto *tryNestedContainerCall = new (C) TryExpr(
              SourceLoc(), nestedContainerCall, Type(), /* Implicit */ true);

          auto *containerPattern =
              NamedPattern::createImplicit(C, nestedContainerDecl);
          auto *bindingDecl = PatternBindingDecl::createImplicit(
              C, StaticSpellingKind::None, containerPattern,
              tryNestedContainerCall, funcDC);
          caseStatements.push_back(bindingDecl);
          caseStatements.push_back(nestedContainerDecl);

          llvm::SmallVector<Argument, 3> decodeArgs;
          if (elt->hasAssociatedValues()) {
            for (auto entry : llvm::enumerate(*elt->getParameterList())) {
              auto *paramDecl = entry.value();
              Identifier identifier = getVarNameForCoding(paramDecl);
              if (identifier.empty()) {
                identifier =
                    C.getIdentifier("_" + std::to_string(entry.index()));
              }
              auto *caseCodingKey =
                  lookupEnumCase(C, caseCodingKeys, identifier);

              auto argLabel = getVarNameForCoding(paramDecl);

              // If no key is defined for this parameter, use the default value
              if (!caseCodingKey) {
                // This should have been verified to have a default expr in the
                // CodingKey synthesis
                assert(paramDecl->hasDefaultExpr());
                decodeArgs.emplace_back(SourceLoc(), argLabel,
                                        paramDecl->getTypeCheckedDefaultExpr());
                continue;
              }

              auto varType = conformanceDC->mapTypeIntoContext(
                  paramDecl->getValueInterfaceType());

              bool useIfPresentVariant = false;
              if (auto objType = varType->getOptionalObjectType()) {
                varType = objType;
                useIfPresentVariant = true;
              }

              auto *nestedContainerExpr = new (C) DeclRefExpr(
                  ConcreteDeclRef(nestedContainerDecl), DeclNameLoc(),
                  /*Implicit=*/true, AccessSemantics::DirectToStorage);

              auto *tryExpr = createDecodeCall(
                  C, varType, caseCodingKeys->getDeclaredType(), caseCodingKey,
                  nestedContainerExpr, useIfPresentVariant);

              decodeArgs.emplace_back(SourceLoc(), argLabel, tryExpr);
            }
          }

          auto *selfRef = DerivedConformance::createSelfDeclRef(initDecl);

          // Foo.bar
          auto *selfTypeExpr =
              TypeExpr::createImplicit(targetEnum->getDeclaredType(), C);

          if (decodeArgs.empty()) {
            auto *selfCaseExpr =
                new (C) MemberRefExpr(selfTypeExpr, SourceLoc(), elt,
                                      DeclNameLoc(), /*Implicit=*/true);

            auto *selfRef = DerivedConformance::createSelfDeclRef(initDecl);

            auto *assignExpr =
                new (C) AssignExpr(selfRef, SourceLoc(), selfCaseExpr,
                                   /*Implicit=*/true);

            caseStatements.push_back(assignExpr);
          } else {
            // Foo.bar(x:)
            SmallVector<Identifier, 3> scratch;
            auto *argList = ArgumentList::createImplicit(C, decodeArgs);
            auto *selfCaseExpr = UnresolvedDotExpr::createImplicit(
                C, selfTypeExpr, elt->getBaseIdentifier(),
                argList->getArgumentLabels(scratch));

            // Foo.bar(x: try nestedContainer.decode(Int.self, forKey: .x))
            auto *caseCallExpr =
                CallExpr::createImplicit(C, selfCaseExpr, argList);

            // self = Foo.bar(x: try nestedContainer.decode(Int.self))
            auto *assignExpr =
                new (C) AssignExpr(selfRef, SourceLoc(), caseCallExpr,
                                   /*Implicit=*/true);

            caseStatements.push_back(assignExpr);
          }

          auto body =
              BraceStmt::create(C, SourceLoc(), caseStatements, SourceLoc());

          return std::make_tuple(codingKeyCase, body);
        });

    statements.push_back(switchStmt);
  }

  auto *body = BraceStmt::create(C, SourceLoc(), statements, SourceLoc(),
                                 /*implicit=*/true);
  return {body, /*isTypeChecked=*/false};
}

/// Synthesizes a function declaration for `init(from: Decoder) throws` with a
/// lazily synthesized body for the given type.
///
/// Adds the function declaration to the given type before returning it.
static ValueDecl *deriveDecodable_init(DerivedConformance &derived) {
  auto &C = derived.Context;

  auto classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(derived.Nominal);
  auto conformanceDC = derived.getConformanceContext();

  // Expected type: (Self) -> (Decoder) throws -> (Self)
  // Constructed as: func type
  //                 input: Self
  //                 throws
  //                 output: function type
  //                         input: Encoder
  //                         output: Self
  // Compute from the inside out:

  // Params: (Decoder)
  auto decoderType = ExistentialType::get(C.getDecoderType());
  auto *decoderParamDecl = new (C) ParamDecl(
      SourceLoc(), SourceLoc(), C.Id_from,
      SourceLoc(), C.Id_decoder, conformanceDC);
  decoderParamDecl->setImplicit();
  decoderParamDecl->setSpecifier(ParamSpecifier::Default);
  decoderParamDecl->setInterfaceType(decoderType);

  auto *paramList = ParameterList::createWithoutLoc(decoderParamDecl);

  // Func name: init(from: Decoder)
  DeclName name(C, DeclBaseName::createConstructor(), paramList);

  auto *initDecl =
      new (C) ConstructorDecl(name, SourceLoc(),
                              /*Failable=*/false, SourceLoc(),
                              /*Async=*/false, /*AsyncLoc=*/SourceLoc(),
                              /*Throws=*/true, SourceLoc(),
                              /*ThrownType=*/TypeLoc(), paramList,
                              /*GenericParams=*/nullptr, conformanceDC);
  initDecl->setImplicit();
  initDecl->setSynthesized();

  if (dyn_cast<EnumDecl>(derived.Nominal)) {
    initDecl->setBodySynthesizer(&deriveBodyDecodable_enum_init);
  } else {
    initDecl->setBodySynthesizer(&deriveBodyDecodable_init);
  }

  // This constructor should be marked as `required` for non-final classes.
  if (classDecl && !classDecl->isSemanticallyFinal()) {
    auto *reqAttr = new (C) RequiredAttr(/*IsImplicit=*/true);
    initDecl->getAttrs().add(reqAttr);
  }

  addNonIsolatedToSynthesized(derived, initDecl);

  initDecl->copyFormalAccessFrom(derived.Nominal,
                                 /*sourceIsParentContext*/ true);

  derived.addMembersToConformanceContext({initDecl});

  return initDecl;
}

/// Returns whether the given type is valid for synthesizing {En,De}codable.
///
/// Checks to see whether the given type has a valid \c CodingKeys enum, and if
/// not, attempts to synthesize one for it.
///
/// \param requirement The requirement we want to synthesize.
static bool canSynthesize(DerivedConformance &derived, ValueDecl *requirement,
                          DelayedNotes &delayedNotes) {
  // Before we attempt to look up (or more importantly, synthesize) a CodingKeys
  // entity on target, we need to make sure the type is otherwise valid.
  //
  // If we are synthesizing Decodable and the target is a class with a
  // superclass, our synthesized init(from:) will need to call either
  // super.init(from:) or super.init() depending on whether the superclass is
  // Decodable itself.
  //
  // If the required initializer is not available, we shouldn't attempt to
  // synthesize CodingKeys.
  auto proto = derived.Protocol;
  auto *classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(derived.Nominal);
  if (proto->isSpecificProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Decodable) && classDecl) {
    if (auto *superclassDecl = classDecl->getSuperclassDecl()) {
      DeclName memberName;
      auto superType = superclassDecl->getDeclaredInterfaceType();
      if (checkConformance(superType, proto)) {
        // super.init(from:) must be accessible.
        memberName = cast<ConstructorDecl>(requirement)->getName();
      } else {
        // super.init() must be accessible.
        // Passing an empty params array constructs a compound name with no
        // arguments (as opposed to a simple name when omitted).
        memberName =
            DeclName(derived.Context, DeclBaseName::createConstructor(),
                     ArrayRef<Identifier>());
      }

      auto result =
          TypeChecker::lookupMember(superclassDecl, superType,
                                    DeclNameRef(memberName));

      if (result.empty()) {
        // No super initializer for us to call.
        delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
          superclassDecl->diagnose(diag::decodable_no_super_init_here,
                                   requirement->getName(), memberName);
        });

        return false;
      } else if (result.size() > 1) {
        // There are multiple results for this lookup. We'll end up producing a
        // diagnostic later complaining about duplicate methods (if we haven't
        // already), so just bail with a general error.
        return false;
      } else {
        auto *initializer =
          cast<ConstructorDecl>(result.front().getValueDecl());
        auto conformanceDC = derived.getConformanceContext();
        if (!initializer->isDesignatedInit()) {
          // We must call a superclass's designated initializer.
          delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
            initializer->diagnose(
                diag::decodable_super_init_not_designated_here,
                requirement->getName(), memberName);
          });
          return false;
        } else if (!initializer->isAccessibleFrom(conformanceDC)) {
          // Cannot call an inaccessible method.
          delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
            auto accessScope = initializer->getFormalAccessScope(conformanceDC);
            initializer->diagnose(diag::decodable_inaccessible_super_init_here,
                                  requirement->getName(), memberName,
                                  accessScope.accessLevelForDiagnostics());
          });
          return false;
        } else if (initializer->isFailable()) {
          // We can't call super.init() if it's failable, since init(from:)
          // isn't failable.
          delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
            initializer->diagnose(diag::decodable_super_init_is_failable_here,
                                  requirement->getName(), memberName);
          });
          return false;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (!validateCodingKeysEnum(derived, delayedNotes)) {
    return false;
  }

  bool allValid = true;
  if (auto *enumDecl = dyn_cast<EnumDecl>(derived.Nominal)) {
    llvm::SmallSetVector<Identifier, 4> caseNames;
    for (auto *elementDecl : enumDecl->getAllElements()) {
      bool duplicate = false;
      if (!caseNames.insert(elementDecl->getBaseIdentifier())) {
        delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
          elementDecl->diagnose(diag::codable_enum_duplicate_case_name_here,
                               derived.getProtocolType(),
                               derived.Nominal->getDeclaredType(),
                               elementDecl->getBaseIdentifier());
        });
        allValid = false;
        duplicate = true;
      }

      if (elementDecl->hasAssociatedValues()) {
        llvm::SmallMapVector<Identifier, ParamDecl *, 4> params;
        for (auto entry : llvm::enumerate(*elementDecl->getParameterList())) {
          auto *paramDecl = entry.value();
          Identifier paramIdentifier = getVarNameForCoding(paramDecl);
          bool generatedName = false;
          if (paramIdentifier.empty()) {
            paramIdentifier = derived.Context.getIdentifier("_" + std::to_string(entry.index()));
            generatedName = true;
          }
          auto inserted = params.insert(std::make_pair(paramIdentifier, paramDecl));
          if (!inserted.second) {
            // duplicate identifier found
            auto userDefinedParam = paramDecl;
            if (generatedName) {
              // at most we have one user defined and one generated identifier
              // with this name, so if this is the generated, the other one
              // must be the user defined
              userDefinedParam = inserted.first->second;
            }

            delayedNotes.push_back([=] {
              userDefinedParam->diagnose(diag::codable_enum_duplicate_parameter_name_here,
                                    derived.getProtocolType(),
                                    derived.Nominal->getDeclaredType(),
                                    paramIdentifier,
                                    elementDecl->getBaseIdentifier());
            });
            allValid = false;
          }
        }
      }

      if (!duplicate &&
          !validateCaseCodingKeysEnum(derived, elementDecl, delayedNotes)) {
        allValid = false;
      }
    }
  }

  return allValid;
}

static bool canDeriveCodable(NominalTypeDecl *NTD,
                             KnownProtocolKind Kind) {
  assert(Kind == KnownProtocolKind::Encodable ||
         Kind == KnownProtocolKind::Decodable);

  // Structs, classes and enums can explicitly derive Encodable and Decodable
  // conformance (explicitly meaning we can synthesize an implementation if
  // a type conforms manually).
  if (!isa<StructDecl>(NTD) && !isa<ClassDecl>(NTD) && !isa<EnumDecl>(NTD)) {
    return false;
  }

  auto *PD = NTD->getASTContext().getProtocol(Kind);
  if (!PD) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

bool DerivedConformance::canDeriveDecodable(NominalTypeDecl *NTD) {
  return canDeriveCodable(NTD, KnownProtocolKind::Decodable);
}

bool DerivedConformance::canDeriveEncodable(NominalTypeDecl *NTD) {
  return canDeriveCodable(NTD, KnownProtocolKind::Encodable);
}

ValueDecl *DerivedConformance::deriveEncodable(ValueDecl *requirement) {
  // We can only synthesize Encodable for structs and classes.
  if (!isa<StructDecl>(Nominal) && !isa<ClassDecl>(Nominal) &&
      !isa<EnumDecl>(Nominal))
    return nullptr;

  if (requirement->getBaseName() != Context.Id_encode) {
    // Unknown requirement.
    requirement->diagnose(diag::broken_encodable_requirement);
    return nullptr;
  }

  if (checkAndDiagnoseDisallowedContext(requirement))
    return nullptr;

  // Check other preconditions for synthesized conformance.
  // This synthesizes a CodingKeys enum if possible.
  DelayedNotes delayedNotes;
  if (!canSynthesize(*this, requirement, delayedNotes)) {
    ConformanceDecl->diagnose(diag::type_does_not_conform,
                              Nominal->getDeclaredType(), getProtocolType());
    requirement->diagnose(diag::no_witnesses, diag::RequirementKind::Func,
                          requirement, getProtocolType());

    return nullptr;
  }
  assert(delayedNotes.empty());

  return deriveEncodable_encode(*this);
}

ValueDecl *DerivedConformance::deriveDecodable(ValueDecl *requirement) {
  // We can only synthesize Encodable for structs and classes.
  if (!isa<StructDecl>(Nominal) && !isa<ClassDecl>(Nominal) &&
      !isa<EnumDecl>(Nominal))
    return nullptr;

  if (!requirement->getBaseName().isConstructor()) {
    // Unknown requirement.
    requirement->diagnose(diag::broken_decodable_requirement);
    return nullptr;
  }

  if (checkAndDiagnoseDisallowedContext(requirement))
    return nullptr;

  // Check other preconditions for synthesized conformance.
  // This synthesizes a CodingKeys enum if possible.
  DelayedNotes delayedNotes;
  if (!canSynthesize(*this, requirement, delayedNotes)) {
    ConformanceDecl->diagnose(diag::type_does_not_conform,
                              Nominal->getDeclaredType(), getProtocolType());
    requirement->diagnose(diag::no_witnesses,
                          diag::RequirementKind::Constructor, requirement,
                          getProtocolType());

    return nullptr;
  }
  assert(delayedNotes.empty());

  return deriveDecodable_init(*this);
}