ConstraintSystem.cpp

//===--- ConstraintSystem.cpp - Constraint-based Type Checking ------------===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2018 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file implements the constraint-based type checker, anchored by the
// \c ConstraintSystem class, which provides type checking and type
// inference for expressions.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#include "swift/Sema/ConstraintSystem.h"
#include "CSDiagnostics.h"
#include "TypeCheckAvailability.h"
#include "TypeCheckConcurrency.h"
#include "TypeCheckMacros.h"
#include "TypeCheckType.h"
#include "TypeChecker.h"
#include "swift/AST/GenericEnvironment.h"
#include "swift/AST/Initializer.h"
#include "swift/AST/ParameterList.h"
#include "swift/AST/ProtocolConformance.h"
#include "swift/AST/TypeCheckRequests.h"
#include "swift/Basic/Defer.h"
#include "swift/Basic/Statistic.h"
#include "swift/Sema/CSFix.h"
#include "swift/Sema/ConstraintGraph.h"
#include "swift/Sema/IDETypeChecking.h"
#include "swift/Sema/SolutionResult.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SetVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallString.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Compiler.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Format.h"

using namespace swift;
using namespace constraints;
using namespace inference;

#define DEBUG_TYPE "ConstraintSystem"

ExpressionTimer::ExpressionTimer(AnchorType Anchor, ConstraintSystem &CS)
    : ExpressionTimer(
          Anchor, CS,
          CS.getASTContext().TypeCheckerOpts.ExpressionTimeoutThreshold) {}

ExpressionTimer::ExpressionTimer(AnchorType Anchor, ConstraintSystem &CS,
                                 unsigned thresholdInMillis)
    : Anchor(Anchor), Context(CS.getASTContext()),
      StartTime(llvm::TimeRecord::getCurrentTime()),
      ThresholdInMillis(thresholdInMillis),
      PrintDebugTiming(CS.getASTContext().TypeCheckerOpts.DebugTimeExpressions),
      PrintWarning(true) {}

SourceRange ExpressionTimer::getAffectedRange() const {
  ASTNode anchor;

  if (auto *locator = Anchor.dyn_cast<ConstraintLocator *>()) {
    anchor = simplifyLocatorToAnchor(locator);
    // If locator couldn't be simplified down to a single AST
    // element, let's use its root.
    if (!anchor)
      anchor = locator->getAnchor();
  } else {
    anchor = Anchor.get<Expr *>();
  }

  return anchor.getSourceRange();
}

ExpressionTimer::~ExpressionTimer() {
  auto elapsed = getElapsedProcessTimeInFractionalSeconds();
  unsigned elapsedMS = static_cast<unsigned>(elapsed * 1000);

  if (PrintDebugTiming) {
    // Round up to the nearest 100th of a millisecond.
    llvm::errs() << llvm::format("%0.2f", ceil(elapsed * 100000) / 100)
                 << "ms\t";
    if (auto *E = Anchor.dyn_cast<Expr *>()) {
      E->getLoc().print(llvm::errs(), Context.SourceMgr);
    } else {
      auto *locator = Anchor.get<ConstraintLocator *>();
      locator->dump(&Context.SourceMgr, llvm::errs());
    }
    llvm::errs() << "\n";
  }

  if (!PrintWarning)
    return;

  const auto WarnLimit = getWarnLimit();

  if (WarnLimit == 0 || elapsedMS < WarnLimit)
    return;

  auto sourceRange = getAffectedRange();

  if (sourceRange.Start.isValid()) {
    Context.Diags
        .diagnose(sourceRange.Start, diag::debug_long_expression, elapsedMS,
                  WarnLimit)
        .highlight(sourceRange);
  }
}

ConstraintSystem::ConstraintSystem(DeclContext *dc,
                                   ConstraintSystemOptions options)
  : Context(dc->getASTContext()), DC(dc), Options(options),
    Arena(dc->getASTContext(), Allocator),
    CG(*new ConstraintGraph(*this))
{
  assert(DC && "context required");
  // Respect the global debugging flag, but turn off debugging while
  // parsing and loading other modules.
  if (Context.TypeCheckerOpts.DebugConstraintSolver &&
      DC->getParentModule()->isMainModule()) {
    Options |= ConstraintSystemFlags::DebugConstraints;
  }
  if (Context.LangOpts.UseClangFunctionTypes)
    Options |= ConstraintSystemFlags::UseClangFunctionTypes;
}

ConstraintSystem::~ConstraintSystem() {
  delete &CG;
}

void ConstraintSystem::incrementScopeCounter() {
  ++CountScopes;
  // FIXME: (transitional) increment the redundant "always-on" counter.
  if (auto *Stats = getASTContext().Stats)
    ++Stats->getFrontendCounters().NumConstraintScopes;
}

void ConstraintSystem::incrementLeafScopes() {
  if (auto *Stats = getASTContext().Stats)
    ++Stats->getFrontendCounters().NumLeafScopes;
}

bool ConstraintSystem::hasFreeTypeVariables() {
  // Look for any free type variables.
  return llvm::any_of(TypeVariables, [](const TypeVariableType *typeVar) {
    return !typeVar->getImpl().hasRepresentativeOrFixed();
  });
}

void ConstraintSystem::addTypeVariable(TypeVariableType *typeVar) {
  TypeVariables.insert(typeVar);

  // Notify the constraint graph.
  (void)CG[typeVar];
}

void ConstraintSystem::mergeEquivalenceClasses(TypeVariableType *typeVar1,
                                               TypeVariableType *typeVar2,
                                               bool updateWorkList) {
  assert(typeVar1 == getRepresentative(typeVar1) &&
         "typeVar1 is not the representative");
  assert(typeVar2 == getRepresentative(typeVar2) &&
         "typeVar2 is not the representative");
  assert(typeVar1 != typeVar2 && "cannot merge type with itself");
  typeVar1->getImpl().mergeEquivalenceClasses(typeVar2, getSavedBindings());

  // Merge nodes in the constraint graph.
  CG.mergeNodes(typeVar1, typeVar2);

  if (updateWorkList) {
    addTypeVariableConstraintsToWorkList(typeVar1);
  }
}

/// Determine whether the given type variables occurs in the given type.
bool ConstraintSystem::typeVarOccursInType(TypeVariableType *typeVar,
                                           Type type,
                                           bool *involvesOtherTypeVariables) {
  SmallPtrSet<TypeVariableType *, 4> typeVars;
  type->getTypeVariables(typeVars);

  bool occurs = typeVars.count(typeVar);
  if (involvesOtherTypeVariables) {
    *involvesOtherTypeVariables =
        occurs ? typeVars.size() > 1 : !typeVars.empty();
  }

  return occurs;
}

void ConstraintSystem::assignFixedType(TypeVariableType *typeVar, Type type,
                                       bool updateState,
                                       bool notifyBindingInference) {
  assert(!type->hasError() &&
         "Should not be assigning a type involving ErrorType!");

  typeVar->getImpl().assignFixedType(type, getSavedBindings());

  if (!updateState)
    return;

  if (!type->isTypeVariableOrMember()) {
    // If this type variable represents a literal, check whether we picked the
    // default literal type. First, find the corresponding protocol.
    //
    // If we have the constraint graph, we can check all type variables in
    // the equivalence class. This is the More Correct path.
    // FIXME: Eliminate the less-correct path.
    auto typeVarRep = getRepresentative(typeVar);
    for (auto *tv : CG[typeVarRep].getEquivalenceClass()) {
      auto locator = tv->getImpl().getLocator();
      if (!(locator && (locator->directlyAt<CollectionExpr>() ||
                        locator->directlyAt<LiteralExpr>())))
          continue;

      auto *literalProtocol = TypeChecker::getLiteralProtocol(
          getASTContext(), castToExpr(locator->getAnchor()));
      if (!literalProtocol)
        continue;

      // If the protocol has a default type, check it.
      if (auto defaultType = TypeChecker::getDefaultType(literalProtocol, DC)) {
        // Check whether the nominal types match. This makes sure that we
        // properly handle Array vs. Array<T>.
        if (defaultType->getAnyNominal() != type->getAnyNominal()) {
          increaseScore(SK_NonDefaultLiteral);
        }
      }

      break;
    }
  }

  // Notify the constraint graph.
  CG.bindTypeVariable(typeVar, type);
  addTypeVariableConstraintsToWorkList(typeVar);

  if (notifyBindingInference)
    CG[typeVar].introduceToInference(type);
}

void ConstraintSystem::addTypeVariableConstraintsToWorkList(
       TypeVariableType *typeVar) {
  // Activate the constraints affected by a change to this type variable.
  auto gatheringKind = ConstraintGraph::GatheringKind::AllMentions;
  for (auto *constraint : CG.gatherConstraints(typeVar, gatheringKind))
    if (!constraint->isActive())
      activateConstraint(constraint);
}

/// Retrieve a dynamic result signature for the given declaration.
static std::tuple<char, ObjCSelector, CanType>
getDynamicResultSignature(ValueDecl *decl) {
  if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)) {
    // Handle functions.
    auto type = func->getMethodInterfaceType();
    return std::make_tuple(func->isStatic(), func->getObjCSelector(),
                           type->getCanonicalType());
  }

  if (auto asd = dyn_cast<AbstractStorageDecl>(decl)) {
    auto ty = asd->getInterfaceType();

    // Strip off a generic signature if we have one. This matches the logic
    // for methods, and ensures that we don't take a protocol's generic
    // signature into account for a subscript requirement.
    if (auto *genericFn = ty->getAs<GenericFunctionType>()) {
      ty = FunctionType::get(genericFn->getParams(), genericFn->getResult(),
                             genericFn->getExtInfo());
    }

    // Handle properties and subscripts, anchored by the getter's selector.
    return std::make_tuple(asd->isStatic(), asd->getObjCGetterSelector(),
                           ty->getCanonicalType());
  }

  llvm_unreachable("Not a valid @objc member");
}

LookupResult &ConstraintSystem::lookupMember(Type base, DeclNameRef name,
                                             SourceLoc loc) {
  // Check whether we've already performed this lookup.
  auto &result = MemberLookups[{base, name}];
  if (result) return *result;

  // Lookup the member.
  result = TypeChecker::lookupMember(DC, base, name, loc,
                                     defaultMemberLookupOptions);

  // If we aren't performing dynamic lookup, we're done.
  if (!*result || !base->isAnyObject())
    return *result;

  // We are performing dynamic lookup. Filter out redundant results early.
  llvm::DenseMap<std::tuple<char, ObjCSelector, CanType>, ValueDecl *> known;
  bool anyRemovals = false;
  for (const auto &entry : *result) {
    auto *decl = entry.getValueDecl();

    // Remove invalid declarations so the constraint solver doesn't need to
    // cope with them.
    if (decl->isInvalid()) {
      anyRemovals = true;
      continue;
    }

    // If this is the first entry with the signature, record it.
    auto &uniqueEntry = known[getDynamicResultSignature(decl)];
    if (!uniqueEntry) {
      uniqueEntry = decl;
      continue;
    }

    // We have duplication; note that we'll need to remove something,
    anyRemovals = true;

    // If the entry we recorded was unavailable but this new entry is not,
    // replace the recorded entry with this one.
    if (isDeclUnavailable(uniqueEntry) && !isDeclUnavailable(decl)) {
      uniqueEntry = decl;
    }
  }

  // If there's anything to remove, filter it out now.
  if (anyRemovals) {
    result->filter([&](LookupResultEntry entry, bool isOuter) -> bool {
      auto *decl = entry.getValueDecl();

      // Remove invalid declarations so the constraint solver doesn't need to
      // cope with them.
      if (decl->isInvalid())
        return false;

      return known[getDynamicResultSignature(decl)] == decl;
    });
  }

  return *result;
}

ArrayRef<Type>
ConstraintSystem::getAlternativeLiteralTypes(KnownProtocolKind kind,
                                             SmallVectorImpl<Type> &scratch) {
  assert(scratch.empty());
  if (kind == KnownProtocolKind::ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral) {
    // Integer literals can be treated as floating point literals.
    if (auto floatProto = getASTContext().getProtocol(
                            KnownProtocolKind::ExpressibleByFloatLiteral)) {
      if (auto defaultType = TypeChecker::getDefaultType(floatProto, DC))
        scratch.push_back(defaultType);
    }
  }
  return scratch;
}

bool ConstraintSystem::containsIDEInspectionTarget(ASTNode node) const {
  return swift::containsIDEInspectionTarget(node.getSourceRange(),
                                            Context.SourceMgr);
}

bool ConstraintSystem::containsIDEInspectionTarget(
    const ArgumentList *args) const {
  return swift::containsIDEInspectionTarget(args->getSourceRange(),
                                            Context.SourceMgr);
}

ConstraintLocator *ConstraintSystem::getConstraintLocator(
    ASTNode anchor, ArrayRef<ConstraintLocator::PathElement> path) {
  auto summaryFlags = ConstraintLocator::getSummaryFlagsForPath(path);
  return getConstraintLocator(anchor, path, summaryFlags);
}

ConstraintLocator *ConstraintSystem::getConstraintLocator(
    ASTNode anchor, ArrayRef<ConstraintLocator::PathElement> path,
    unsigned summaryFlags) {
  assert(summaryFlags == ConstraintLocator::getSummaryFlagsForPath(path));

  // Check whether a locator with this anchor + path already exists.
  llvm::FoldingSetNodeID id;
  ConstraintLocator::Profile(id, anchor, path);
  void *insertPos = nullptr;
  auto locator = ConstraintLocators.FindNodeOrInsertPos(id, insertPos);
  if (locator)
    return locator;

  // Allocate a new locator and add it to the set.
  locator = ConstraintLocator::create(getAllocator(), anchor, path,
                                      summaryFlags);
  ConstraintLocators.InsertNode(locator, insertPos);
  return locator;
}

ConstraintLocator *ConstraintSystem::getConstraintLocator(
                     const ConstraintLocatorBuilder &builder) {
  // If the builder has an empty path, just extract its base locator.
  if (builder.hasEmptyPath()) {
    return builder.getBaseLocator();
  }

  // We have to build a new locator. Extract the paths from the builder.
  SmallVector<LocatorPathElt, 4> path;
  auto anchor = builder.getLocatorParts(path);
  return getConstraintLocator(anchor, path, builder.getSummaryFlags());
}

ConstraintLocator *ConstraintSystem::getConstraintLocator(
    ConstraintLocator *locator,
    ArrayRef<ConstraintLocator::PathElement> newElts) {
  auto oldPath = locator->getPath();
  SmallVector<ConstraintLocator::PathElement, 4> newPath;
  newPath.append(oldPath.begin(), oldPath.end());
  newPath.append(newElts.begin(), newElts.end());
  return getConstraintLocator(locator->getAnchor(), newPath);
}

ConstraintLocator *ConstraintSystem::getConstraintLocator(
    const ConstraintLocatorBuilder &builder,
    ArrayRef<ConstraintLocator::PathElement> newElts) {
  SmallVector<ConstraintLocator::PathElement, 4> newPath;
  auto anchor = builder.getLocatorParts(newPath);
  newPath.append(newElts.begin(), newElts.end());
  return getConstraintLocator(anchor, newPath);
}

ConstraintLocator *ConstraintSystem::getImplicitValueConversionLocator(
    ConstraintLocatorBuilder root, ConversionRestrictionKind restriction) {
  SmallVector<LocatorPathElt, 4> path;
  auto anchor = root.getLocatorParts(path);
  {
    if (isExpr<DictionaryExpr>(anchor) && path.size() > 1) {
      // Drop everything except for first `tuple element #`.
      path.pop_back_n(path.size() - 1);
    }

    // Drop any value-to-optional conversions that were applied along the
    // way to reach this one.
    while (!path.empty()) {
      if (path.back().is<LocatorPathElt::OptionalPayload>()) {
        path.pop_back();
        continue;
      }
      break;
    }

    // If conversion is for a tuple element, let's drop `TupleType`
    // components from the path since they carry information for
    // diagnostics that `ExprRewriter` won't be able to re-construct
    // during solution application.
    if (!path.empty() && path.back().is<LocatorPathElt::TupleElement>()) {
      path.erase(llvm::remove_if(path,
                                 [](const LocatorPathElt &elt) {
                                   return elt.is<LocatorPathElt::TupleType>();
                                 }),
                 path.end());
    }
  }

  return getConstraintLocator(/*base=*/getConstraintLocator(anchor, path),
                              LocatorPathElt::ImplicitConversion(restriction));
}

ConstraintLocator *ConstraintSystem::getCalleeLocator(
    ConstraintLocator *locator, bool lookThroughApply,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(Expr *)> getType,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(Type)> simplifyType,
    llvm::function_ref<llvm::Optional<SelectedOverload>(ConstraintLocator *)>
        getOverloadFor) {
  if (locator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::ImplicitConversion>())
    return locator;

  auto anchor = locator->getAnchor();
  auto path = locator->getPath();
  {
    // If we have an implicit x[dynamicMember:] subscript call, the callee
    // is given by the original member locator it is based on, which we can get
    // by stripping away the implicit member element and everything after it.
    auto iter = path.rbegin();
    using ImplicitSubscriptElt = LocatorPathElt::ImplicitDynamicMemberSubscript;
    if (locator->findLast<ImplicitSubscriptElt>(iter)) {
      auto newPath = path.drop_back(iter - path.rbegin() + 1);
      return getConstraintLocator(anchor, newPath);
    }
  }

  {
    // If we have a locator for a member found through key path dynamic member
    // lookup, then we need to chop off the elements after the
    // KeyPathDynamicMember element to get the callee locator.
    auto iter = path.rbegin();
    if (locator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::KeyPathDynamicMember>(iter)) {
      auto newPath = path.drop_back(iter - path.rbegin());
      return getConstraintLocator(anchor, newPath);
    }
  }

  {
    // Pattern match is always a callee regardless of what comes after it.
    auto iter = path.rbegin();
    if (locator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::PatternMatch>(iter)) {
      auto newPath = path.drop_back(iter - path.rbegin());
      return getConstraintLocator(anchor, newPath);
    }
  }

  if (locator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::DynamicCallable>()) {
    return getConstraintLocator(anchor, LocatorPathElt::ApplyFunction());
  }

  if (locator->isLastElement<LocatorPathElt::ArgumentAttribute>()) {
    return getConstraintLocator(anchor, path.drop_back());
  }

  // If we have a locator that starts with a key path component element, we
  // may have a callee given by a property or subscript component.
  if (auto componentElt =
          locator->getFirstElementAs<LocatorPathElt::KeyPathComponent>()) {
    auto *kpExpr = castToExpr<KeyPathExpr>(anchor);
    auto component = kpExpr->getComponents()[componentElt->getIndex()];

    using ComponentKind = KeyPathExpr::Component::Kind;
    switch (component.getKind()) {
    case ComponentKind::UnresolvedSubscript:
    case ComponentKind::Subscript:
      // For a subscript the callee is given by 'component -> subscript member'.
      return getConstraintLocator(
          anchor, {*componentElt, ConstraintLocator::SubscriptMember});
    case ComponentKind::UnresolvedProperty:
    case ComponentKind::Property:
      // For a property, the choice is just given by the component.
      return getConstraintLocator(anchor, *componentElt);
    case ComponentKind::TupleElement:
      llvm_unreachable("Not implemented by CSGen");
      break;
    case ComponentKind::Invalid:
    case ComponentKind::OptionalForce:
    case ComponentKind::OptionalChain:
    case ComponentKind::OptionalWrap:
    case ComponentKind::Identity:
    case ComponentKind::DictionaryKey:
    case ComponentKind::CodeCompletion:
      // These components don't have any callee associated, so just continue.
      break;
    }
  }

  // Make sure we handle subscripts before looking at apply exprs. We don't
  // want to return a subscript member locator for an expression such as x[](y),
  // as its callee is not the subscript, but rather the function it returns.
  if (isExpr<SubscriptExpr>(anchor))
    return getConstraintLocator(anchor, ConstraintLocator::SubscriptMember);

  auto getSpecialFnCalleeLoc = [&](Type fnTy) -> ConstraintLocator * {
    fnTy = simplifyType(fnTy);
    // It's okay for function type to contain type variable(s) e.g.
    // opened generic function types, but not to be one.
    assert(!fnTy->is<TypeVariableType>());

    // For an apply of a metatype, we have a short-form constructor. Unlike
    // other locators to callees, these are anchored on the apply expression
    // rather than the function expr.
    if (fnTy->is<AnyMetatypeType>()) {
      return getConstraintLocator(anchor,
                                  {LocatorPathElt::ApplyFunction(),
                                   LocatorPathElt::ConstructorMember()});
    }

    // Handle an apply of a nominal type which supports callAsFunction.
    if (fnTy->isCallAsFunctionType(DC)) {
      return getConstraintLocator(anchor,
                                  {LocatorPathElt::ApplyFunction(),
                                   LocatorPathElt::ImplicitCallAsFunction()});
    }

    // Handling an apply for a nominal type that supports @dynamicCallable.
    if (fnTy->hasDynamicCallableAttribute()) {
      return getConstraintLocator(anchor, LocatorPathElt::ApplyFunction());
    }

    return nullptr;
  };

  if (lookThroughApply) {
    if (auto *applyExpr = getAsExpr<ApplyExpr>(anchor)) {
      auto *fnExpr = applyExpr->getFn();

      // Handle special cases for applies of non-function types.
      if (auto *loc = getSpecialFnCalleeLoc(getType(fnExpr)))
        return loc;

      // Otherwise fall through and look for locators anchored on the function
      // expr. For CallExprs, this can look through things like parens and
      // optional chaining.
      if (auto *callExpr = getAsExpr<CallExpr>(anchor)) {
        anchor = callExpr->getDirectCallee();
      } else {
        anchor = fnExpr;
      }
    }
  }

  if (auto *UDE = getAsExpr<UnresolvedDotExpr>(anchor)) {
    if (UDE->isImplicit() &&
        UDE->getName().getBaseName() == Context.Id_callAsFunction) {
      return getConstraintLocator(anchor,
                                  {LocatorPathElt::ApplyFunction(),
                                   LocatorPathElt::ImplicitCallAsFunction()});
    }

    return getConstraintLocator(
        anchor, TypeChecker::getSelfForInitDelegationInConstructor(DC, UDE)
                    ? ConstraintLocator::ConstructorMember
                    : ConstraintLocator::Member);
  }

  if (auto *UME = getAsExpr<UnresolvedMemberExpr>(anchor)) {
    return getConstraintLocator(UME, ConstraintLocator::UnresolvedMember);
  }

  if (isExpr<MemberRefExpr>(anchor))
    return getConstraintLocator(anchor, ConstraintLocator::Member);

  if (isExpr<ObjectLiteralExpr>(anchor))
    return getConstraintLocator(anchor, ConstraintLocator::ConstructorMember);

  if (locator->isFirstElement<LocatorPathElt::CoercionOperand>()) {
    auto *CE = castToExpr<CoerceExpr>(anchor);
    locator = getConstraintLocator(CE->getSubExpr()->getValueProvidingExpr(),
                                   path.drop_front());
    return getCalleeLocator(locator, lookThroughApply, getType, simplifyType,
                            getOverloadFor);
  }

  return getConstraintLocator(anchor);
}

ConstraintLocator *ConstraintSystem::getOpenOpaqueLocator(
    ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator, OpaqueTypeDecl *opaqueDecl) {
  // Use only the opaque type declaration.
  return getConstraintLocator(
      ASTNode(opaqueDecl),
      { LocatorPathElt::OpenedOpaqueArchetype(opaqueDecl) }, 0);
}

std::pair<Type, OpenedArchetypeType *> ConstraintSystem::openExistentialType(
    Type type, ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  OpenedArchetypeType *opened = nullptr;
  auto sig = DC->getGenericSignatureOfContext();
  Type result = type->openAnyExistentialType(opened, sig);
  assert(OpenedExistentialTypes.count(locator) == 0);
  OpenedExistentialTypes.insert({locator, opened});
  return {result, opened};
}

GenericEnvironment *
ConstraintSystem::getPackElementEnvironment(ConstraintLocator *locator,
                                            CanType shapeClass) {
  assert(locator->directlyAt<PackExpansionExpr>());

  std::pair<UUID, Type> uuidAndShape;
  auto result = PackExpansionEnvironments.find(locator);
  if (result == PackExpansionEnvironments.end()) {
    uuidAndShape = std::make_pair(UUID::fromTime(), shapeClass);
    PackExpansionEnvironments[locator] = uuidAndShape;
  } else {
    uuidAndShape = result->second;
  }

  if (!shapeClass->is<PackArchetypeType>() ||
      !shapeClass->isEqual(uuidAndShape.second))
    return nullptr;

  auto shapeParam = cast<GenericTypeParamType>(
      shapeClass->mapTypeOutOfContext()->getCanonicalType());

  auto &ctx = getASTContext();
  auto elementSig = ctx.getOpenedElementSignature(
      DC->getGenericSignatureOfContext().getCanonicalSignature(), shapeParam);
  auto *contextEnv = DC->getGenericEnvironmentOfContext();
  auto contextSubs = contextEnv->getForwardingSubstitutionMap();
  return GenericEnvironment::forOpenedElement(elementSig, uuidAndShape.first,
                                              shapeParam, contextSubs);
}

/// Extend the given depth map by adding depths for all of the subexpressions
/// of the given expression.
static void extendDepthMap(
   Expr *expr,
   llvm::DenseMap<Expr *, std::pair<unsigned, Expr *>> &depthMap) {
  class RecordingTraversal : public ASTWalker {
    SmallVector<ClosureExpr *, 4> Closures;

  public:
    llvm::DenseMap<Expr *, std::pair<unsigned, Expr *>> &DepthMap;
    unsigned Depth = 0;

    explicit RecordingTraversal(
        llvm::DenseMap<Expr *, std::pair<unsigned, Expr *>> &depthMap)
        : DepthMap(depthMap) {}

    MacroWalking getMacroWalkingBehavior() const override {
      return MacroWalking::ArgumentsAndExpansion;
    }

    // For argument lists, bump the depth of the arguments, as they are
    // effectively nested within the argument list. It's debatable whether we
    // should actually do this, as it doesn't reflect the true expression depth,
    // but it's needed to preserve compatibility with the behavior from when
    // TupleExpr and ParenExpr were used to represent argument lists.
    PreWalkResult<ArgumentList *>
    walkToArgumentListPre(ArgumentList *ArgList) override {
      ++Depth;
      return Action::Continue(ArgList);
    }
    PostWalkResult<ArgumentList *>
    walkToArgumentListPost(ArgumentList *ArgList) override {
      --Depth;
      return Action::Continue(ArgList);
    }

    PreWalkResult<Expr *> walkToExprPre(Expr *E) override {
      DepthMap[E] = {Depth, Parent.getAsExpr()};
      ++Depth;

      if (auto CE = dyn_cast<ClosureExpr>(E))
        Closures.push_back(CE);

      return Action::Continue(E);
    }

    PostWalkResult<Expr *> walkToExprPost(Expr *E) override {
      if (auto CE = dyn_cast<ClosureExpr>(E)) {
        assert(Closures.back() == CE);
        Closures.pop_back();
      }

      --Depth;
      return Action::Continue(E);
    }

    PreWalkResult<Stmt *> walkToStmtPre(Stmt *S) override {
      if (auto RS = dyn_cast<ReturnStmt>(S)) {
        // For return statements, treat the parent of the return expression
        // as the closure itself.
        if (RS->hasResult() && !Closures.empty()) {
          llvm::SaveAndRestore<ParentTy> SavedParent(Parent, Closures.back());
          auto E = RS->getResult();
          E->walk(*this);
          return Action::SkipChildren(S);
        }
      }

      return Action::Continue(S);
    }
  };

  RecordingTraversal traversal(depthMap);
  expr->walk(traversal);
}

llvm::Optional<std::pair<unsigned, Expr *>>
ConstraintSystem::getExprDepthAndParent(Expr *expr) {
  // Bring the set of expression weights up to date.
  while (NumInputExprsInWeights < InputExprs.size()) {
    extendDepthMap(InputExprs[NumInputExprsInWeights], ExprWeights);
    ++NumInputExprsInWeights;
  }

  auto e = ExprWeights.find(expr);
  if (e != ExprWeights.end())
    return e->second;

  return llvm::None;
}

Type ConstraintSystem::openUnboundGenericType(GenericTypeDecl *decl,
                                              Type parentTy,
                                              ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator,
                                              bool isTypeResolution) {
  if (parentTy) {
    parentTy = replaceInferableTypesWithTypeVars(parentTy, locator);
  }

  // Open up the generic type.
  OpenedTypeMap replacements;
  openGeneric(decl->getDeclContext(), decl->getGenericSignature(), locator,
              replacements);

  recordOpenedTypes(locator, replacements);

  if (parentTy) {
    const auto parentTyInContext =
        isTypeResolution
            // Type resolution produces interface types, so we have to map
            // the parent type into context before binding type variables.
            ? DC->mapTypeIntoContext(parentTy)
            : parentTy;

    const auto subs =
        parentTyInContext->getContextSubstitutions(decl->getDeclContext());
    for (auto pair : subs) {
      auto found = replacements.find(
        cast<GenericTypeParamType>(pair.first));
      if (found == replacements.end()) {
        // Can happen with invalid generic code.
        continue;
      }

      addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Bind, found->second, pair.second,
                    locator);
    }
  }

  // Map the generic parameters to their corresponding type variables.
  llvm::SmallVector<Type, 2> arguments;
  for (auto gp : decl->getInnermostGenericParamTypes()) {
    auto found = replacements.find(
      cast<GenericTypeParamType>(gp->getCanonicalType()));
    assert(found != replacements.end() &&
           "Missing generic parameter?");
    arguments.push_back(found->second);
  }

  // FIXME: For some reason we can end up with unbound->getDecl()
  // pointing at a generic TypeAliasDecl here. If we find a way to
  // handle generic TypeAliases elsewhere, this can just become a
  // call to BoundGenericType::get().
  auto result =
      TypeResolution::forInterface(
          DC, llvm::None,
          [](auto) -> Type { llvm_unreachable("should not be used"); },
          [](auto &, auto) -> Type { llvm_unreachable("should not be used"); },
          [](auto, auto) -> Type { llvm_unreachable("should not be used"); })
          .applyUnboundGenericArguments(decl, parentTy, SourceLoc(), arguments);
  if (!parentTy && !isTypeResolution) {
    result = DC->mapTypeIntoContext(result);
  }

  return result.transform([&](Type type) -> Type {
    // Although generic parameters are declared with just `each`
    // their interface types introduce a pack expansion which
    // means that the solver has to extact generic argument type
    // variable from Pack{repeat ...} and drop that structure to
    // make sure that generic argument gets inferred to a pack type.
    if (auto *packTy = type->getAs<PackType>()) {
      assert(packTy->getNumElements() == 1);
      auto *expansion = packTy->getElementType(0)->castTo<PackExpansionType>();
      auto *typeVar = expansion->getPatternType()->castTo<TypeVariableType>();
      assert(typeVar->getImpl().getGenericParameter() &&
             typeVar->getImpl().canBindToPack());
      return typeVar;
    }

    if (auto *expansion = dyn_cast<PackExpansionType>(type.getPointer()))
      return openPackExpansionType(expansion, replacements, locator);
    return type;
  });
}

static void checkNestedTypeConstraints(ConstraintSystem &cs, Type type,
                                       ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  // If this is a type defined inside of constrained extension, let's add all
  // of the generic requirements to the constraint system to make sure that it's
  // something we can use.
  GenericTypeDecl *decl = nullptr;
  Type parentTy;
  SubstitutionMap subMap;

  if (auto *NAT = dyn_cast<TypeAliasType>(type.getPointer())) {
    decl = NAT->getDecl();
    parentTy = NAT->getParent();
    subMap = NAT->getSubstitutionMap();
  } else if (auto *AGT = type->getAs<AnyGenericType>()) {
    decl = AGT->getDecl();
    parentTy = AGT->getParent();
    // the context substitution map is fine here, since we can't be adding more
    // info than that, unlike a typealias
  }

  if (!parentTy)
    return;

  // If this decl is generic, the constraints are handled when the generic
  // parameters are applied, so we don't have to handle them here (which makes
  // getting the right substitution maps easier).
  if (!decl || decl->isGeneric())
    return;

  // struct A<T> {
  //   let foo: [T]
  // }
  //
  // extension A : Codable where T: Codable {
  //   enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
  //     case foo = "foo"
  //   }
  // }
  //
  // Reference to `A.CodingKeys.foo` would point to `A` as an
  // unbound generic type. Conditional requirements would be
  // added when `A` is "opened". Les delay this check until then.
  if (parentTy->hasUnboundGenericType())
    return;

  auto extension = dyn_cast<ExtensionDecl>(decl->getDeclContext());
  if (extension && extension->isConstrainedExtension()) {
    auto contextSubMap = parentTy->getContextSubstitutionMap(
        extension->getParentModule(), extension->getSelfNominalTypeDecl());
    if (!subMap) {
      // The substitution map wasn't set above, meaning we should grab the map
      // for the extension itself.
      subMap = parentTy->getContextSubstitutionMap(extension->getParentModule(),
                                                   extension);
    }

    if (auto signature = decl->getGenericSignature()) {
      cs.openGenericRequirements(
          extension, signature, /*skipProtocolSelfConstraint*/ true, locator,
          [&](Type type) {
            // Why do we look in two substitution maps? We have to use the
            // context substitution map to find types, because we need to
            // avoid thinking about them when handling the constraints, or all
            // the requirements in the signature become tautologies (if the
            // extension has 'T == Int', subMap will map T -> Int, so the
            // requirement becomes Int == Int no matter what the actual types
            // are here). However, we need the conformances for the extension
            // because the requirements might look like `T: P, T.U: Q`, where
            // U is an associated type of protocol P.
            return type.subst(QuerySubstitutionMap{contextSubMap},
                              LookUpConformanceInSubstitutionMap(subMap));
          });
    }
  }

  // And now make sure the parent is okay, for things like X<T>.Y.Z.
  checkNestedTypeConstraints(cs, parentTy, locator);
}

Type ConstraintSystem::replaceInferableTypesWithTypeVars(
    Type type, ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  if (!type->hasUnboundGenericType() && !type->hasPlaceholder())
    return type;

  type = type.transform([&](Type type) -> Type {
      if (auto unbound = type->getAs<UnboundGenericType>()) {
        return openUnboundGenericType(unbound->getDecl(), unbound->getParent(),
                                      locator, /*isTypeResolution=*/false);
      } else if (auto *placeholderTy = type->getAs<PlaceholderType>()) {
        if (auto *placeholderRepr = placeholderTy->getOriginator()
                                        .dyn_cast<PlaceholderTypeRepr *>()) {

          return createTypeVariable(
              getConstraintLocator(
                  locator, LocatorPathElt::PlaceholderType(placeholderRepr)),
              TVO_CanBindToNoEscape | TVO_PrefersSubtypeBinding |
                  TVO_CanBindToHole);
        }

        if (auto *var = placeholderTy->getOriginator().dyn_cast<VarDecl *>()) {
          if (var->getName().hasDollarPrefix()) {
            auto *repr =
                new (type->getASTContext()) PlaceholderTypeRepr(var->getLoc());
            return createTypeVariable(
                getConstraintLocator(locator,
                                     LocatorPathElt::PlaceholderType(repr)),
                TVO_CanBindToNoEscape | TVO_PrefersSubtypeBinding |
                    TVO_CanBindToHole);
          }
        }
      }

      return type;
    });

  if (!type)
    return ErrorType::get(getASTContext());

  return type;
}

Type ConstraintSystem::openType(Type type, OpenedTypeMap &replacements,
                                ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  assert(!type->hasUnboundGenericType());

  if (!type->hasTypeParameter())
    return type;

  return type.transform([&](Type type) -> Type {
      assert(!type->is<GenericFunctionType>());

      // Preserve single element tuples if their element is
      // pack expansion, otherwise it wouldn't be expanded.
      if (auto *tuple = type->getAs<TupleType>()) {
        if (tuple->getNumElements() == 1) {
          const auto &elt = tuple->getElement(0);
          if (!elt.hasName() && elt.getType()->is<PackExpansionType>()) {
            return TupleType::get(
                {openPackExpansionType(
                    elt.getType()->castTo<PackExpansionType>(), replacements,
                    locator)},
                tuple->getASTContext());
          }
        }
      }

      // While opening variadic generic types that appear in other types
      // we need to extract generic parameter from Pack{repeat ...} structure
      // that gets introduced by the interface type, see
      // \c openUnboundGenericType for more details.
      if (auto *packTy = type->getAs<PackType>()) {
        if (auto expansion = packTy->unwrapSingletonPackExpansion())
          type = expansion->getPatternType();
      }

      if (auto *expansion = type->getAs<PackExpansionType>()) {
        return openPackExpansionType(expansion, replacements, locator);
      }

      // Replace a generic type parameter with its corresponding type variable.
      if (auto genericParam = type->getAs<GenericTypeParamType>()) {
        auto known = replacements.find(
          cast<GenericTypeParamType>(genericParam->getCanonicalType()));
        // FIXME: This should be an assert, however protocol generic signatures
        // drop outer generic parameters.
        // assert(known != replacements.end());
        if (known == replacements.end())
          return ErrorType::get(getASTContext());
        return known->second;
      }

      return type;
    });
}

Type ConstraintSystem::openPackExpansionType(PackExpansionType *expansion,
                                             OpenedTypeMap &replacements,
                                             ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  auto patternType =
      openType(expansion->getPatternType(), replacements, locator);
  auto shapeType = openType(expansion->getCountType(), replacements, locator);

  auto openedPackExpansion = PackExpansionType::get(patternType, shapeType);

  auto known = OpenedPackExpansionTypes.find(openedPackExpansion);
  if (known != OpenedPackExpansionTypes.end())
    return known->second;

  auto *expansionLoc = getConstraintLocator(locator.withPathElement(
      LocatorPathElt::PackExpansionType(openedPackExpansion)));

  auto *expansionVar = createTypeVariable(expansionLoc, TVO_PackExpansion);

  // This constraint is important to make sure that pack expansion always
  // has a binding and connect pack expansion var to any type variables
  // that appear in pattern and shape types.
  addUnsolvedConstraint(Constraint::create(*this, ConstraintKind::FallbackType,
                                           expansionVar, openedPackExpansion,
                                           expansionLoc));

  OpenedPackExpansionTypes[openedPackExpansion] = expansionVar;
  return expansionVar;
}

Type ConstraintSystem::openOpaqueType(OpaqueTypeArchetypeType *opaque,
                                      ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  auto opaqueDecl = opaque->getDecl();
  auto opaqueLocatorKey = getOpenOpaqueLocator(locator, opaqueDecl);

  // If we have already opened this opaque type, look in the known set of
  // replacements.
  auto knownReplacements = OpenedTypes.find(
      getConstraintLocator(opaqueLocatorKey));
  if (knownReplacements != OpenedTypes.end()) {
    auto param = opaque->getInterfaceType()->castTo<GenericTypeParamType>();
    for (const auto &replacement : knownReplacements->second) {
      if (replacement.first->isEqual(param))
        return replacement.second;
    }

    llvm_unreachable("Missing opaque type replacement");
  }

  // Open the generic signature of the opaque decl, and bind the "outer" generic
  // params to our context. The remaining axes of freedom on the type variable
  // corresponding to the underlying type should be the constraints on the
  // underlying return type.
  auto opaqueLocator = locator.withPathElement(
      LocatorPathElt::OpenedOpaqueArchetype(opaqueDecl));

  OpenedTypeMap replacements;
  openGeneric(DC, opaqueDecl->getOpaqueInterfaceGenericSignature(),
              opaqueLocator, replacements);

  recordOpenedTypes(opaqueLocatorKey, replacements);

  return openType(opaque->getInterfaceType(), replacements, locator);
}

Type ConstraintSystem::openOpaqueType(Type type, ContextualTypePurpose context,
                                      ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  // Early return if `type` is `NULL` or if there are no opaque archetypes (in
  // which case there is certainly nothing for us to do).
  if (!type || !type->hasOpaqueArchetype())
    return type;

  auto inReturnContext = [](ContextualTypePurpose context) {
    return context == CTP_ReturnStmt || context == CTP_ReturnSingleExpr;
  };

  if (!(context == CTP_Initialization || inReturnContext(context)))
    return type;

  auto shouldOpen = [&](OpaqueTypeArchetypeType *opaqueType) {
    if (!inReturnContext(context))
      return true;

    if (auto *func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(DC))
      return opaqueType->getDecl()->isOpaqueReturnTypeOfFunction(func);

    return true;
  };

  return type.transform([&](Type type) -> Type {
    auto *opaqueType = type->getAs<OpaqueTypeArchetypeType>();

    if (opaqueType && shouldOpen(opaqueType))
      return openOpaqueType(opaqueType, locator);

    return type;
  });
}

FunctionType *ConstraintSystem::openFunctionType(
       AnyFunctionType *funcType,
       ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator,
       OpenedTypeMap &replacements,
       DeclContext *outerDC) {
  if (auto *genericFn = funcType->getAs<GenericFunctionType>()) {
    auto signature = genericFn->getGenericSignature();

    openGenericParameters(outerDC, signature, replacements, locator);

    openGenericRequirements(outerDC, signature,
                            /*skipProtocolSelfConstraint=*/false, locator,
                            [&](Type type) -> Type {
                              return openType(type, replacements, locator);
                            });

    funcType = genericFn->substGenericArgs(
        [&](Type type) { return openType(type, replacements, locator); });
  }

  return funcType->castTo<FunctionType>();
}

llvm::Optional<std::pair<Type, Type>>
ConstraintSystem::isDictionaryType(Type type) {
  if (auto boundStruct = type->getAs<BoundGenericStructType>()) {
    if (boundStruct->getDecl() == type->getASTContext().getDictionaryDecl()) {
      auto genericArgs = boundStruct->getGenericArgs();
      return std::make_pair(genericArgs[0], genericArgs[1]);
    }
  }

  return llvm::None;
}

llvm::Optional<Type> ConstraintSystem::isSetType(Type type) {
  if (auto boundStruct = type->getAs<BoundGenericStructType>()) {
    if (boundStruct->getDecl() == type->getASTContext().getSetDecl())
      return boundStruct->getGenericArgs()[0];
  }

  return llvm::None;
}

Type ConstraintSystem::getFixedTypeRecursive(Type type,
                                             TypeMatchOptions &flags,
                                             bool wantRValue) const {

  if (wantRValue)
    type = type->getRValueType();

  if (auto depMemType = type->getAs<DependentMemberType>()) {
    auto baseTy = depMemType->getBase();
    if (!baseTy->hasTypeVariable() && !baseTy->hasDependentMember())
      return type;

    // FIXME: Perform a more limited simplification?
    Type newType = simplifyType(type);
    if (newType.getPointer() == type.getPointer()) return type;

    // Once we've simplified a dependent member type, we need to generate a
    // new constraint.
    flags |= TMF_GenerateConstraints;

    return getFixedTypeRecursive(newType, flags, wantRValue);
  }

  // Tuple types can lose their tuple structure under substitution
  // when a parameter pack is substituted with one element.
  if (auto tuple = type->getAs<TupleType>()) {
    auto simplified = simplifyType(type);
    if (simplified.getPointer() == type.getPointer())
      return type;

    return getFixedTypeRecursive(simplified, flags, wantRValue);
  }

  if (auto typeVar = type->getAs<TypeVariableType>()) {
    if (auto fixed = getFixedType(typeVar))
      return getFixedTypeRecursive(fixed, flags, wantRValue);

    return getRepresentative(typeVar);
  }

  return type;
}

TypeVariableType *ConstraintSystem::isRepresentativeFor(
    TypeVariableType *typeVar, ConstraintLocator::PathElementKind kind) const {
  // We only attempt to look for this if type variable is
  // a representative.
  if (getRepresentative(typeVar) != typeVar)
    return nullptr;

  auto &CG = getConstraintGraph();
  auto result = CG.lookupNode(typeVar);
  auto equivalence = result.first.getEquivalenceClass();
  auto member = llvm::find_if(equivalence, [=](TypeVariableType *eq) {
    auto *loc = eq->getImpl().getLocator();
    if (!loc)
      return false;

    auto path = loc->getPath();
    return !path.empty() && path.back().getKind() == kind;
  });

  if (member == equivalence.end())
    return nullptr;

  return *member;
}

static llvm::Optional<std::pair<VarDecl *, Type>>
getPropertyWrapperInformationFromOverload(
    SelectedOverload resolvedOverload, DeclContext *DC,
    llvm::function_ref<llvm::Optional<std::pair<VarDecl *, Type>>(VarDecl *)>
        getInformation) {
  if (auto *decl =
          dyn_cast_or_null<VarDecl>(resolvedOverload.choice.getDeclOrNull())) {
    if (auto declInformation = getInformation(decl)) {
      Type type;
      VarDecl *memberDecl;
      std::tie(memberDecl, type) = *declInformation;
      if (Type baseType = resolvedOverload.choice.getBaseType()) {
        type =
            baseType->getTypeOfMember(DC->getParentModule(), memberDecl, type);
      }
      return std::make_pair(decl, type);
    }
  }
  return llvm::None;
}

llvm::Optional<std::pair<VarDecl *, Type>>
ConstraintSystem::getPropertyWrapperProjectionInfo(
    SelectedOverload resolvedOverload) {
  return getPropertyWrapperInformationFromOverload(
      resolvedOverload, DC,
      [](VarDecl *decl) -> llvm::Optional<std::pair<VarDecl *, Type>> {
        if (!decl->hasAttachedPropertyWrapper())
          return llvm::None;

        auto projectionVar = decl->getPropertyWrapperProjectionVar();
        if (!projectionVar)
          return llvm::None;

        return std::make_pair(projectionVar,
                              projectionVar->getInterfaceType());
      });
}

llvm::Optional<std::pair<VarDecl *, Type>>
ConstraintSystem::getPropertyWrapperInformation(
    SelectedOverload resolvedOverload) {
  return getPropertyWrapperInformationFromOverload(
      resolvedOverload, DC,
      [](VarDecl *decl) -> llvm::Optional<std::pair<VarDecl *, Type>> {
        if (!decl->hasAttachedPropertyWrapper())
          return llvm::None;

        auto backingTy = decl->getPropertyWrapperBackingPropertyType();
        if (!backingTy)
          return llvm::None;

        return std::make_pair(decl, backingTy);
      });
}

llvm::Optional<std::pair<VarDecl *, Type>>
ConstraintSystem::getWrappedPropertyInformation(
    SelectedOverload resolvedOverload) {
  return getPropertyWrapperInformationFromOverload(
      resolvedOverload, DC,
      [](VarDecl *decl) -> llvm::Optional<std::pair<VarDecl *, Type>> {
        if (auto wrapped = decl->getOriginalWrappedProperty())
          return std::make_pair(decl, wrapped->getInterfaceType());

        return llvm::None;
      });
}

/// Does a var or subscript produce an l-value?
///
/// \param baseType - the type of the base on which this object
///   is being accessed; must be null if and only if this is not
///   a type member
static bool
doesStorageProduceLValue(AbstractStorageDecl *storage, Type baseType,
                         DeclContext *useDC,
                         ConstraintLocator *memberLocator = nullptr) {
  const DeclRefExpr *base = nullptr;
  if (memberLocator) {
    if (auto *const E = getAsExpr(memberLocator->getAnchor())) {
      if (auto *MRE = dyn_cast<MemberRefExpr>(E)) {
        base = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(MRE->getBase());
      } else if (auto *UDE = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDotExpr>(E)) {
        base = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(UDE->getBase());
      }
    }
  }

  // Unsettable storage decls always produce rvalues.
  if (!storage->isSettableInSwift(useDC, base))
    return false;

  if (!storage->isSetterAccessibleFrom(useDC))
    return false;

  // If there is no base, or the base is an lvalue, then a reference
  // produces an lvalue.
  if (!baseType || baseType->is<LValueType>())
    return true;

  // The base is an rvalue type. The only way an accessor can
  // produce an lvalue is if we have a property where both the
  // getter and setter are nonmutating.
  return (!storage->isGetterMutating() &&
          !storage->isSetterMutating());
}

Type GetClosureType::operator()(const AbstractClosureExpr *expr) const {
  if (auto closure = dyn_cast<ClosureExpr>(expr)) {
    // Look through type bindings, if we have them.
    auto mutableClosure = const_cast<ClosureExpr *>(closure);
    if (cs.hasType(mutableClosure)) {
      return cs.getFixedTypeRecursive(
          cs.getType(mutableClosure), /*wantRValue=*/true);
    }

    return cs.getClosureTypeIfAvailable(closure);
  }

  return Type();
}

bool
ClosureIsolatedByPreconcurrency::operator()(const ClosureExpr *expr) const {
  return expr->isIsolatedByPreconcurrency() ||
      cs.preconcurrencyClosures.count(expr);
}

Type ConstraintSystem::getUnopenedTypeOfReference(
    VarDecl *value, Type baseType, DeclContext *UseDC,
    ConstraintLocator *memberLocator, bool wantInterfaceType,
    bool adjustForPreconcurrency) {
  return ConstraintSystem::getUnopenedTypeOfReference(
      value, baseType, UseDC,
      [&](VarDecl *var) -> Type {
        if (Type type = getTypeIfAvailable(var))
          return type;

        if (!var->hasInterfaceType()) {
          return ErrorType::get(getASTContext());
        }

        return wantInterfaceType ? var->getInterfaceType() : var->getType();
      },
      memberLocator, wantInterfaceType, adjustForPreconcurrency,
      GetClosureType{*this},
      ClosureIsolatedByPreconcurrency{*this});
}

Type ConstraintSystem::getUnopenedTypeOfReference(
    VarDecl *value, Type baseType, DeclContext *UseDC,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(VarDecl *)> getType,
    ConstraintLocator *memberLocator,
    bool wantInterfaceType, bool adjustForPreconcurrency,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(const AbstractClosureExpr *)> getClosureType,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(const ClosureExpr *)> isolatedByPreconcurrency) {
  Type requestedType =
      getType(value)->getWithoutSpecifierType()->getReferenceStorageReferent();

  // Strip pack expansion types off of pack references.
  if (auto *expansion = requestedType->getAs<PackExpansionType>())
    requestedType = expansion->getPatternType();

  // Adjust the type for concurrency if requested.
  if (adjustForPreconcurrency)
    requestedType = adjustVarTypeForConcurrency(
        requestedType, value, UseDC, getClosureType, isolatedByPreconcurrency);

  // If we're dealing with contextual types, and we referenced this type from
  // a different context, map the type.
  if (!wantInterfaceType && requestedType->hasArchetype()) {
    auto valueDC = value->getDeclContext();
    if (valueDC != UseDC) {
      Type mapped = requestedType->mapTypeOutOfContext();
      requestedType = UseDC->mapTypeIntoContext(mapped);
    }
  }

  // Qualify storage declarations with an lvalue when appropriate.
  // Otherwise, they yield rvalues (and the access must be a load).
  if (doesStorageProduceLValue(value, baseType, UseDC, memberLocator) &&
      !requestedType->hasError()) {
    return LValueType::get(requestedType);
  }

  return requestedType;
}

void ConstraintSystem::recordOpenedTypes(
       ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator,
       const OpenedTypeMap &replacements) {
  if (replacements.empty())
    return;

  // If the last path element is an archetype or associated type, ignore it.
  SmallVector<LocatorPathElt, 2> pathElts;
  auto anchor = locator.getLocatorParts(pathElts);
  if (!pathElts.empty() &&
      pathElts.back().getKind() == ConstraintLocator::GenericParameter)
    return;

  // If the locator is empty, ignore it.
  if (!anchor && pathElts.empty())
    return;

  ConstraintLocator *locatorPtr = getConstraintLocator(locator);
  assert(locatorPtr && "No locator for opened types?");
#if false
  assert(std::find_if(OpenedTypes.begin(), OpenedTypes.end(),
                      [&](const std::pair<ConstraintLocator *,
                          ArrayRef<OpenedType>> &entry) {
                        return entry.first == locatorPtr;
                      }) == OpenedTypes.end() &&
         "already registered opened types for this locator");
#endif

  OpenedType* openedTypes
    = Allocator.Allocate<OpenedType>(replacements.size());
  std::copy(replacements.begin(), replacements.end(), openedTypes);
  OpenedTypes.insert(
      {locatorPtr, llvm::makeArrayRef(openedTypes, replacements.size())});
}

/// Determine how many levels of argument labels should be removed from the
/// function type when referencing the given declaration.
static unsigned getNumRemovedArgumentLabels(ValueDecl *decl,
                                            bool isCurriedInstanceReference,
                                            FunctionRefKind functionRefKind) {
  unsigned numParameterLists = decl->getNumCurryLevels();
  switch (functionRefKind) {
  case FunctionRefKind::Unapplied:
  case FunctionRefKind::Compound:
    // Always remove argument labels from unapplied references and references
    // that use a compound name.
    return numParameterLists;

  case FunctionRefKind::SingleApply:
    // If we have fewer than two parameter lists, leave the labels.
    if (numParameterLists < 2)
      return 0;

    // If this is a curried reference to an instance method, where 'self' is
    // being applied, e.g., "ClassName.instanceMethod(self)", remove the
    // argument labels from the resulting function type. The 'self' parameter is
    // always unlabeled, so this operation is a no-op for the actual application.
    return isCurriedInstanceReference ? numParameterLists : 1;

  case FunctionRefKind::DoubleApply:
    // Never remove argument labels from a double application.
    return 0;
  }

  llvm_unreachable("Unhandled FunctionRefKind in switch.");
}

/// Determine the number of applications
static unsigned getNumApplications(
    ValueDecl *decl, bool hasAppliedSelf, FunctionRefKind functionRefKind) {
  switch (functionRefKind) {
  case FunctionRefKind::Unapplied:
  case FunctionRefKind::Compound:
    return 0 + hasAppliedSelf;

  case FunctionRefKind::SingleApply:
    return 1 + hasAppliedSelf;

  case FunctionRefKind::DoubleApply:
    return 2;
  }

  llvm_unreachable("Unhandled FunctionRefKind in switch.");
}

/// Replaces property wrapper types in the parameter list of the given function type
/// with the wrapped-value or projected-value types (depending on argument label).
static FunctionType *
unwrapPropertyWrapperParameterTypes(ConstraintSystem &cs, AbstractFunctionDecl *funcDecl,
                                    FunctionRefKind functionRefKind, FunctionType *functionType,
                                    ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  // Only apply property wrappers to unapplied references to functions.
  if (!(functionRefKind == FunctionRefKind::Compound ||
        functionRefKind == FunctionRefKind::Unapplied)) {
    return functionType;
  }

  // This transform is not applicable to pattern matching context.
  //
  // Note: If the transform is ever enabled for patterns - new branch
  // would have to be added to `nameLoc` selection.
  if (locator.endsWith<LocatorPathElt::PatternMatch>())
    return functionType;

  auto *paramList = funcDecl->getParameters();
  auto paramTypes = functionType->getParams();
  SmallVector<AnyFunctionType::Param, 4> adjustedParamTypes;

  DeclNameLoc nameLoc;
  auto *ref = getAsExpr(locator.getAnchor());
  if (auto *declRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(ref)) {
    nameLoc = declRef->getNameLoc();
  } else if (auto *dotExpr = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDotExpr>(ref)) {
    nameLoc = dotExpr->getNameLoc();
  } else if (auto *overloadedRef = dyn_cast<OverloadedDeclRefExpr>(ref)) {
    nameLoc = overloadedRef->getNameLoc();
  } else if (auto *memberExpr = dyn_cast<UnresolvedMemberExpr>(ref)) {
    nameLoc = memberExpr->getNameLoc();
  }

  for (unsigned i : indices(*paramList)) {
    Identifier argLabel;
    if (functionRefKind == FunctionRefKind::Compound) {
      auto &context = cs.getASTContext();
      auto argLabelLoc = nameLoc.getArgumentLabelLoc(i);
      auto argLabelToken = Lexer::getTokenAtLocation(context.SourceMgr, argLabelLoc);
      argLabel = context.getIdentifier(argLabelToken.getText());
    }

    auto *paramDecl = paramList->get(i);
    if (!paramDecl->hasAttachedPropertyWrapper() && !argLabel.hasDollarPrefix()) {
      adjustedParamTypes.push_back(paramTypes[i]);
      continue;
    }

    auto *wrappedType = cs.createTypeVariable(cs.getConstraintLocator(locator), 0);
    auto paramType = paramTypes[i].getParameterType();
    auto paramLabel = paramTypes[i].getLabel();
    auto paramInternalLabel = paramTypes[i].getInternalLabel();
    adjustedParamTypes.push_back(AnyFunctionType::Param(
        wrappedType, paramLabel, ParameterTypeFlags(), paramInternalLabel));
    cs.applyPropertyWrapperToParameter(paramType, wrappedType, paramDecl, argLabel,
                                       ConstraintKind::Equal, locator);
  }

  return FunctionType::get(adjustedParamTypes, functionType->getResult(),
                           functionType->getExtInfo());
}

/// Determine whether the given locator is for a witness or requirement.
static bool isRequirementOrWitness(const ConstraintLocatorBuilder &locator) {
  return locator.endsWith<LocatorPathElt::ProtocolRequirement>() ||
         locator.endsWith<LocatorPathElt::Witness>();
}

AnyFunctionType *ConstraintSystem::adjustFunctionTypeForConcurrency(
    AnyFunctionType *fnType, ValueDecl *decl, DeclContext *dc,
    unsigned numApplies, bool isMainDispatchQueue, OpenedTypeMap &replacements,
    ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  return swift::adjustFunctionTypeForConcurrency(
      fnType, decl, dc, numApplies, isMainDispatchQueue,
      GetClosureType{*this}, ClosureIsolatedByPreconcurrency{*this},
      [&](Type type) {
        if (replacements.empty())
          return type;

        return openType(type, replacements, locator);
      });
}

/// For every parameter in \p type that has an error type, replace that
/// parameter's type by a placeholder type, where \p value is the declaration
/// that declared \p type. This is useful for code completion so we can match
/// the types we do know instead of bailing out completely because \p type
/// contains an error type.
static Type replaceParamErrorTypeByPlaceholder(Type type, ValueDecl *value, bool hasAppliedSelf) {
  if (!type->is<AnyFunctionType>() || !isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(value)) {
    return type;
  }
  auto funcType = type->castTo<AnyFunctionType>();
  auto funcDecl = cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(value);

  SmallVector<ParamDecl *> declParams;
  if (hasAppliedSelf) {
    declParams.append(funcDecl->getParameters()->begin(), funcDecl->getParameters()->end());
  } else {
    declParams.push_back(funcDecl->getImplicitSelfDecl());
  }
  auto typeParams = funcType->getParams();
  assert(declParams.size() == typeParams.size());
  SmallVector<AnyFunctionType::Param, 4> newParams;
  newParams.reserve(declParams.size());
  for (auto i : indices(typeParams)) {
    AnyFunctionType::Param param = typeParams[i];
    if (param.getPlainType()->is<ErrorType>()) {
      auto paramDecl = declParams[i];
      auto placeholder =
          PlaceholderType::get(paramDecl->getASTContext(), paramDecl);
      newParams.push_back(param.withType(placeholder));
    } else {
      newParams.push_back(param);
    }
  }
  assert(newParams.size() == declParams.size());
  return FunctionType::get(newParams, funcType->getResult());
}

DeclReferenceType
ConstraintSystem::getTypeOfReference(ValueDecl *value,
                                     FunctionRefKind functionRefKind,
                                     ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator,
                                     DeclContext *useDC) {
  if (value->getDeclContext()->isTypeContext() && isa<FuncDecl>(value)) {
    // Unqualified lookup can find operator names within nominal types.
    auto func = cast<FuncDecl>(value);
    assert(func->isOperator() && "Lookup should only find operators");

    OpenedTypeMap replacements;

    AnyFunctionType *funcType = func->getInterfaceType()
        ->castTo<AnyFunctionType>();
    auto openedType = openFunctionType(
        funcType, locator, replacements, func->getDeclContext());

    // If we opened up any type variables, record the replacements.
    recordOpenedTypes(locator, replacements);

    // If this is a method whose result type is dynamic Self, replace
    // DynamicSelf with the actual object type.
    if (func->getResultInterfaceType()->hasDynamicSelfType()) {
      auto params = openedType->getParams();
      assert(params.size() == 1);
      Type selfTy = params.front().getPlainType()->getMetatypeInstanceType();
      openedType = openedType->replaceCovariantResultType(selfTy, 2)
                        ->castTo<FunctionType>();
    }

    auto origOpenedType = openedType;
    if (!isRequirementOrWitness(locator)) {
      unsigned numApplies = getNumApplications(value, false, functionRefKind);
      openedType = cast<FunctionType>(adjustFunctionTypeForConcurrency(
          origOpenedType, func, useDC, numApplies, false, replacements,
          locator));
    }

    // The reference implicitly binds 'self'.
    return {origOpenedType, openedType,
            origOpenedType->getResult(), openedType->getResult()};
  }

  // Unqualified reference to a local or global function.
  if (auto funcDecl = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(value)) {
    OpenedTypeMap replacements;

    auto funcType = funcDecl->getInterfaceType()->castTo<AnyFunctionType>();
    auto numLabelsToRemove = getNumRemovedArgumentLabels(
        funcDecl, /*isCurriedInstanceReference=*/false, functionRefKind);

    auto openedType = openFunctionType(funcType, locator, replacements,
                                       funcDecl->getDeclContext())
                          ->removeArgumentLabels(numLabelsToRemove);
    openedType = unwrapPropertyWrapperParameterTypes(*this, funcDecl, functionRefKind, openedType->castTo<FunctionType>(), locator);

    auto origOpenedType = openedType;
    if (!isRequirementOrWitness(locator)) {
      unsigned numApplies = getNumApplications(
          funcDecl, false, functionRefKind);
      openedType = cast<FunctionType>(adjustFunctionTypeForConcurrency(
          origOpenedType->castTo<FunctionType>(), funcDecl, useDC, numApplies,
          false, replacements, locator));
    }

    if (isForCodeCompletion() && openedType->hasError()) {
      // In code completion, replace error types by placeholder types so we can
      // match the types we know instead of bailing out completely.
      openedType = replaceParamErrorTypeByPlaceholder(openedType, value, /*hasAppliedSelf=*/true);
    }

    // If we opened up any type variables, record the replacements.
    recordOpenedTypes(locator, replacements);

    return { origOpenedType, openedType, origOpenedType, openedType };
  }

  // Unqualified reference to a type.
  if (auto typeDecl = dyn_cast<TypeDecl>(value)) {
    // Resolve the reference to this type declaration in our current context.
    auto type =
        TypeResolution::forInterface(useDC, TypeResolverContext::InExpression,
                                     /*unboundTyOpener*/ nullptr,
                                     /*placeholderHandler*/ nullptr,
                                     /*packElementOpener*/ nullptr)
            .resolveTypeInContext(typeDecl, /*foundDC*/ nullptr,
                                  /*isSpecialized=*/false);
    type = useDC->mapTypeIntoContext(type);

    checkNestedTypeConstraints(*this, type, locator);

    // Convert any placeholder types and open generics.
    type = replaceInferableTypesWithTypeVars(type, locator);

    // Module types are not wrapped in metatypes.
    if (type->is<ModuleType>())
      return { type, type, type, type };

    // If it's a value reference, refer to the metatype.
    type = MetatypeType::get(type);
    return { type, type, type, type };
  }

  // Unqualified reference to a macro.
  if (auto macro = dyn_cast<MacroDecl>(value)) {
    Type macroType = macro->getInterfaceType();

    // Open any the generic types.
    OpenedTypeMap replacements;
    Type openedType = openFunctionType(
        macroType->castTo<AnyFunctionType>(), locator, replacements,
        macro->getDeclContext());

    // If we opened up any type variables, record the replacements.
    recordOpenedTypes(locator, replacements);

    // FIXME: Should we use replaceParamErrorTypeByPlaceholder() here?

    return { openedType, openedType, openedType, openedType };
  }

  // Only remaining case: unqualified reference to a property.
  auto *varDecl = cast<VarDecl>(value);

  // Determine the type of the value, opening up that type if necessary.
  // FIXME: @preconcurrency
  bool wantInterfaceType = !varDecl->getDeclContext()->isLocalContext();
  Type valueType =
      getUnopenedTypeOfReference(varDecl, Type(), useDC, /*base=*/nullptr,
                                 wantInterfaceType);

  assert(!valueType->hasUnboundGenericType() &&
         !valueType->hasTypeParameter());
  return { valueType, valueType, valueType, valueType };
}

/// Bind type variables for archetypes that are determined from
/// context.
///
/// For example, if we are opening a generic function type
/// nested inside another function, we must bind the outer
/// generic parameters to context archetypes, because the
/// nested function can "capture" these outer generic parameters.
///
/// Another case where this comes up is if a generic type is
/// nested inside a function. We don't support codegen for this
/// yet, but again we need to bind any outer generic parameters
/// to context archetypes, because they're not free.
///
/// A final case we have to handle, even though it is invalid, is
/// when a type is nested inside another protocol. We bind the
/// protocol type variable for the protocol Self to an unresolved
/// type, since it will conform to anything. This of course makes
/// no sense, but we can't leave the type variable dangling,
/// because then we crash later.
///
/// If we ever do want to allow nominal types to be nested inside
/// protocols, the key is to set their declared type to a
/// NominalType whose parent is the 'Self' generic parameter, and
/// not the ProtocolType. Then, within a conforming type context,
/// we can 'reparent' the NominalType to that concrete type, and
/// resolve references to associated types inside that NominalType
/// relative to this concrete 'Self' type.
///
/// Also, of course IRGen would have to know to store the 'Self'
/// metadata as an extra hidden generic parameter in the metadata
/// of such a type, etc.
static void bindArchetypesFromContext(
    ConstraintSystem &cs,
    DeclContext *outerDC,
    ConstraintLocator *locatorPtr,
    const OpenedTypeMap &replacements) {

  auto bindPrimaryArchetype = [&](Type paramTy, Type contextTy) {
    auto found = replacements.find(cast<GenericTypeParamType>(
                                     paramTy->getCanonicalType()));

    // We might not have a type variable for this generic parameter
    // because either we're opening up an UnboundGenericType,
    // in which case we only want to infer the innermost generic
    // parameters, or because this generic parameter was constrained
    // away into a concrete type.
    if (found != replacements.end()) {
      auto typeVar = found->second;
      cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Bind, typeVar, contextTy,
                       locatorPtr);
    }
  };

  // Find the innermost non-type context.
  for (const auto *parentDC = outerDC;
       !parentDC->isModuleScopeContext();
       parentDC = parentDC->getParent()) {
    if (parentDC->isTypeContext()) {
      if (parentDC != outerDC && parentDC->getSelfProtocolDecl()) {
        auto selfTy = parentDC->getSelfInterfaceType();
        auto contextTy = cs.getASTContext().TheUnresolvedType;
        bindPrimaryArchetype(selfTy, contextTy);
      }
      continue;
    }

    auto genericSig = parentDC->getGenericSignatureOfContext();
    for (auto *paramTy : genericSig.getGenericParams()) {
      Type contextTy = cs.DC->mapTypeIntoContext(paramTy);
      if (paramTy->isParameterPack())
        contextTy = PackType::getSingletonPackExpansion(contextTy);
      bindPrimaryArchetype(paramTy, contextTy);
    }

    break;
  }
}

void ConstraintSystem::openGeneric(
       DeclContext *outerDC,
       GenericSignature sig,
       ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator,
       OpenedTypeMap &replacements) {
  if (!sig)
    return;

  openGenericParameters(outerDC, sig, replacements, locator);

  // Add the requirements as constraints.
  openGenericRequirements(
      outerDC, sig, /*skipProtocolSelfConstraint=*/false, locator,
      [&](Type type) { return openType(type, replacements, locator); });
}

void ConstraintSystem::openGenericParameters(DeclContext *outerDC,
                                             GenericSignature sig,
                                             OpenedTypeMap &replacements,
                                             ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  assert(sig);

  // Create the type variables for the generic parameters.
  for (auto gp : sig.getGenericParams()) {
    (void)openGenericParameter(outerDC, gp, replacements, locator);
  }

  auto *baseLocator = getConstraintLocator(
      locator.withPathElement(LocatorPathElt::OpenedGeneric(sig)));

  bindArchetypesFromContext(*this, outerDC, baseLocator, replacements);
}

TypeVariableType *ConstraintSystem::openGenericParameter(
    DeclContext *outerDC, GenericTypeParamType *parameter,
    OpenedTypeMap &replacements, ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  auto *paramLocator = getConstraintLocator(
      locator.withPathElement(LocatorPathElt::GenericParameter(parameter)));

  unsigned options = TVO_PrefersSubtypeBinding;

  if (parameter->isParameterPack())
    options |= TVO_CanBindToPack;

  if (shouldAttemptFixes())
    options |= TVO_CanBindToHole;

  auto typeVar = createTypeVariable(paramLocator, options);
  auto result = replacements.insert(std::make_pair(
      cast<GenericTypeParamType>(parameter->getCanonicalType()), typeVar));

  assert(result.second);
  (void)result;

  // Add a constraint that generic parameters conform to Copyable.
  // This lookup only can fail if the stdlib (i.e. the Swift module) has not
  // been loaded because you've passed `-parse-stdlib` and are not building the
  // stdlib itself (which would have `-module-name Swift` too).
  if (auto *copyable = TypeChecker::getProtocol(getASTContext(), SourceLoc(),
                                                KnownProtocolKind::Copyable)) {
    addConstraint(
        ConstraintKind::ConformsTo, typeVar,
        copyable->getDeclaredInterfaceType(),
        locator.withPathElement(LocatorPathElt::GenericParameter(parameter)));
  }

  return typeVar;
}

void ConstraintSystem::openGenericRequirements(
    DeclContext *outerDC, GenericSignature signature,
    bool skipProtocolSelfConstraint, ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(Type)> substFn) {
  auto requirements = signature.getRequirements();
  for (unsigned pos = 0, n = requirements.size(); pos != n; ++pos) {
    auto openedGenericLoc =
      locator.withPathElement(LocatorPathElt::OpenedGeneric(signature));
    openGenericRequirement(outerDC, pos, requirements[pos],
                           skipProtocolSelfConstraint, openedGenericLoc,
                           substFn);
  }
}

void ConstraintSystem::openGenericRequirement(
    DeclContext *outerDC, unsigned index, const Requirement &req,
    bool skipProtocolSelfConstraint, ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(Type)> substFn) {
  llvm::Optional<Requirement> openedReq;
  auto openedFirst = substFn(req.getFirstType());

  auto kind = req.getKind();
  switch (kind) {
  case RequirementKind::Conformance: {
    auto protoDecl = req.getProtocolDecl();
    // Determine whether this is the protocol 'Self' constraint we should
    // skip.
    if (skipProtocolSelfConstraint && protoDecl == outerDC &&
        protoDecl->getSelfInterfaceType()->isEqual(req.getFirstType()))
      return;

    openedReq = Requirement(kind, openedFirst, req.getSecondType());
    break;
  }
  case RequirementKind::Superclass:
  case RequirementKind::SameType:
  case RequirementKind::SameShape:
    openedReq = Requirement(kind, openedFirst, substFn(req.getSecondType()));
    break;
  case RequirementKind::Layout:
    openedReq = Requirement(kind, openedFirst, req.getLayoutConstraint());
    break;
  }

  addConstraint(*openedReq,
                locator.withPathElement(
                    LocatorPathElt::TypeParameterRequirement(index, kind)));
}

/// Add the constraint on the type used for the 'Self' type for a member
/// reference.
///
/// \param cs The constraint system.
///
/// \param objectTy The type of the object that we're using to access the
/// member.
///
/// \param selfTy The instance type of the context in which the member is
/// declared.
static void addSelfConstraint(ConstraintSystem &cs, Type objectTy, Type selfTy,
                              ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator){
  assert(!selfTy->is<ProtocolType>());

  // Otherwise, use a subtype constraint for classes to cope with inheritance.
  if (selfTy->getClassOrBoundGenericClass()) {
    cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Subtype, objectTy, selfTy,
                     cs.getConstraintLocator(locator));
    return;
  }

  // Otherwise, the types must be equivalent.
  cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Bind, objectTy, selfTy,
                   cs.getConstraintLocator(locator));
}

Type constraints::getDynamicSelfReplacementType(
    Type baseObjTy, const ValueDecl *member, ConstraintLocator *memberLocator) {
  // Constructions must always have their dynamic 'Self' result type replaced
  // with the base object type, 'super' or not.
  if (isa<ConstructorDecl>(member))
    return baseObjTy;

  const SuperRefExpr *SuperExpr = nullptr;
  if (auto *E = getAsExpr(memberLocator->getAnchor())) {
    if (auto *LE = dyn_cast<LookupExpr>(E)) {
      SuperExpr = dyn_cast<SuperRefExpr>(LE->getBase());
    } else if (auto *UDE = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDotExpr>(E)) {
      SuperExpr = dyn_cast<SuperRefExpr>(UDE->getBase());
    }
  }

  // For anything else that isn't 'super', we want it to be the base
  // object type.
  if (!SuperExpr)
    return baseObjTy;

  // 'super' is special in that we actually want dynamic 'Self' to behave
  // as if the base were 'self'.
  const auto *selfDecl = SuperExpr->getSelf();
  return selfDecl->getDeclContext()
      ->getInnermostTypeContext()
      ->mapTypeIntoContext(selfDecl->getInterfaceType())
      ->getMetatypeInstanceType();
}

/// Determine whether this locator refers to a member of "DispatchQueue.main",
/// which is a special dispatch queue that executes its work on the main actor.
static bool isMainDispatchQueueMember(ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  if (!locator)
    return false;

  if (locator->getPath().size() != 1 ||
      !locator->isLastElement<LocatorPathElt::Member>())
    return false;

  auto expr = locator->getAnchor().dyn_cast<Expr *>();
  if (!expr)
    return false;

  auto outerUnresolvedDot = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDotExpr>(expr);
  if (!outerUnresolvedDot)
    return false;


  if (!isDispatchQueueOperationName(
          outerUnresolvedDot->getName().getBaseName().userFacingName()))
    return false;

  auto innerUnresolvedDot = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDotExpr>(
      outerUnresolvedDot->getBase());
  if (!innerUnresolvedDot)
    return false;

  if (innerUnresolvedDot->getName().getBaseName().userFacingName() != "main")
    return false;

  auto typeExpr = dyn_cast<TypeExpr>(innerUnresolvedDot->getBase());
  if (!typeExpr)
    return false;

  auto typeRepr = typeExpr->getTypeRepr();
  if (!typeRepr)
    return false;

  auto declRefTR = dyn_cast<DeclRefTypeRepr>(typeRepr);
  if (!declRefTR)
    return false;

  if (declRefTR->getNameRef().getBaseName().userFacingName() != "DispatchQueue")
    return false;

  return true;
}

/// Type-erase occurrences of covariant 'Self'-rooted type parameters to their
/// most specific non-dependent bounds throughout the given type, using
/// \p baseTy as the existential base object type.
///
/// \note If a 'Self'-rooted type parameter is bound to a concrete type, this
/// routine will recurse into the concrete type.
static Type typeEraseExistentialSelfReferences(Type refTy, Type baseTy,
                                               TypePosition outermostPosition) {
  assert(baseTy->isExistentialType());
  if (!refTy->hasTypeParameter()) {
    return refTy;
  }

  const auto existentialSig =
      baseTy->getASTContext().getOpenedExistentialSignature(baseTy,
                                                            GenericSignature());

  unsigned metatypeDepth = 0;

  /// Check whether the given type has a reference to the generic parameter
  /// that we are erasing.
  auto hasErasedGenericParameter = [&](Type type) {
    if (!type->hasTypeParameter())
      return false;

    return type.findIf([&](Type type) {
      if (auto gp = type->getAs<GenericTypeParamType>())
        return gp->getDepth() == 0;
      return false;
    });
  };

  std::function<Type(Type, TypePosition)> transformFn;
  transformFn = [&](Type type, TypePosition initialPos) -> Type {
    return type.transformWithPosition(
        initialPos,
        [&](TypeBase *t, TypePosition currPos) -> llvm::Optional<Type> {
          if (!t->hasTypeParameter()) {
            return Type(t);
          }

          if (t->is<MetatypeType>()) {
            const auto instanceTy = t->getMetatypeInstanceType();
            ++metatypeDepth;
            const auto erasedTy = transformFn(instanceTy, currPos);
            --metatypeDepth;

            if (instanceTy.getPointer() == erasedTy.getPointer()) {
              return Type(t);
            }

            return Type(ExistentialMetatypeType::get(erasedTy));
          }

          // Opaque types whose substitutions involve this type parameter are
          // erased to their upper bound.
          if (auto opaque = dyn_cast<OpaqueTypeArchetypeType>(t)) {
            for (auto replacementType :
                 opaque->getSubstitutions().getReplacementTypes()) {
              if (hasErasedGenericParameter(replacementType)) {
                Type interfaceType = opaque->getInterfaceType();
                auto genericSig =
                    opaque->getDecl()->getOpaqueInterfaceGenericSignature();
                return genericSig->getNonDependentUpperBounds(interfaceType);
              }
            }
          }

          if (!t->isTypeParameter()) {
            // Recurse.
            return llvm::None;
          }

          if (t->getRootGenericParam()->getDepth() > 0) {
            return Type(t);
          }

          // If the type parameter is beyond the domain of the existential
          // generic signature, ignore it.
          if (!existentialSig->isValidTypeParameter(t)) {
            return Type(t);
          }

          // If the type parameter is bound to a concrete type, recurse into it.
          if (const auto concreteTy = existentialSig->getConcreteType(t)) {
            const auto erasedTy = transformFn(concreteTy, currPos);
            if (erasedTy.getPointer() == concreteTy.getPointer()) {
              // Don't return the concrete type if we haven't type-erased
              // anything inside it, or else we might inadvertently transform a
              // normal metatype into an existential one.
              return Type(t);
            }

            return erasedTy;
          }

          switch (currPos) {
          case TypePosition::Covariant:
            break;

          case TypePosition::Contravariant:
          case TypePosition::Invariant:
            return Type(t);
          }

          Type erasedTy;

          // The upper bounds of 'Self' is the existential base type.
          if (t->is<GenericTypeParamType>()) {
            erasedTy = baseTy;
          } else {
            erasedTy = existentialSig->getNonDependentUpperBounds(t);
          }

          if (metatypeDepth) {
            if (const auto existential = erasedTy->getAs<ExistentialType>())
              return existential->getConstraintType();
          }

          return erasedTy;
        });
  };
  return transformFn(refTy, outermostPosition);
}

Type constraints::typeEraseOpenedExistentialReference(
    Type type, Type existentialBaseType, TypeVariableType *openedTypeVar,
    TypePosition outermostPosition) {
  Type selfGP = GenericTypeParamType::get(false, 0, 0, type->getASTContext());

  // First, temporarily reconstitute the 'Self' generic parameter.
  type = type.transformRec([&](TypeBase *t) -> llvm::Optional<Type> {
    // Don't recurse into children unless we have to.
    if (!type->hasTypeVariable())
      return Type(t);

    if (isa<TypeVariableType>(t) && t->isEqual(openedTypeVar))
      return selfGP;

    // Recurse.
    return llvm::None;
  });

  // Then, type-erase occurrences of covariant 'Self'-rooted type parameters.
  type = typeEraseExistentialSelfReferences(type, existentialBaseType,
                                            outermostPosition);

  // Finally, swap the 'Self'-corresponding type variable back in.
  return type.transformRec([&](TypeBase *t) -> llvm::Optional<Type> {
    // Don't recurse into children unless we have to.
    if (!type->hasTypeParameter())
      return Type(t);

    if (isa<GenericTypeParamType>(t) && t->isEqual(selfGP))
      return Type(openedTypeVar);

    // Recurse.
    return llvm::None;
  });
}

Type ConstraintSystem::getMemberReferenceTypeFromOpenedType(
    Type &openedType, Type baseObjTy, ValueDecl *value, DeclContext *outerDC,
    ConstraintLocator *locator, bool hasAppliedSelf,
    bool isStaticMemberRefOnProtocol, bool isDynamicResult,
    OpenedTypeMap &replacements) {
  Type type = openedType;

  // Cope with dynamic 'Self'.
  if (!outerDC->getSelfProtocolDecl()) {
    const auto replacementTy =
        getDynamicSelfReplacementType(baseObjTy, value, locator);

    if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(value)) {
      if (func->hasDynamicSelfResult() &&
          !baseObjTy->getOptionalObjectType()) {
        type = type->replaceCovariantResultType(replacementTy, 2);
      }
    } else if (auto *decl = dyn_cast<SubscriptDecl>(value)) {
      if (decl->getElementInterfaceType()->hasDynamicSelfType()) {
        type = type->replaceCovariantResultType(replacementTy, 2);
      }
    } else if (auto *decl = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(value)) {
      if (decl->getValueInterfaceType()->hasDynamicSelfType()) {
        type = type->replaceCovariantResultType(replacementTy, 1);
      }
    }
  }

  // Check if we need to apply a layer of optionality to the uncurried type.
  if (!isRequirementOrWitness(locator)) {
    if (isDynamicResult || value->getAttrs().hasAttribute<OptionalAttr>()) {
      const auto applyOptionality = [&](FunctionType *fnTy) -> Type {
        Type resultTy;
        // Optional and dynamic subscripts are a special case, because the
        // optionality is applied to the result type and not the type of the
        // reference.
        if (isa<SubscriptDecl>(value)) {
          auto *innerFn = fnTy->getResult()->castTo<FunctionType>();
          resultTy = FunctionType::get(
              innerFn->getParams(),
              OptionalType::get(innerFn->getResult()->getRValueType()),
              innerFn->getExtInfo());
        } else {
          resultTy = OptionalType::get(fnTy->getResult()->getRValueType());
        }

        return FunctionType::get(fnTy->getParams(), resultTy,
                                 fnTy->getExtInfo());
      };

      // FIXME: Refactor 'replaceCovariantResultType' not to rely on the passed
      // uncurry level.
      //
      // This is done after handling dynamic 'Self' to make
      // 'replaceCovariantResultType' work, so we have to transform both types.
      openedType = applyOptionality(openedType->castTo<FunctionType>());
      type = applyOptionality(type->castTo<FunctionType>());
    }
  }

  if (hasAppliedSelf) {
    // For a static member referenced through a metatype or an instance
    // member referenced through an instance, strip off the 'self'.
    type = type->castTo<FunctionType>()->getResult();
  } else {
    // For an unbound instance method reference, replace the 'Self'
    // parameter with the base type.
    type = type->replaceSelfParameterType(baseObjTy);
  }

  // Superficially, protocol members with an existential base are accessed
  // directly on the existential, and not an opened archetype, and we may have
  // to adjust the type of the reference (e.g. covariant 'Self' type-erasure) to
  // support certain accesses.
  if (!isStaticMemberRefOnProtocol && !isDynamicResult &&
      baseObjTy->isExistentialType() && outerDC->getSelfProtocolDecl() &&
      // If there are no type variables, there were no references to 'Self'.
      type->hasTypeVariable()) {
    auto getResultType = [](Type type) {
      if (auto *funcTy = type->getAs<FunctionType>())
        return funcTy->getResult();
      return type;
    };

    auto nonErasedResultTy = getResultType(type);

    const auto selfGP = cast<GenericTypeParamType>(
        outerDC->getSelfInterfaceType()->getCanonicalType());
    auto openedTypeVar = replacements.lookup(selfGP);

    type = typeEraseOpenedExistentialReference(type, baseObjTy, openedTypeVar,
                                               TypePosition::Covariant);

    Type contextualTy;

    if (auto *anchor = getAsExpr(simplifyLocatorToAnchor(locator))) {
      contextualTy =
          getContextualType(getParentExpr(anchor), /*forConstraint=*/false);
    }

    if (!hasFixFor(locator) &&
        AddExplicitExistentialCoercion::isRequired(
            *this, nonErasedResultTy,
            [&](TypeVariableType *typeVar) {
              return openedTypeVar == typeVar ? baseObjTy
                                              : llvm::Optional<Type>();
            },
            locator) &&
        !contextualTy) {
      recordFix(AddExplicitExistentialCoercion::create(
          *this, getResultType(type), locator));
    }
  }

  // Construct an idealized parameter type of the initializer associated
  // with object literal, which generally simplifies the first label
  // (e.g. "colorLiteralRed:") by stripping all the redundant stuff about
  // literals (leaving e.g. "red:").
  {
    auto anchor = locator->getAnchor();
    if (auto *OLE = getAsExpr<ObjectLiteralExpr>(anchor)) {
      auto fnType = type->castTo<FunctionType>();

      SmallVector<AnyFunctionType::Param, 4> params(fnType->getParams().begin(),
                                                    fnType->getParams().end());

      switch (OLE->getLiteralKind()) {
      case ObjectLiteralExpr::colorLiteral:
        params[0] = params[0].withLabel(Context.getIdentifier("red"));
        break;

      case ObjectLiteralExpr::fileLiteral:
      case ObjectLiteralExpr::imageLiteral:
        params[0] = params[0].withLabel(Context.getIdentifier("resourceName"));
        break;
      }

      type =
          FunctionType::get(params, fnType->getResult(), fnType->getExtInfo());
    }
  }

  if (isForCodeCompletion() && type->hasError()) {
    // In code completion, replace error types by placeholder types so we can
    // match the types we know instead of bailing out completely.
    type = replaceParamErrorTypeByPlaceholder(type, value, hasAppliedSelf);
  }

  return type;
}

DeclReferenceType
ConstraintSystem::getTypeOfMemberReference(
    Type baseTy, ValueDecl *value, DeclContext *useDC,
    bool isDynamicResult,
    FunctionRefKind functionRefKind,
    ConstraintLocator *locator,
    OpenedTypeMap *replacementsPtr) {
  // Figure out the instance type used for the base.
  Type resolvedBaseTy = getFixedTypeRecursive(baseTy, /*wantRValue=*/true);

  // If the base is a module type, just use the type of the decl.
  if (resolvedBaseTy->is<ModuleType>()) {
    return getTypeOfReference(value, functionRefKind, locator, useDC);
  }

  // Check to see if the self parameter is applied, in which case we'll want to
  // strip it off later.
  auto hasAppliedSelf = doesMemberRefApplyCurriedSelf(resolvedBaseTy, value);

  auto baseObjTy = resolvedBaseTy->getMetatypeInstanceType();
  FunctionType::Param baseObjParam(baseObjTy);

  // Indicates whether this is a valid reference to a static member on a
  // protocol metatype. Such a reference is only valid if performed through
  // leading dot syntax e.g. `foo(.bar)` where implicit base is a protocol
  // metatype and `bar` is static member declared in a protocol  or its
  // extension.
  bool isStaticMemberRefOnProtocol = false;
  if (resolvedBaseTy->is<MetatypeType>() && baseObjTy->isExistentialType() &&
      value->isStatic()) {
    isStaticMemberRefOnProtocol =
        locator->isLastElement<LocatorPathElt::UnresolvedMember>();
  }

  if (auto *typeDecl = dyn_cast<TypeDecl>(value)) {
    assert(!isa<ModuleDecl>(typeDecl) && "Nested module?");

    auto memberTy = TypeChecker::substMemberTypeWithBase(DC->getParentModule(),
                                                         typeDecl, baseObjTy);

    // If the member type is a constraint, e.g. because the
    // reference is to a typealias with an underlying protocol
    // or composition type, the member reference has existential
    // type.
    if (memberTy->isConstraintType())
      memberTy = ExistentialType::get(memberTy);

    checkNestedTypeConstraints(*this, memberTy, locator);

    // Convert any placeholders and open any generics.
    memberTy = replaceInferableTypesWithTypeVars(memberTy, locator);

    // Wrap it in a metatype.
    memberTy = MetatypeType::get(memberTy);

    auto openedType = FunctionType::get({baseObjParam}, memberTy);
    return { openedType, openedType, memberTy, memberTy };
  }

  if (isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(value) || isa<EnumElementDecl>(value)) {
    if (value->getInterfaceType()->is<ErrorType>()) {
      auto genericErrorTy = ErrorType::get(getASTContext());
      return { genericErrorTy, genericErrorTy, genericErrorTy, genericErrorTy };
    }
  }

  // Figure out the declaration context to use when opening this type.
  DeclContext *innerDC = value->getInnermostDeclContext();
  DeclContext *outerDC = value->getDeclContext();

  // Open the type of the generic function or member of a generic type.
  Type openedType;
  OpenedTypeMap localReplacements;
  auto &replacements = replacementsPtr ? *replacementsPtr : localReplacements;

  // If we have a generic signature, open the parameters. We delay opening
  // requirements to allow contextual types to affect the situation.
  auto genericSig = innerDC->getGenericSignatureOfContext();
  if (genericSig)
    openGenericParameters(outerDC, genericSig, replacements, locator);

  if (isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(value) || isa<EnumElementDecl>(value)) {
    // This is the easy case.
    openedType = value->getInterfaceType()->castTo<AnyFunctionType>();

    if (auto *genericFn = openedType->getAs<GenericFunctionType>()) {
      openedType = genericFn->substGenericArgs(
          [&](Type type) { return openType(type, replacements, locator); });
    }
  } else {
    // For a property, build a type (Self) -> PropType.
    // For a subscript, build a type (Self) -> (Indices...) -> ElementType.
    //
    // If the access is mutating, wrap the storage type in an lvalue type.
    Type refType;
    if (auto *subscript = dyn_cast<SubscriptDecl>(value)) {
      auto elementTy = subscript->getElementInterfaceType();

      if (doesStorageProduceLValue(subscript, baseTy, useDC, locator))
        elementTy = LValueType::get(elementTy);

      auto indices = subscript->getInterfaceType()
                              ->castTo<AnyFunctionType>()->getParams();
      // FIXME: Verify ExtInfo state is correct, not working by accident.
      FunctionType::ExtInfo info;
      refType = FunctionType::get(indices, elementTy, info);
    } else {
      // Delay the adjustment for preconcurrency until after we've formed
      // the function type for this kind of reference. Otherwise we will lose
      // track of the adjustment in the formed function's return type.

      refType = getUnopenedTypeOfReference(cast<VarDecl>(value), baseTy, useDC,
                                           locator,
                                           /*wantInterfaceType=*/true,
                                           /*adjustForPreconcurrency=*/false);
    }

    auto selfTy = outerDC->getSelfInterfaceType();

    // If this is a reference to an instance member that applies self,
    // where self is a value type and the base type is an lvalue, wrap it in an
    // inout type.
    auto selfFlags = ParameterTypeFlags();
    if (value->isInstanceMember() && hasAppliedSelf &&
        !outerDC->getDeclaredInterfaceType()->hasReferenceSemantics() &&
        baseTy->is<LValueType>() &&
        !selfTy->hasError())
      selfFlags = selfFlags.withInOut(true);

    // If the storage is generic, open the self and ref types.
    if (genericSig) {
      selfTy = openType(selfTy, replacements, locator);
      refType = openType(refType, replacements, locator);
    }
    FunctionType::Param selfParam(selfTy, Identifier(), selfFlags);

    // FIXME: Verify ExtInfo state is correct, not working by accident.
    FunctionType::ExtInfo info;
    openedType = FunctionType::get({selfParam}, refType, info);
  }
  assert(!openedType->hasTypeParameter());

  unsigned numRemovedArgumentLabels = getNumRemovedArgumentLabels(
      value, /*isCurriedInstanceReference*/ !hasAppliedSelf, functionRefKind);

  openedType = openedType->removeArgumentLabels(numRemovedArgumentLabels);

  // If we are looking at a member of an existential, open the existential.
  Type baseOpenedTy = baseObjTy;

  if (isStaticMemberRefOnProtocol) {
    // In diagnostic mode, let's not try to replace base type
    // if there is already a known issue associated with this
    // reference e.g. it might be incorrect initializer call
    // or result type is invalid.
    if (!(shouldAttemptFixes() && hasFixFor(getConstraintLocator(locator)))) {
      if (auto concreteSelf =
              getConcreteReplacementForProtocolSelfType(value)) {
        // Concrete type replacing `Self` could be generic, so we need
        // to make sure that it's opened before use.
        baseOpenedTy = openType(concreteSelf, replacements, locator);
        baseObjTy = baseOpenedTy;
      }
    }
  } else if (baseObjTy->isExistentialType()) {
    auto openedArchetype =
        OpenedArchetypeType::get(baseObjTy->getCanonicalType(),
                                 useDC->getGenericSignatureOfContext());
    OpenedExistentialTypes.insert(
        {getConstraintLocator(locator), openedArchetype});
    baseOpenedTy = openedArchetype;
  }

  // Constrain the 'self' object type.
  auto openedParams = openedType->castTo<FunctionType>()->getParams();
  assert(openedParams.size() == 1);

  Type selfObjTy = openedParams.front().getPlainType()->getMetatypeInstanceType();
  if (outerDC->getSelfProtocolDecl()) {
    // For a protocol, substitute the base object directly. We don't need a
    // conformance constraint because we wouldn't have found the declaration
    // if it didn't conform.
    addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Bind, baseOpenedTy, selfObjTy,
                  getConstraintLocator(locator));
  } else if (!isDynamicResult) {
    addSelfConstraint(*this, baseOpenedTy, selfObjTy, locator);
  }

  // Open generic requirements after self constraint has been
  // applied and contextual types have been propagated. This
  // helps diagnostics because instead of self type conversion
  // failing we'll get a generic requirement constraint failure
  // if mismatch is related to generic parameters which is much
  // easier to diagnose.
  if (genericSig) {
    openGenericRequirements(
        outerDC, genericSig,
        /*skipProtocolSelfConstraint=*/true, locator,
        [&](Type type) { return openType(type, replacements, locator); });
  }

  if (auto *funcDecl = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(value)) {
    auto *fullFunctionType = openedType->getAs<AnyFunctionType>();

    // Strip off the 'self' parameter
    auto *functionType = fullFunctionType->getResult()->getAs<FunctionType>();
    functionType = unwrapPropertyWrapperParameterTypes(*this, funcDecl, functionRefKind,
                                                       functionType, locator);
    // FIXME: Verify ExtInfo state is correct, not working by accident.
    FunctionType::ExtInfo info;
    openedType =
        FunctionType::get(fullFunctionType->getParams(), functionType, info);
  }

  // Adjust the opened type for concurrency.
  Type origOpenedType = openedType;
  if (isRequirementOrWitness(locator)) {
    // Don't adjust when doing witness matching, because that can cause cycles.
  } else if (isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(value) || isa<EnumElementDecl>(value)) {
    unsigned numApplies = getNumApplications(
        value, hasAppliedSelf, functionRefKind);
    openedType = adjustFunctionTypeForConcurrency(
        origOpenedType->castTo<AnyFunctionType>(), value, useDC, numApplies,
        isMainDispatchQueueMember(locator), replacements, locator);
  } else if (auto subscript = dyn_cast<SubscriptDecl>(value)) {
    openedType = adjustFunctionTypeForConcurrency(
        origOpenedType->castTo<AnyFunctionType>(), subscript, useDC,
        /*numApplies=*/2, /*isMainDispatchQueue=*/false, replacements, locator);
  } else if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(value)) {
    // Adjust the function's result type, since that's the Var's actual type.
    auto origFnType = origOpenedType->castTo<AnyFunctionType>();

    auto resultTy = adjustVarTypeForConcurrency(
          origFnType->getResult(), var, useDC, GetClosureType{*this},
          ClosureIsolatedByPreconcurrency{*this});

    openedType = FunctionType::get(
                  origFnType->getParams(), resultTy, origFnType->getExtInfo());
  }

  // Compute the type of the reference.
  Type type = getMemberReferenceTypeFromOpenedType(
      openedType, baseObjTy, value, outerDC, locator, hasAppliedSelf,
      isStaticMemberRefOnProtocol, isDynamicResult, replacements);

  // Do the same thing for the original type, if there can be any difference.
  Type origType = type;
  if (openedType.getPointer() != origOpenedType.getPointer()) {
    origType = getMemberReferenceTypeFromOpenedType(
        origOpenedType, baseObjTy, value, outerDC, locator, hasAppliedSelf,
        isStaticMemberRefOnProtocol, isDynamicResult, replacements);
  }

  // If we opened up any type variables, record the replacements.
  recordOpenedTypes(locator, replacements);

  return { origOpenedType, openedType, origType, type };
}

Type ConstraintSystem::getEffectiveOverloadType(ConstraintLocator *locator,
                                                const OverloadChoice &overload,
                                                bool allowMembers,
                                                DeclContext *useDC) {
  switch (overload.getKind()) {
  case OverloadChoiceKind::Decl:
    // Declaration choices are handled below.
    break;

  case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaBridge:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaDynamic:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaUnwrappedOptional:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DynamicMemberLookup:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::KeyPathDynamicMemberLookup:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::KeyPathApplication:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::TupleIndex:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::MaterializePack:
    return Type();
  }

  auto decl = overload.getDecl();

  // Ignore type declarations.
  if (isa<TypeDecl>(decl))
    return Type();

  // Declarations returning unwrapped optionals don't have a single effective
  // type.
  if (decl->isImplicitlyUnwrappedOptional())
    return Type();

  // In a pattern binding initializer, all of its bound variables have no
  // effective overload type.
  if (auto *PBI = dyn_cast<PatternBindingInitializer>(useDC)) {
    if (auto *VD = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(decl)) {
      if (PBI->getBinding() == VD->getParentPatternBinding()) {
        return Type();
      }
    }
  }

  // Retrieve the interface type.
  auto type = decl->getInterfaceType();
  if (type->hasError()) {
    return Type();
  }

  // If we have a generic function type, drop the generic signature; we don't
  // need it for this comparison.
  if (auto genericFn = type->getAs<GenericFunctionType>()) {
    type = FunctionType::get(genericFn->getParams(),
                             genericFn->getResult(),
                             genericFn->getExtInfo());
  }

  // If this declaration is within a type context, we might not be able
  // to handle it.
  if (decl->getDeclContext()->isTypeContext()) {
    if (!allowMembers)
      return Type();

    const auto withDynamicSelfResultReplaced = [&](Type type,
                                                   unsigned uncurryLevel) {
      const Type baseObjTy = overload.getBaseType()
                                 ->getRValueType()
                                 ->getMetatypeInstanceType()
                                 ->lookThroughAllOptionalTypes();

      return type->replaceCovariantResultType(
          getDynamicSelfReplacementType(baseObjTy, decl, locator),
          uncurryLevel);
    };

    OpenedTypeMap emptyReplacements;
    if (auto subscript = dyn_cast<SubscriptDecl>(decl)) {
      auto elementTy = subscript->getElementInterfaceType();

      if (doesStorageProduceLValue(subscript, overload.getBaseType(), useDC))
        elementTy = LValueType::get(elementTy);
      else if (elementTy->hasDynamicSelfType()) {
        elementTy = withDynamicSelfResultReplaced(elementTy,
                                                  /*uncurryLevel=*/0);
      }

      // See ConstraintSystem::resolveOverload() -- optional and dynamic
      // subscripts are a special case, because the optionality is
      // applied to the result type and not the type of the reference.
      if (subscript->getAttrs().hasAttribute<OptionalAttr>())
        elementTy = OptionalType::get(elementTy->getRValueType());

      auto indices = subscript->getInterfaceType()
                       ->castTo<AnyFunctionType>()->getParams();
      // FIXME: Verify ExtInfo state is correct, not working by accident.
      FunctionType::ExtInfo info;
      type = adjustFunctionTypeForConcurrency(
          FunctionType::get(indices, elementTy, info), subscript, useDC,
          /*numApplies=*/1, /*isMainDispatchQueue=*/false, emptyReplacements,
          locator);
    } else if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(decl)) {
      type = var->getValueInterfaceType();
      if (doesStorageProduceLValue(var, overload.getBaseType(), useDC)) {
        type = LValueType::get(type);
      } else if (type->hasDynamicSelfType()) {
        type = withDynamicSelfResultReplaced(type, /*uncurryLevel=*/0);
      }
      type = adjustVarTypeForConcurrency(
          type, var, useDC, GetClosureType{*this},
          ClosureIsolatedByPreconcurrency{*this});
    } else if (isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl) || isa<EnumElementDecl>(decl)) {
      if (decl->isInstanceMember() &&
          (!overload.getBaseType() ||
           (!overload.getBaseType()->getAnyNominal() &&
            !overload.getBaseType()->is<ExistentialType>())))
        return Type();

      // Cope with 'Self' returns.
      if (!decl->getDeclContext()->getSelfProtocolDecl()) {
        if (isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl) &&
            cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)->hasDynamicSelfResult()) {
          if (!overload.getBaseType())
            return Type();

          if (!overload.getBaseType()->getOptionalObjectType()) {
            // `Int??(0)` if we look through all optional types for `Self`
            // we'll end up with incorrect type `Int?` for result because
            // the actual result type is `Int??`.
            if (isa<ConstructorDecl>(decl) && overload.getBaseType()
                                                  ->getRValueType()
                                                  ->getMetatypeInstanceType()
                                                  ->getOptionalObjectType())
              return Type();

            type = withDynamicSelfResultReplaced(type, /*uncurryLevel=*/2);
          }
        }
      }

      auto hasAppliedSelf =
          doesMemberRefApplyCurriedSelf(overload.getBaseType(), decl);
      unsigned numApplies = getNumApplications(
          decl, hasAppliedSelf, overload.getFunctionRefKind());

      type = adjustFunctionTypeForConcurrency(
                 type->castTo<FunctionType>(), decl, useDC, numApplies,
                 /*isMainDispatchQueue=*/false, emptyReplacements, locator)
                 ->getResult();
    }
  }

  // Handle "@objc optional" for non-subscripts; subscripts are handled above.
  if (decl->getAttrs().hasAttribute<OptionalAttr>() &&
      !isa<SubscriptDecl>(decl))
    type = OptionalType::get(type->getRValueType());

  return type;
}

void ConstraintSystem::addOverloadSet(Type boundType,
                                      ArrayRef<OverloadChoice> choices,
                                      DeclContext *useDC,
                                      ConstraintLocator *locator,
                                      llvm::Optional<unsigned> favoredIndex) {
  // If there is a single choice, add the bind overload directly.
  if (choices.size() == 1) {
    addBindOverloadConstraint(boundType, choices.front(), locator, useDC);
    return;
  }

  SmallVector<Constraint *, 4> candidates;
  generateConstraints(candidates, boundType, choices, useDC, locator,
                      favoredIndex);
  // For an overload set (disjunction) from newly generated candidates.
  addOverloadSet(candidates, locator);
}

void ConstraintSystem::addOverloadSet(ArrayRef<Constraint *> choices,
                                      ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  assert(!choices.empty() && "Empty overload set");

  // If there is a single choice, attempt it right away.
  if (choices.size() == 1) {
    simplifyConstraint(*choices.front());
    return;
  }

  auto *disjunction =
      Constraint::createDisjunction(*this, choices, locator, ForgetChoice);
  addUnsolvedConstraint(disjunction);
  if (simplifyAppliedOverloads(disjunction, locator))
    retireFailedConstraint(disjunction);
}

/// If we're resolving an overload set with a decl that has special type
/// checking semantics, compute the type of the reference.  For now, follow
/// the lead of \c getTypeOfMemberReference and return a pair of
/// the full opened type and the reference's type.
static DeclReferenceType getTypeOfReferenceWithSpecialTypeCheckingSemantics(
    ConstraintSystem &CS, ConstraintLocator *locator,
    DeclTypeCheckingSemantics semantics) {
  switch (semantics) {
  case DeclTypeCheckingSemantics::Normal:
    llvm_unreachable("Decl does not have special type checking semantics!");

  case DeclTypeCheckingSemantics::TypeOf: {
    // Proceed with a "DynamicType" operation. This produces an existential
    // metatype from existentials, or a concrete metatype from non-
    // existentials (as seen from the current abstraction level), which can't
    // be expressed in the type system currently.
    auto input = CS.createTypeVariable(
        CS.getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionArgument),
        TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);
    auto output = CS.createTypeVariable(
        CS.getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionResult),
        TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);

    FunctionType::Param inputArg(input,
                                 CS.getASTContext().getIdentifier("of"));

    CS.addConstraint(
        ConstraintKind::DynamicTypeOf, output, input,
        CS.getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::DynamicType));
    // FIXME: Verify ExtInfo state is correct, not working by accident.
    FunctionType::ExtInfo info;
    auto refType = FunctionType::get({inputArg}, output, info);
    return {refType, refType, refType, refType};
  }
  case DeclTypeCheckingSemantics::WithoutActuallyEscaping: {
    // Proceed with a "WithoutActuallyEscaping" operation. The body closure
    // receives a copy of the argument closure that is temporarily made
    // @escaping.
    auto noescapeClosure = CS.createTypeVariable(
        CS.getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionArgument),
        TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);
    auto escapeClosure = CS.createTypeVariable(
        CS.getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionArgument),
        TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);
    CS.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::EscapableFunctionOf, escapeClosure,
                     noescapeClosure, CS.getConstraintLocator(locator));
    auto result = CS.createTypeVariable(
        CS.getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionResult),
        TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);
    FunctionType::Param arg(escapeClosure);
    auto bodyClosure = FunctionType::get(arg, result,
                                         FunctionType::ExtInfoBuilder()
                                             .withNoEscape(true)
                                             .withAsync(true)
                                             .withThrows(true)
                                             .build());
    FunctionType::Param args[] = {
      FunctionType::Param(noescapeClosure),
      FunctionType::Param(bodyClosure, CS.getASTContext().getIdentifier("do")),
    };

    auto refType = FunctionType::get(args, result,
                                     FunctionType::ExtInfoBuilder()
                                         .withNoEscape(false)
                                         .withAsync(true)
                                         .withThrows(true)
                                         .build());
    return {refType, refType, refType, refType};
  }
  case DeclTypeCheckingSemantics::OpenExistential: {
    // The body closure receives a freshly-opened archetype constrained by the
    // existential type as its input.
    auto openedTy = CS.createTypeVariable(
        CS.getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionArgument),
        TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);
    auto existentialTy = CS.createTypeVariable(
        CS.getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionArgument),
        TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);
    CS.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::OpenedExistentialOf, openedTy,
                     existentialTy, CS.getConstraintLocator(locator));
    auto result = CS.createTypeVariable(
        CS.getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionResult),
        TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);
    FunctionType::Param bodyArgs[] = {FunctionType::Param(openedTy)};
    auto bodyClosure = FunctionType::get(bodyArgs, result,
                                         FunctionType::ExtInfoBuilder()
                                             .withNoEscape(true)
                                             .withThrows(true)
                                             .withAsync(true)
                                             .build());
    FunctionType::Param args[] = {
      FunctionType::Param(existentialTy),
      FunctionType::Param(bodyClosure, CS.getASTContext().getIdentifier("do")),
    };
    auto refType = FunctionType::get(args, result,
                                     FunctionType::ExtInfoBuilder()
                                         .withNoEscape(false)
                                         .withThrows(true)
                                         .withAsync(true)
                                         .build());
    return {refType, refType, refType, refType};
  }
  }

  llvm_unreachable("Unhandled DeclTypeCheckingSemantics in switch.");
}

/// Try to identify and fix failures related to partial function application
/// e.g. partial application of `init` or 'mutating' instance methods.
static std::pair<bool, unsigned>
isInvalidPartialApplication(ConstraintSystem &cs,
                            const AbstractFunctionDecl *member,
                            ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  // If this is a compiler synthesized implicit conversion, let's skip
  // the check because the base of `UDE` is not the base of the injected
  // initializer.
  if (locator->isLastElement<LocatorPathElt::ConstructorMember>() &&
      locator->findFirst<LocatorPathElt::ImplicitConversion>())
    return {false, 0};

  auto *UDE = getAsExpr<UnresolvedDotExpr>(locator->getAnchor());
  if (UDE == nullptr)
    return {false,0};

  auto baseTy =
      cs.simplifyType(cs.getType(UDE->getBase()))->getWithoutSpecifierType();

  auto isInvalidIfPartiallyApplied = [&]() {
    if (auto *FD = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(member)) {
      // 'mutating' instance methods cannot be partially applied.
      if (FD->isMutating())
        return true;

      // Instance methods cannot be referenced on 'super' from a static
      // context.
      if (UDE->getBase()->isSuperExpr() &&
          baseTy->is<MetatypeType>() &&
          !FD->isStatic())
        return true;
    }

    // Another unsupported partial application is related
    // to constructor delegation via 'self.init' or 'super.init'.
    //
    // Note that you can also write 'self.init' or 'super.init'
    // inside a static context -- since 'self' is a metatype there
    // it doesn't have the special delegation meaning that it does
    // in the body of a constructor.
    if (isa<ConstructorDecl>(member) && !baseTy->is<MetatypeType>()) {
      // Check for a `super.init` delegation...
      if (UDE->getBase()->isSuperExpr())
        return true;

      // ... and `self.init` delegation. Note that in a static context,
      // `self.init` is just an ordinary partial application; it's OK
      // because there's no associated instance for delegation.
      if (auto *DRE = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(UDE->getBase())) {
        if (auto *baseDecl = DRE->getDecl()) {
          if (baseDecl->getBaseName() == cs.getASTContext().Id_self)
            return true;
        }
      }
    }

    return false;
  };

  if (!isInvalidIfPartiallyApplied())
    return {false,0};

  // If base is a metatype it would be ignored (unless this is an initializer
  // call), but if it is some other type it means that we have a single
  // application level already.
  unsigned level = 0;
  if (!baseTy->is<MetatypeType>())
    ++level;

  if (auto *call = dyn_cast_or_null<CallExpr>(cs.getParentExpr(UDE))) {
    level += 1;
  }

  return {true, level};
}

FunctionType::ExtInfo ConstraintSystem::closureEffects(ClosureExpr *expr) {
  return evaluateOrDefault(
      getASTContext().evaluator, ClosureEffectsRequest{expr},
      FunctionType::ExtInfo());
}

FunctionType::ExtInfo ClosureEffectsRequest::evaluate(
  Evaluator &evaluator, ClosureExpr *expr) const {
  // A walker that looks for 'try' and 'throw' expressions
  // that aren't nested within closures, nested declarations,
  // or exhaustive catches.
  class FindInnerThrows : public ASTWalker {
    DeclContext *DC;
    bool FoundThrow = false;

    MacroWalking getMacroWalkingBehavior() const override {
      return MacroWalking::Expansion;
    }

    PreWalkResult<Expr *> walkToExprPre(Expr *expr) override {
      // If we've found a 'try', record it and terminate the traversal.
      if (isa<TryExpr>(expr)) {
        FoundThrow = true;
        return Action::Stop();
      }

      // Don't walk into a 'try!' or 'try?'.
      if (isa<ForceTryExpr>(expr) || isa<OptionalTryExpr>(expr)) {
        return Action::SkipChildren(expr);
      }

      // Do not recurse into other closures.
      if (isa<ClosureExpr>(expr))
        return Action::SkipChildren(expr);

      return Action::Continue(expr);
    }

    PreWalkAction walkToDeclPre(Decl *decl) override {
      // Do not walk into function or type declarations.
      return Action::VisitChildrenIf(isa<PatternBindingDecl>(decl));
    }

    bool isSyntacticallyExhaustive(DoCatchStmt *stmt) {
      for (auto catchClause : stmt->getCatches()) {
        for (auto &LabelItem : catchClause->getMutableCaseLabelItems()) {
          if (isSyntacticallyExhaustive(catchClause->getStartLoc(),
                                        LabelItem))
            return true;
        }
      }

      return false;
    }

    bool isSyntacticallyExhaustive(SourceLoc CatchLoc,
                                   CaseLabelItem &LabelItem) {
      // If it's obviously non-exhaustive, great.
      if (LabelItem.getGuardExpr())
        return false;

      // If we can show that it's exhaustive without full
      // type-checking, great.
      if (LabelItem.isSyntacticallyExhaustive())
        return true;

      // Okay, resolve the pattern.
      Pattern *pattern = LabelItem.getPattern();
      if (!LabelItem.isPatternResolved()) {
        pattern = TypeChecker::resolvePattern(pattern, DC,
                                       /*isStmtCondition*/false);
        if (!pattern) return false;

        // Save that aside while we explore the type.
        LabelItem.setPattern(pattern, /*resolved=*/true);
      }

      // Require the pattern to have a particular shape: a number
      // of is-patterns applied to an irrefutable pattern.
      pattern = pattern->getSemanticsProvidingPattern();
      while (auto isp = dyn_cast<IsPattern>(pattern)) {
        Type castType;
        if (auto castTypeRepr = isp->getCastTypeRepr()) {
          castType = TypeResolution::resolveContextualType(
              castTypeRepr, DC, TypeResolverContext::InExpression,
              /*unboundTyOpener*/ nullptr,
              /*placeholderHandler*/ nullptr,
              /*packElementOpener*/ nullptr);
        } else {
          castType = isp->getCastType();
        }

        if (castType->hasError()) {
          return false;
        }

        if (!isp->hasSubPattern()) {
          pattern = nullptr;
          break;
        } else {
          pattern = isp->getSubPattern()->getSemanticsProvidingPattern();
        }
      }
      if (pattern && pattern->isRefutablePattern()) {
        return false;
      }

      // Okay, now it should be safe to coerce the pattern.
      // Pull the top-level pattern back out.
      pattern = LabelItem.getPattern();

      auto &ctx = DC->getASTContext();
      if (!ctx.getErrorDecl())
        return false;

      auto contextualPattern =
          ContextualPattern::forRawPattern(pattern, DC);
      pattern = TypeChecker::coercePatternToType(
        contextualPattern, ctx.getErrorExistentialType(),
        TypeResolverContext::InExpression);
      if (!pattern)
        return false;

      LabelItem.setPattern(pattern, /*resolved=*/true);
      return LabelItem.isSyntacticallyExhaustive();
    }

    PreWalkResult<Stmt *> walkToStmtPre(Stmt *stmt) override {
      // If we've found a 'throw', record it and terminate the traversal.
      if (isa<ThrowStmt>(stmt)) {
        FoundThrow = true;
        return Action::Stop();
      }

      // Handle do/catch differently.
      if (auto doCatch = dyn_cast<DoCatchStmt>(stmt)) {
        // Only walk into the 'do' clause of a do/catch statement
        // if the catch isn't syntactically exhaustive.
        if (!isSyntacticallyExhaustive(doCatch)) {
          if (!doCatch->getBody()->walk(*this))
            return Action::Stop();
        }

        // Walk into all the catch clauses.
        for (auto catchClause : doCatch->getCatches()) {
          if (!catchClause->walk(*this))
            return Action::Stop();
        }

        // We've already walked all the children we care about.
        return Action::SkipChildren(stmt);
      }

      if (auto forEach = dyn_cast<ForEachStmt>(stmt)) {
        if (forEach->getTryLoc().isValid()) {
          FoundThrow = true;
          return Action::Stop();
        }
      }

      return Action::Continue(stmt);
    }

  public:
    FindInnerThrows(DeclContext *dc)
        : DC(dc) {}

    bool foundThrow() { return FoundThrow; }
  };

  // If either 'throws' or 'async' was explicitly specified, use that
  // set of effects.
  bool throws = expr->getThrowsLoc().isValid();
  bool async = expr->getAsyncLoc().isValid();
  bool concurrent = expr->getAttrs().hasAttribute<SendableAttr>();
  if (throws || async) {
    return ASTExtInfoBuilder()
      .withThrows(throws)
      .withAsync(async)
      .withConcurrent(concurrent)
      .build();
  }

  // Scan the body to determine the effects.
  auto body = expr->getBody();
  if (!body)
    return ASTExtInfoBuilder().withConcurrent(concurrent).build();

  auto throwFinder = FindInnerThrows(expr);
  body->walk(throwFinder);
  return ASTExtInfoBuilder()
      .withThrows(throwFinder.foundThrow())
      .withAsync(bool(findAsyncNode(expr)))
      .withConcurrent(concurrent)
      .build();
}

bool ConstraintSystem::isAsynchronousContext(DeclContext *dc) {
  if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(dc))
    return func->isAsyncContext();

  if (auto closure = dyn_cast<ClosureExpr>(dc)) {
    return evaluateOrDefault(
        getASTContext().evaluator,
        ClosureEffectsRequest{const_cast<ClosureExpr *>(closure)},
        FunctionType::ExtInfo()).isAsync();
  }

  return false;
}

void ConstraintSystem::buildDisjunctionForOptionalVsUnderlying(
    Type boundTy, Type ty, ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  // NOTE: If we use other locator kinds for these disjunctions, we
  // need to account for it in solution scores for forced-unwraps.
  assert(locator->getPath().back().getKind() ==
             ConstraintLocator::ImplicitlyUnwrappedDisjunctionChoice ||
         locator->getPath().back().getKind() ==
             ConstraintLocator::DynamicLookupResult);
  assert(!ty->is<InOutType>());
  auto rvalueTy = ty->getWithoutSpecifierType();

  // If the type to bind is a placeholder, we can propagate it, as we don't know
  // whether it can be optional or non-optional, and we would have already
  // recorded a fix for it.
  if (rvalueTy->isPlaceholder()) {
    addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Bind, boundTy, ty, locator);
    return;
  }

  // Create the constraint to bind to the optional type and make it the favored
  // choice.
  auto *bindToOptional =
      Constraint::create(*this, ConstraintKind::Bind, boundTy, ty, locator);
  bindToOptional->setFavored();

  auto underlyingType = rvalueTy->getOptionalObjectType();
  if (!underlyingType) {
    // If we don't have an optional, `ty` hasn't been resolved yet.
    auto *typeVar = rvalueTy->castTo<TypeVariableType>();
    auto *locator = typeVar->getImpl().getLocator();

    // We need to allocate a type variable to represent an object type of a
    // future optional, and add a constraint between `ty` and `underlyingType`
    // to model it.
    underlyingType = createTypeVariable(
        getConstraintLocator(locator, LocatorPathElt::GenericArgument(0)),
        TVO_PrefersSubtypeBinding | TVO_CanBindToLValue |
            TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);

    // Using a `typeVar` here because l-value is going to be applied
    // to the underlying type below.
    addConstraint(ConstraintKind::OptionalObject, typeVar, underlyingType,
                  locator);
  }
  if (ty->is<LValueType>())
    underlyingType = LValueType::get(underlyingType);

  auto *bindToUnderlying = Constraint::create(*this, ConstraintKind::Bind,
                                              boundTy, underlyingType, locator);

  llvm::SmallVector<Constraint *, 2> choices = {bindToOptional,
                                                bindToUnderlying};

  // Create the disjunction
  addDisjunctionConstraint(choices, locator, RememberChoice);
}

void ConstraintSystem::bindOverloadType(
    const SelectedOverload &overload, Type boundType,
    ConstraintLocator *locator, DeclContext *useDC,
    llvm::function_ref<void(unsigned int, Type, ConstraintLocator *)>
        verifyThatArgumentIsHashable) {
  auto &ctx = getASTContext();
  auto choice = overload.choice;
  auto openedType = overload.adjustedOpenedType;

  auto bindTypeOrIUO = [&](Type ty) {
    if (choice.getIUOReferenceKind(*this) == IUOReferenceKind::Value) {
      // Build the disjunction to attempt binding both T? and T (or
      // function returning T? and function returning T).
      buildDisjunctionForImplicitlyUnwrappedOptional(boundType, ty, locator);
    } else {
      // Add the type binding constraint.
      addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Bind, boundType, ty, locator);
    }
  };
  auto addDynamicMemberSubscriptConstraints = [&](Type argTy, Type resultTy) {
    // DynamicMemberLookup results are always a (dynamicMember: T1) -> T2
    // subscript.
    auto *fnTy = openedType->castTo<FunctionType>();
    assert(fnTy->getParams().size() == 1 &&
           "subscript always has one argument");

    auto *callLoc = getConstraintLocator(
        locator, LocatorPathElt::ImplicitDynamicMemberSubscript());

    // Associate an argument list for the implicit x[dynamicMember:] subscript
    // if we haven't already.
    auto *&argList = ArgumentLists[getArgumentInfoLocator(callLoc)];
    if (!argList) {
      argList = ArgumentList::createImplicit(
          ctx, {Argument(SourceLoc(), ctx.Id_dynamicMember, /*expr*/ nullptr)},
          /*firstTrailingClosureIndex=*/llvm::None,
          AllocationArena::ConstraintSolver);
    }

    auto *callerTy = FunctionType::get(
        {FunctionType::Param(argTy, ctx.Id_dynamicMember)}, resultTy);

    ConstraintLocatorBuilder builder(callLoc);
    addConstraint(ConstraintKind::ApplicableFunction, callerTy, fnTy,
                  builder.withPathElement(ConstraintLocator::ApplyFunction));

    if (isExpr<KeyPathExpr>(locator->getAnchor())) {
      auto paramTy = fnTy->getParams()[0].getParameterType();
      verifyThatArgumentIsHashable(/*idx*/ 0, paramTy, locator);
    }
  };
  switch (choice.getKind()) {
  case OverloadChoiceKind::Decl:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaBridge:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaUnwrappedOptional:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::TupleIndex:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::MaterializePack:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::KeyPathApplication:
    bindTypeOrIUO(openedType);
    return;
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaDynamic: {
    // Subscripts have optionality applied to their result type rather than
    // the type of their reference, so there's nothing to adjust here.
    if (isa<SubscriptDecl>(choice.getDecl())) {
      bindTypeOrIUO(openedType);
      return;
    }

    // The opened type of an unbound member reference has optionality applied
    // to the uncurried type.
    if (!doesMemberRefApplyCurriedSelf(choice.getBaseType(),
                                       choice.getDecl())) {
      bindTypeOrIUO(openedType);
      return;
    }

    // Build an outer disjunction to attempt binding both T? and T, then bind
    // as normal. This is needed to correctly handle e.g IUO properties which
    // may need two levels of optionality unwrapped T??.
    auto outerTy = createTypeVariable(locator, TVO_CanBindToLValue);
    buildDisjunctionForDynamicLookupResult(outerTy, openedType, locator);
    bindTypeOrIUO(outerTy);
    return;
  }
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DynamicMemberLookup: {
    auto stringLiteral =
        TypeChecker::getProtocol(getASTContext(), choice.getDecl()->getLoc(),
                                 KnownProtocolKind::ExpressibleByStringLiteral);
    if (!stringLiteral)
      return;

    // Form constraints for a x[dynamicMember:] subscript with a string literal
    // argument, where the overload type is bound to the result to model the
    // fact that this a property access in the source.
    auto argTy = createTypeVariable(locator, /*options*/ 0);
    addConstraint(ConstraintKind::LiteralConformsTo, argTy,
                  stringLiteral->getDeclaredInterfaceType(), locator);
    addDynamicMemberSubscriptConstraints(argTy, /*resultTy*/ boundType);
    return;
  }
  case OverloadChoiceKind::KeyPathDynamicMemberLookup: {
    auto *fnType = openedType->castTo<FunctionType>();
    assert(fnType->getParams().size() == 1 &&
           "subscript always has one argument");
    // Parameter type is KeyPath<T, U> where `T` is a root type
    // and U is a leaf type (aka member type).
    auto keyPathTy =
        fnType->getParams()[0].getPlainType()->castTo<BoundGenericType>();

    auto *keyPathDecl = keyPathTy->getAnyNominal();
    assert(isKnownKeyPathType(keyPathTy) &&
           "parameter is supposed to be a keypath");

    auto *keyPathLoc = getConstraintLocator(
        locator, LocatorPathElt::KeyPathDynamicMember(keyPathDecl));

    auto rootTy = keyPathTy->getGenericArgs()[0];
    auto leafTy = keyPathTy->getGenericArgs()[1];

    // Member would either point to mutable or immutable property, we
    // don't which at the moment, so let's allow its type to be l-value.
    auto memberTy = createTypeVariable(keyPathLoc, TVO_CanBindToLValue |
                                                       TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);
    // Attempt to lookup a member with a give name in the root type and
    // assign result to the leaf type of the keypath.
    bool isSubscriptRef = locator->isSubscriptMemberRef();
    DeclNameRef memberName = isSubscriptRef
                           ? DeclNameRef::createSubscript()
                           // FIXME: Should propagate name-as-written through.
                           : DeclNameRef(choice.getName());

    addValueMemberConstraint(LValueType::get(rootTy), memberName, memberTy,
                             useDC,
                             isSubscriptRef ? FunctionRefKind::DoubleApply
                                            : FunctionRefKind::Unapplied,
                             /*outerAlternatives=*/{}, keyPathLoc);

    // In case of subscript things are more complicated comparing to "dot"
    // syntax, because we have to get "applicable function" constraint
    // associated with index expression and re-bind it to match "member type"
    // looked up by dynamically.
    if (isSubscriptRef) {
      // Make sure that regular subscript declarations (if any) are
      // preferred over key path dynamic member lookup.
      increaseScore(SK_KeyPathSubscript);

      auto boundTypeVar = boundType->castTo<TypeVariableType>();
      auto constraints = getConstraintGraph().gatherConstraints(
          boundTypeVar, ConstraintGraph::GatheringKind::EquivalenceClass,
          [](Constraint *constraint) {
            return constraint->getKind() == ConstraintKind::ApplicableFunction;
          });

      assert(constraints.size() == 1);
      auto *applicableFn = constraints.front();
      retireConstraint(applicableFn);

      // Original subscript expression e.g. `<base>[0]` generated following
      // constraint `($T_A0, [$T_A1], ...) -> $T_R applicable fn $T_S` where
      // `$T_S` is supposed to be bound to each subscript choice e.g.
      // `(Int) -> Int`.
      //
      // Here is what we need to do to make this work as-if expression was
      // `<base>[dynamicMember: \.[0]]`:
      // - Right-hand side function type would have to get a new result type
      //   since it would have to point to result type of `\.[0]`, arguments
      //   though should stay the same.
      // - Left-hand side `$T_S` is going to point to a new "member type"
      //   we are looking up based on the root type of the key path.
      // - Original result type `$T_R` is going to represent result of
      //   the `[dynamicMember: \.[0]]` invocation.

      // The function type of the original call-site. We'll want to create a
      // new applicable fn constraint using its parameter along with a fresh
      // type variable for the result of the inner subscript.
      auto originalCallerTy =
          applicableFn->getFirstType()->castTo<FunctionType>();

      auto subscriptResultTy = createTypeVariable(
          getConstraintLocator(locator->getAnchor(),
                               ConstraintLocator::FunctionResult),
          TVO_CanBindToLValue | TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);

      // FIXME: Verify ExtInfo state is correct, not working by accident.
      FunctionType::ExtInfo info;
      auto adjustedFnTy = FunctionType::get(originalCallerTy->getParams(),
                                            subscriptResultTy, info);

      // Add a constraint for the inner application that uses the args of the
      // original call-site, and a fresh type var result equal to the leaf type.
      ConstraintLocatorBuilder kpLocBuilder(keyPathLoc);
      addConstraint(
          ConstraintKind::ApplicableFunction, adjustedFnTy, memberTy,
          kpLocBuilder.withPathElement(ConstraintLocator::ApplyFunction));

      addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Equal, subscriptResultTy, leafTy,
                    keyPathLoc);

      addDynamicMemberSubscriptConstraints(/*argTy*/ keyPathTy,
                                           originalCallerTy->getResult());

      // Bind the overload type to the opened type as usual to match the fact
      // that this is a subscript in the source.
      bindTypeOrIUO(fnType);
    } else {
      // Since member type is going to be bound to "leaf" generic parameter
      // of the keypath, it has to be an r-value always, so let's add a new
      // constraint to represent that conversion instead of loading member
      // type into "leaf" directly.
      addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Equal, memberTy, leafTy, keyPathLoc);

      // Form constraints for a x[dynamicMember:] subscript with a key path
      // argument, where the overload type is bound to the result to model the
      // fact that this a property access in the source.
      addDynamicMemberSubscriptConstraints(/*argTy*/ keyPathTy,
                                           boundType);
    }
    return;
  }
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unhandled OverloadChoiceKind in switch.");
}

void ConstraintSystem::resolveOverload(ConstraintLocator *locator,
                                       Type boundType,
                                       OverloadChoice choice,
                                       DeclContext *useDC) {
  // Add a conformance constraint to make sure that given type conforms
  // to Hashable protocol, which is important for key path subscript
  // components.
  auto verifyThatArgumentIsHashable = [&](unsigned index, Type argType,
                                          ConstraintLocator *locator) {
    if (auto *hashable = TypeChecker::getProtocol(
            argType->getASTContext(), choice.getDecl()->getLoc(),
            KnownProtocolKind::Hashable)) {
      addConstraint(ConstraintKind::ConformsTo, argType,
                    hashable->getDeclaredInterfaceType(),
                    getConstraintLocator(
                        locator, LocatorPathElt::TupleElement(index)));
    }
  };

  // Determine the type to which we'll bind the overload set's type.
  Type openedType;
  Type adjustedOpenedType;
  Type refType;
  Type adjustedRefType;

  switch (auto kind = choice.getKind()) {
  case OverloadChoiceKind::Decl:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaBridge:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaDynamic:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaUnwrappedOptional:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::DynamicMemberLookup:
  case OverloadChoiceKind::KeyPathDynamicMemberLookup: {
    // If we refer to a top-level decl with special type-checking semantics,
    // handle it now.
    const auto semantics =
        TypeChecker::getDeclTypeCheckingSemantics(choice.getDecl());
    DeclReferenceType declRefType;
    if (semantics != DeclTypeCheckingSemantics::Normal) {
      declRefType = getTypeOfReferenceWithSpecialTypeCheckingSemantics(
          *this, locator, semantics);
    } else if (auto baseTy = choice.getBaseType()) {
      // Retrieve the type of a reference to the specific declaration choice.
      assert(!baseTy->hasTypeParameter());

      declRefType = getTypeOfMemberReference(
          baseTy, choice.getDecl(), useDC,
          (kind == OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaDynamic),
          choice.getFunctionRefKind(), locator, nullptr);
    } else {
      declRefType = getTypeOfReference(
          choice.getDecl(), choice.getFunctionRefKind(), locator, useDC);
    }

    openedType = declRefType.openedType;
    adjustedOpenedType = declRefType.adjustedOpenedType;
    refType = declRefType.referenceType;
    adjustedRefType = declRefType.adjustedReferenceType;

    break;
  }

  case OverloadChoiceKind::TupleIndex:
    if (auto lvalueTy = choice.getBaseType()->getAs<LValueType>()) {
      // When the base of a tuple lvalue, the member is always an lvalue.
      auto tuple = lvalueTy->getObjectType()->castTo<TupleType>();
      adjustedRefType = tuple->getElementType(choice.getTupleIndex())->getRValueType();
      adjustedRefType = LValueType::get(adjustedRefType);
    } else {
      // When the base is a tuple rvalue, the member is always an rvalue.
      auto tuple = choice.getBaseType()->castTo<TupleType>();
      adjustedRefType = tuple->getElementType(choice.getTupleIndex())->getRValueType();
    }
    refType = adjustedRefType;
    break;

  case OverloadChoiceKind::MaterializePack: {
    // Since pack expansion is only applicable to single element tuples at the
    // moment we can just look through l-value base to load it.
    //
    // In the future, _if_ the syntax allows for multiple expansions
    // this code would have to be adjusted to project l-value from the
    // base type just like TupleIndex does.
    auto tuple = choice.getBaseType()->getRValueType()->castTo<TupleType>();
    auto *expansion = tuple->getElementType(0)->castTo<PackExpansionType>();
    adjustedRefType = expansion->getPatternType();
    refType = adjustedRefType;
    break;
  }

  case OverloadChoiceKind::KeyPathApplication: {
    // Key path application looks like a subscript(keyPath: KeyPath<Base, T>).
    // The element type is T or @lvalue T based on the key path subtype and
    // the mutability of the base.
    auto keyPathIndexTy = createTypeVariable(
        getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionArgument),
        TVO_CanBindToInOut);
    auto elementTy = createTypeVariable(
            getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionArgument),
            TVO_CanBindToLValue | TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);
    auto elementObjTy = createTypeVariable(
        getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::FunctionArgument),
        TVO_CanBindToNoEscape);
    addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Equal, elementTy, elementObjTy, locator);

    // The element result is an lvalue or rvalue based on the key path class.
    addKeyPathApplicationConstraint(
                  keyPathIndexTy, choice.getBaseType(), elementTy, locator);

    FunctionType::Param indices[] = {
      FunctionType::Param(keyPathIndexTy, getASTContext().Id_keyPath),
    };
    // FIXME: Verify ExtInfo state is correct, not working by accident.
    FunctionType::ExtInfo subscriptInfo;
    auto subscriptTy = FunctionType::get(indices, elementTy, subscriptInfo);

    FunctionType::Param baseParam(choice.getBaseType());
    // FIXME: Verify ExtInfo state is correct, not working by accident.
    FunctionType::ExtInfo fullInfo;
    auto fullTy = FunctionType::get({baseParam}, subscriptTy, fullInfo);
    openedType = fullTy;
    adjustedOpenedType = fullTy;
    // FIXME: @preconcurrency
    refType = subscriptTy;
    adjustedRefType = subscriptTy;

    // Increase the score so that actual subscripts get preference.
    // ...except if we're solving for code completion and the index expression
    // contains the completion location
    auto SE = getAsExpr<SubscriptExpr>(locator->getAnchor());
    if (!isForCodeCompletion() ||
        (SE && !containsIDEInspectionTarget(SE->getArgs()))) {
      increaseScore(SK_KeyPathSubscript);
    }
    break;
  }
  }
  assert(!refType->hasTypeParameter() && "Cannot have a dependent type here");
  assert(!adjustedRefType->hasTypeParameter() &&
         "Cannot have a dependent type here");

  if (auto *decl = choice.getDeclOrNull()) {
    // If we're choosing an asynchronous declaration within a synchronous
    // context, or vice-versa, increase the async/async mismatch score.
    if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)) {
      if (!Options.contains(ConstraintSystemFlags::IgnoreAsyncSyncMismatch) &&
          !func->hasPolymorphicEffect(EffectKind::Async) &&
          func->isAsyncContext() != isAsynchronousContext(useDC)) {
        increaseScore(
            func->isAsyncContext() ? SK_AsyncInSyncMismatch : SK_SyncInAsync);
      }
    }

    if (isa<SubscriptDecl>(decl)) {
      if (locator->isResultOfKeyPathDynamicMemberLookup() ||
          locator->isKeyPathSubscriptComponent()) {
        // Subscript type has a format of (Self[.Type) -> (Arg...) -> Result
        auto declTy = adjustedOpenedType->castTo<FunctionType>();
        auto subscriptTy = declTy->getResult()->castTo<FunctionType>();
        // If we have subscript, each of the arguments has to conform to
        // Hashable, because it would be used as a component inside key path.
        for (auto index : indices(subscriptTy->getParams())) {
          const auto &param = subscriptTy->getParams()[index];
          verifyThatArgumentIsHashable(index, param.getParameterType(), locator);
        }
      }
    }

    if (isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl) || isa<TypeDecl>(decl)) {
      auto anchor = locator->getAnchor();
      // TODO: Instead of not increasing the score for arguments to #selector,
      // a better fix for this is to port over the #selector diagnostics from
      // CSApply to constraint fixes, and not attempt invalid disjunction
      // choices based on the selector kind on the valid code path.
      if (choice.getFunctionRefKind() == FunctionRefKind::Unapplied &&
          !UnevaluatedRootExprs.contains(getAsExpr(anchor))) {
        increaseScore(SK_UnappliedFunction);
      }
    }

    if (auto *afd = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)) {
      // Check whether applying this overload would result in invalid
      // partial function application e.g. partial application of
      // mutating method or initializer.

      // This check is supposed to be performed without
      // `shouldAttemptFixes` because name lookup can't
      // detect that particular partial application is
      // invalid, so it has to return all of the candidates.

      bool isInvalidPartialApply;
      unsigned level;

      std::tie(isInvalidPartialApply, level) =
          isInvalidPartialApplication(*this, afd, locator);

      if (isInvalidPartialApply) {
        // No application at all e.g. `Foo.bar`.
        if (level == 0) {
          // Swift 4 and earlier failed to diagnose a reference to a mutating
          // method without any applications at all, which would get
          // miscompiled into a function with undefined behavior. Warn for
          // source compatibility.
          bool isWarning = !getASTContext().isSwiftVersionAtLeast(5);
          (void)recordFix(
              AllowInvalidPartialApplication::create(isWarning, *this, locator));
        } else if (level == 1) {
          // `Self` parameter is applied, e.g. `foo.bar` or `Foo.bar(&foo)`
          (void)recordFix(AllowInvalidPartialApplication::create(
              /*isWarning=*/false, *this, locator));
        }

        // Otherwise both `Self` and arguments are applied,
        // e.g. `foo.bar()` or `Foo.bar(&foo)()`, and there is nothing to do.
      }
    }

    // If we have a macro, check for correct usage.
    if (auto macro = dyn_cast<MacroDecl>(decl)) {
      // Macro can only be used in an expansion. If we end up here, it's
      // because we found a macro but are missing the leading '#'.
      if (!locator->isForMacroExpansion()) {
        // Record a fix here
        (void)recordFix(MacroMissingPound::create(*this, macro, locator));
      }
    }
  }

  // Note that we have resolved this overload.
  auto overload = SelectedOverload{
      choice, openedType, adjustedOpenedType, refType, adjustedRefType,
      boundType};
  auto result = ResolvedOverloads.insert({locator, overload});
  assert(result.second && "Already resolved this overload?");
  (void)result;

  // Add the constraints necessary to bind the overload type.
  bindOverloadType(overload, boundType, locator, useDC,
                   verifyThatArgumentIsHashable);

  if (isDebugMode()) {
    PrintOptions PO;
    PO.PrintTypesForDebugging = true;

    auto &log = llvm::errs();
    log.indent(solverState ? solverState->getCurrentIndent() : 2);
    log << "(overload set choice binding ";
    boundType->print(log, PO);
    log << " := ";
    adjustedRefType->print(log, PO);

    auto openedAtLoc = getOpenedTypes(locator);
    if (!openedAtLoc.empty()) {
      log << " [";
      llvm::interleave(
          openedAtLoc.begin(), openedAtLoc.end(),
          [&](OpenedType opened) {
            opened.second->getImpl().getGenericParameter()->print(log, PO);
            log << " := ";
            Type(opened.second).print(log, PO);
          },
          [&]() { log << ", "; });
      log << "]";
    }
    log << ")\n";
  }

  if (auto *decl = choice.getDeclOrNull()) {
    // If the declaration is unavailable, note that in the score.
    if (isDeclUnavailable(decl, locator))
      increaseScore(SK_Unavailable);

    // If this overload is disfavored, note that.
    if (decl->getAttrs().hasAttribute<DisfavoredOverloadAttr>())
      increaseScore(SK_DisfavoredOverload);
  }

  if (choice.isFallbackMemberOnUnwrappedBase()) {
    increaseScore(SK_UnresolvedMemberViaOptional);
  }
}

namespace {

struct TypeSimplifier {
  const ConstraintSystem &CS;
  llvm::function_ref<Type(TypeVariableType *)> GetFixedTypeFn;

  struct ActivePackExpansion {
    bool isPackExpansion = false;
    unsigned index = 0;
  };
  SmallVector<ActivePackExpansion, 4> ActivePackExpansions;

  TypeSimplifier(const ConstraintSystem &CS,
                 llvm::function_ref<Type(TypeVariableType *)> getFixedTypeFn)
    : CS(CS), GetFixedTypeFn(getFixedTypeFn) {}

  Type operator()(Type type) {
    if (auto tvt = dyn_cast<TypeVariableType>(type.getPointer())) {
      auto fixedTy = GetFixedTypeFn(tvt);

      // TODO: the following logic should be applied when rewriting
      // PackElementType.
      if (ActivePackExpansions.empty()) {
        return fixedTy;
      }

      if (auto fixedPack = fixedTy->getAs<PackType>()) {
        auto &activeExpansion = ActivePackExpansions.back();
        if (activeExpansion.index >= fixedPack->getNumElements()) {
          return tvt;
        }

        auto fixedElt = fixedPack->getElementType(activeExpansion.index);
        auto fixedExpansion = fixedElt->getAs<PackExpansionType>();
        if (activeExpansion.isPackExpansion && fixedExpansion) {
          return fixedExpansion->getPatternType();
        } else if (!activeExpansion.isPackExpansion && !fixedExpansion) {
          return fixedElt;
        } else {
          return tvt;
        }
      }

      return fixedTy;
    }

    if (auto tuple = dyn_cast<TupleType>(type.getPointer())) {
      if (tuple->getNumElements() == 1) {
        auto element = tuple->getElement(0);
        auto elementType = element.getType();
        auto resolvedType = elementType.transform(*this);

        // If this is a single-element tuple with pack expansion
        // variable inside, let's unwrap it if pack is flattened.
        if (!element.hasName()) {
          if (auto *typeVar = elementType->getAs<TypeVariableType>()) {
            if (typeVar->getImpl().isPackExpansion() &&
                !resolvedType->isEqual(typeVar) &&
                !resolvedType->is<PackExpansionType>() &&
                !resolvedType->is<PackType>()) {
              return resolvedType;
            }
          }
        }

        // Flatten single-element tuples containing type variables that cannot
        // bind to packs.
        auto typeVar = resolvedType->getAs<TypeVariableType>();
        if (!element.hasName() && typeVar &&
            !typeVar->getImpl().canBindToPack() &&
            !typeVar->getImpl().isPackExpansion()) {
          return typeVar;
        }
      }
    }

    if (auto expansion = dyn_cast<PackExpansionType>(type.getPointer())) {
      auto patternType = expansion->getPatternType();
      // First, let's check whether pattern type has all of the type variables
      // that represent packs resolved, otherwise we don't have enough information
      // to flatten this pack expansion type.
      //
      // Note that we don't actually need to do deep transformation here
      // because pack variables can only appear in structural positions.
      if (patternType.findIf([&](Type type) {
            if (auto *typeVar = type->getAs<TypeVariableType>()) {
              if (typeVar->getImpl().canBindToPack())
                return GetFixedTypeFn(typeVar)->is<TypeVariableType>();
            }
            return false;
          })) {
        return expansion;
      }

      // Transform the count type, ignoring any active pack expansions.
      auto countType = expansion->getCountType().transform(
          TypeSimplifier(CS, GetFixedTypeFn));

      // If both pattern and count are resolves, let's just return
      // the pattern type for `transformWithPosition` to take care
      // of the rest.
      if (patternType->is<PackType>() && countType->is<PackType>())
        return patternType;

      if (auto countPack = countType->getAs<PackType>()) {
        SmallVector<Type, 4> elts;
        ActivePackExpansions.push_back({false, 0});
        for (auto countElt : countPack->getElementTypes()) {
          auto countExpansion = countElt->getAs<PackExpansionType>();
          ActivePackExpansions.back().isPackExpansion =
            (countExpansion != nullptr);

          auto elt = expansion->getPatternType().transform(*this);
          if (countExpansion)
            elt = PackExpansionType::get(elt, countExpansion->getCountType());
          elts.push_back(elt);

          ActivePackExpansions.back().index++;
        }
        ActivePackExpansions.pop_back();

        if (elts.size() == 1)
          return elts[0];
        return PackType::get(CS.getASTContext(), elts);
      } else {
        ActivePackExpansions.push_back({true, 0});
        auto patternType = expansion->getPatternType().transform(*this);
        ActivePackExpansions.pop_back();
        return PackExpansionType::get(patternType, countType);
      }
    }

    // If this is a dependent member type for which we end up simplifying
    // the base to a non-type-variable, perform lookup.
    if (auto depMemTy = dyn_cast<DependentMemberType>(type.getPointer())) {
      // Simplify the base.
      Type newBase = depMemTy->getBase().transform(*this);

      if (newBase->isPlaceholder()) {
        return PlaceholderType::get(CS.getASTContext(), depMemTy);
      }

      // If nothing changed, we're done.
      if (newBase.getPointer() == depMemTy->getBase().getPointer())
        return type;

      // Dependent member types should only be created for associated types.
      auto assocType = depMemTy->getAssocType();
      assert(depMemTy->getAssocType() && "Expected associated type!");

      // FIXME: It's kind of weird in general that we have to look
      // through lvalue, inout and IUO types here
      Type lookupBaseType = newBase->getWithoutSpecifierType();
      if (auto selfType = lookupBaseType->getAs<DynamicSelfType>())
        lookupBaseType = selfType->getSelfType();

      if (lookupBaseType->mayHaveMembers() ||
          lookupBaseType->is<PackType>()) {
        auto *proto = assocType->getProtocol();
        auto conformance = CS.DC->getParentModule()->lookupConformance(
          lookupBaseType, proto);
        if (!conformance) {
          // If the base type doesn't conform to the associatedtype's protocol,
          // there will be a missing conformance fix applied in diagnostic mode,
          // so the concrete dependent member type is considered a "hole" in
          // order to continue solving.
          auto memberTy = DependentMemberType::get(lookupBaseType, assocType);
          if (CS.shouldAttemptFixes() &&
              CS.getPhase() == ConstraintSystemPhase::Solving) {
            return PlaceholderType::get(CS.getASTContext(), memberTy);
          }

          return memberTy;
        }

        auto result = conformance.getAssociatedType(
            lookupBaseType, assocType->getDeclaredInterfaceType());
        if (!result->hasError())
          return result;
      }

      return DependentMemberType::get(lookupBaseType, assocType);
    }

    return type;
  }
};

} // end anonymous namespace

Type ConstraintSystem::simplifyTypeImpl(Type type,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(TypeVariableType *)> getFixedTypeFn) const {
  return type.transform(TypeSimplifier(*this, getFixedTypeFn));
}

Type ConstraintSystem::simplifyType(Type type) const {
  if (!type->hasTypeVariable())
    return type;

  // Map type variables down to the fixed types of their representatives.
  return simplifyTypeImpl(type,
      [&](TypeVariableType *tvt) -> Type {
        if (auto fixed = getFixedType(tvt))
          return simplifyType(fixed);

        return getRepresentative(tvt);
      });
}

void Solution::recordSingleArgMatchingChoice(ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  auto &cs = getConstraintSystem();
  assert(argumentMatchingChoices.find(locator) ==
             argumentMatchingChoices.end() &&
         "recording multiple bindings for same locator");
  argumentMatchingChoices.insert(
      {cs.getConstraintLocator(locator, ConstraintLocator::ApplyArgument),
       MatchCallArgumentResult::forArity(1)});
}

Type Solution::simplifyType(Type type) const {
  if (!(type->hasTypeVariable() || type->hasPlaceholder()))
    return type;

  // Map type variables to fixed types from bindings.
  auto &cs = getConstraintSystem();
  auto resolvedType = cs.simplifyTypeImpl(
      type, [&](TypeVariableType *tvt) -> Type { return getFixedType(tvt); });

  // Placeholders shouldn't be reachable through a solution, they are only
  // useful to determine what went wrong exactly.
  if (resolvedType->hasPlaceholder()) {
    return resolvedType.transform([&](Type type) {
      return type->isPlaceholder() ? Type(cs.getASTContext().TheUnresolvedType)
                                   : type;
    });
  }

  return resolvedType;
}

Type Solution::simplifyTypeForCodeCompletion(Type Ty) const {
  auto &CS = getConstraintSystem();

  // First, instantiate all type variables that we know, but don't replace
  // placeholders by unresolved types.
  Ty = CS.simplifyTypeImpl(Ty, [this](TypeVariableType *typeVar) -> Type {
    return getFixedType(typeVar);
  });

  // Next, replace all placeholders by type variables. We know that all type
  // variables now in the type originate from placeholders.
  Ty = Ty.transform([](Type type) -> Type {
    if (auto *placeholder = type->getAs<PlaceholderType>()) {
      if (auto *typeVar =
              placeholder->getOriginator().dyn_cast<TypeVariableType *>()) {
        return typeVar;
      }
    }

    return type;
  });

  // Replace all type variables (which must come from placeholders) by their
  // generic parameters. Because we call into simplifyTypeImpl
  Ty = CS.simplifyTypeImpl(Ty, [&CS, this](TypeVariableType *typeVar) -> Type {
    // Code completion depends on generic parameter type being represented in
    // terms of `ArchetypeType` since it's easy to extract protocol requirements
    // from it.
    auto getTypeVarAsArchetype = [](TypeVariableType *typeVar) -> Type {
      if (auto *GP = typeVar->getImpl().getGenericParameter()) {
        if (auto *GPD = GP->getDecl()) {
          return GPD->getInnermostDeclContext()->mapTypeIntoContext(GP);
        }
      }
      return Type();
    };

    if (auto archetype = getTypeVarAsArchetype(typeVar)) {
      return archetype;
    }

    // Sometimes the type variable itself doesn't have have an originator that
    // can be replaced by an archetype but one of its equivalent type variable
    // does.
    // Search thorough all equivalent type variables, looking for one that can
    // be replaced by a generic parameter.
    std::vector<std::pair<TypeVariableType *, Type>> bindings(
        typeBindings.begin(), typeBindings.end());
    // Make sure we iterate the bindings in a deterministic order.
    llvm::sort(bindings, [](const std::pair<TypeVariableType *, Type> &lhs,
                            const std::pair<TypeVariableType *, Type> &rhs) {
      return lhs.first->getID() < rhs.first->getID();
    });
    for (auto binding : bindings) {
      if (auto placeholder = binding.second->getAs<PlaceholderType>()) {
        if (placeholder->getOriginator().dyn_cast<TypeVariableType *>() ==
            typeVar) {
          if (auto archetype = getTypeVarAsArchetype(binding.first)) {
            return archetype;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // When applying the logic below to get contextual types inside result
    // builders, the code completion type variable is connected by a one-way
    // constraint to a type variable in the buildBlock call, but that is not the
    // type variable that represents the argument type. We need to find the type
    // variable representing the argument to retrieve protocol requirements from
    // it. Look for a ArgumentConversion constraint that allows us to retrieve
    // the argument type var.
    for (auto argConstraint :
         CS.getConstraintGraph()[typeVar].getConstraints()) {
      if (argConstraint->getKind() == ConstraintKind::ArgumentConversion &&
          argConstraint->getFirstType()->getRValueType()->isEqual(typeVar)) {
        if (auto argTV =
                argConstraint->getSecondType()->getAs<TypeVariableType>()) {
          if (auto archetype = getTypeVarAsArchetype(argTV)) {
            return archetype;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    return typeVar;
  });

  // Logic to determine the contextual type inside buildBlock result builders:
  //
  // When completing inside a result builder, the result builder
  //   @ViewBuilder var body: some View {
  //     Text("Foo")
  //     #^COMPLETE^#
  //   }
  // gets rewritten to
  //   @ViewBuilder var body: some View {
  //     let $__builder2: Text
  //     let $__builder0 = Text("Foo")
  //     let $__builder1 = #^COMPLETE^#
  //     $__builder2 = ViewBuilder.buildBlock($__builder0, $__builder1)
  //     return $__builder2
  //   }
  // Inside the constraint system
  //     let $__builder1 = #^COMPLETE^#
  // gets type checked without context, so we can't know the contextual type for
  // the code completion token. But we know that $__builder1 (and thus the type
  // of #^COMPLETE^#) is used as the second argument to ViewBuilder.buildBlock,
  // so we can extract the contextual type from that call. To do this, figure
  // out the type variable that is used for $__builder1 in the buildBlock call.
  // This type variable is connected to the type variable of $__builder1's
  // definition by a one-way constraint.
  if (auto TV = Ty->getAs<TypeVariableType>()) {
    for (auto constraint : CS.getConstraintGraph()[TV].getConstraints()) {
      if (constraint->getKind() == ConstraintKind::OneWayEqual &&
          constraint->getSecondType()->isEqual(TV)) {
        return simplifyTypeForCodeCompletion(constraint->getFirstType());
      }
    }
  }

  // Remove any remaining type variables and placeholders
  Ty = simplifyType(Ty);

  return Ty->getRValueType();
}

size_t Solution::getTotalMemory() const {
  return sizeof(*this) + typeBindings.getMemorySize() +
         overloadChoices.getMemorySize() +
         ConstraintRestrictions.getMemorySize() +
         llvm::capacity_in_bytes(Fixes) + DisjunctionChoices.getMemorySize() +
         OpenedTypes.getMemorySize() + OpenedExistentialTypes.getMemorySize() +
         (DefaultedConstraints.size() * sizeof(void *)) +
         ImplicitCallAsFunctionRoots.getMemorySize();
}

DeclContext *Solution::getDC() const { return constraintSystem->DC; }

DeclName OverloadChoice::getName() const {
  switch (getKind()) {
    case OverloadChoiceKind::Decl:
    case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaDynamic:
    case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaBridge:
    case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaUnwrappedOptional:
      return getDecl()->getName();

    case OverloadChoiceKind::KeyPathApplication:
      // TODO: This should probably produce subscript(keyPath:), but we
      // don't currently pre-filter subscript overload sets by argument
      // keywords, so "subscript" is still the name that keypath subscripts
      // are looked up by.
      return DeclBaseName::createSubscript();

    case OverloadChoiceKind::DynamicMemberLookup:
    case OverloadChoiceKind::KeyPathDynamicMemberLookup:
      return DeclName(DynamicMember.getPointer());

    case OverloadChoiceKind::MaterializePack:
    case OverloadChoiceKind::TupleIndex:
      llvm_unreachable("no name!");
  }

  llvm_unreachable("Unhandled OverloadChoiceKind in switch.");
}

llvm::Optional<IUOReferenceKind>
OverloadChoice::getIUOReferenceKind(ConstraintSystem &cs,
                                    bool forSecondApplication) const {
  auto *decl = getDeclOrNull();
  if (!decl || !decl->isImplicitlyUnwrappedOptional())
    return llvm::None;

  // If this isn't an IUO return () -> T!, it's an IUO value.
  if (!decl->getInterfaceType()->is<AnyFunctionType>())
    return IUOReferenceKind::Value;

  auto refKind = getFunctionRefKind();
  assert(!forSecondApplication || refKind == FunctionRefKind::DoubleApply);

  switch (refKind) {
  case FunctionRefKind::Unapplied:
  case FunctionRefKind::Compound:
    // Such references never produce IUOs.
    return llvm::None;
  case FunctionRefKind::SingleApply:
  case FunctionRefKind::DoubleApply: {
    // Check whether this is a curried function reference e.g
    // (Self) -> (Args...) -> Ret. Such a function reference can only produce
    // an IUO on the second application.
    auto isCurried = decl->hasCurriedSelf() && !hasAppliedSelf(cs, *this);
    if (forSecondApplication != isCurried)
      return llvm::None;
    break;
  }
  }
  return IUOReferenceKind::ReturnValue;
}

SolutionResult ConstraintSystem::salvage() {
  if (isDebugMode()) {
    llvm::errs() << "---Attempting to salvage and emit diagnostics---\n";
  }

  setPhase(ConstraintSystemPhase::Diagnostics);

  // Attempt to solve again, capturing all states that come from our attempts to
  // select overloads or bind type variables.
  //
  // FIXME: can this be removed?  We need to arrange for recordFixes to be
  // eliminated.
  SmallVector<Solution, 2> viable;
  viable.clear();

  {
    // Set up solver state.
    SolverState state(*this, FreeTypeVariableBinding::Disallow);
    state.recordFixes = true;

    // Solve the system.
    solveImpl(viable);

    // If we hit a threshold, we're done.
    if (isTooComplex(viable))
      return SolutionResult::forTooComplex(getTooComplexRange());

    // Before removing any "fixed" solutions, let's check
    // if ambiguity is caused by fixes and diagnose if possible.
    if (diagnoseAmbiguityWithFixes(viable))
      return SolutionResult::forAmbiguous(viable);

    // Check whether we have a best solution; this can happen if we found
    // a series of fixes that worked.
    if (auto best = findBestSolution(viable, /*minimize=*/true)) {
      if (*best != 0)
        viable[0] = std::move(viable[*best]);
      viable.erase(viable.begin() + 1, viable.end());
      return SolutionResult::forSolved(std::move(viable[0]));
    }

    // FIXME: If we were able to actually fix things along the way,
    // we may have to hunt for the best solution. For now, we don't care.

    // Remove solutions that require fixes; the fixes in those systems should
    // be diagnosed rather than any ambiguity.
    auto hasFixes = [](const Solution &sol) { return !sol.Fixes.empty(); };
    auto newEnd = std::remove_if(viable.begin(), viable.end(), hasFixes);
    viable.erase(newEnd, viable.end());

    // If there are multiple solutions, try to diagnose an ambiguity.
    if (viable.size() > 1) {
      if (isDebugMode()) {
        auto &log = llvm::errs();
        log << "---Ambiguity error: " << viable.size()
            << " solutions found---\n";
        int i = 0;
        for (auto &solution : viable) {
          log << "---Ambiguous solution #" << i++ << "---\n";
          solution.dump(log, solverState->getCurrentIndent());
          log << "\n";
        }
      }

      if (diagnoseAmbiguity(viable)) {
        return SolutionResult::forAmbiguous(viable);
      }
    }

    // Fall through to produce diagnostics.
  }

  // Could not produce a specific diagnostic; punt to the client.
  return SolutionResult::forUndiagnosedError();
}

static void diagnoseOperatorAmbiguity(ConstraintSystem &cs,
                                      Identifier operatorName,
                                      ArrayRef<Solution> solutions,
                                      ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  auto &ctx = cs.getASTContext();
  auto &DE = ctx.Diags;
  auto *anchor = castToExpr(locator->getAnchor());
  auto *applyExpr = cast<ApplyExpr>(cs.getParentExpr(anchor));

  auto isEnumWithAssociatedValues = [](Type type) -> bool {
    if (auto *enumType = type->getAs<EnumType>())
      return !enumType->getDecl()->hasOnlyCasesWithoutAssociatedValues();
    return false;
  };

  const auto &solution = solutions.front();
  if (auto *binaryOp = dyn_cast<BinaryExpr>(applyExpr)) {
    auto *lhs = binaryOp->getLHS();
    auto *rhs = binaryOp->getRHS();

    auto lhsType =
        solution.simplifyType(solution.getType(lhs))->getRValueType();
    auto rhsType =
        solution.simplifyType(solution.getType(rhs))->getRValueType();

    if (lhsType->isEqual(rhsType)) {
      DE.diagnose(anchor->getLoc(), diag::cannot_apply_binop_to_same_args,
                  operatorName.str(), lhsType)
          .highlight(lhs->getSourceRange())
          .highlight(rhs->getSourceRange());

      if (isStandardComparisonOperator(binaryOp->getFn()) &&
          isEnumWithAssociatedValues(lhsType)) {
        DE.diagnose(applyExpr->getLoc(),
                    diag::no_binary_op_overload_for_enum_with_payload,
                    operatorName.str());
        return;
      }
    } else if (operatorName == ctx.Id_MatchOperator) {
      DE.diagnose(anchor->getLoc(), diag::cannot_match_expr_pattern_with_value,
                  lhsType, rhsType);
    } else {
      DE.diagnose(anchor->getLoc(), diag::cannot_apply_binop_to_args,
                  operatorName.str(), lhsType, rhsType)
          .highlight(lhs->getSourceRange())
          .highlight(rhs->getSourceRange());
    }
  } else {
    auto *arg = applyExpr->getArgs()->getUnlabeledUnaryExpr();
    assert(arg && "Expected a unary arg");
    auto argType = solution.simplifyType(solution.getType(arg));
    DE.diagnose(anchor->getLoc(), diag::cannot_apply_unop_to_arg,
                operatorName.str(), argType->getRValueType());
  }

  std::set<std::string> parameters;
  for (const auto &solution : solutions) {
    auto overload = solution.getOverloadChoice(locator);
    auto overloadType = overload.adjustedOpenedType;
    // Let's suggest only concrete overloads here.
    // Notes are going to take care of the rest,
    // since printing types like `(Self, Self)` is not
    // really useful.
    if (overloadType->hasTypeVariable())
      continue;

    auto overloadFnTy = overloadType->getAs<FunctionType>();
    if (!overloadFnTy)
      continue;

    // If arguments to all parameters have been fixed then there is nothing
    // to note about in this overload.
    std::set<unsigned> fixedParams;
    llvm::for_each(solution.Fixes, [&](const ConstraintFix *fix) {
      auto *locator = fix->getLocator();
      if (getAsExpr(locator->getAnchor()) != applyExpr)
        return;

      if (auto argLoc = locator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgToParam>()) {
        fixedParams.insert(argLoc->getParamIdx());
      }
    });

    if (fixedParams.size() == overloadFnTy->getNumParams())
      continue;

    parameters.insert(
        FunctionType::getParamListAsString(overloadFnTy->getParams()));
  }

  // All of the overload choices had generic parameters like `Self`.
  if (parameters.empty())
    return;

  DE.diagnose(anchor->getLoc(), diag::suggest_partial_overloads,
              /*isResult=*/false, operatorName.str(),
              llvm::join(parameters, ", "));
}

std::string swift::describeGenericType(ValueDecl *GP, bool includeName) {
  if (!GP)
    return "";

  Decl *parent = nullptr;
  if (auto *AT = dyn_cast<AssociatedTypeDecl>(GP)) {
    parent = AT->getProtocol();
  } else {
    auto *dc = GP->getDeclContext();
    parent = dc->getInnermostDeclarationDeclContext();
  }

  if (!parent)
    return "";

  llvm::SmallString<64> result;
  llvm::raw_svector_ostream OS(result);

  OS << Decl::getDescriptiveKindName(GP->getDescriptiveKind());

  if (includeName && GP->hasName())
    OS << " '" << GP->getBaseName() << "'";

  OS << " of ";
  OS << Decl::getDescriptiveKindName(parent->getDescriptiveKind());
  if (auto *decl = dyn_cast<ValueDecl>(parent)) {
    if (decl->hasName())
      OS << " '" << decl->getName() << "'";
  }

  return OS.str().str();
}

/// Special handling of conflicts associated with generic arguments.
///
/// func foo<T>(_: T, _: T) {}
/// func bar(x: Int, y: Float) {
///   foo(x, y)
/// }
///
/// It's done by first retrieving all generic parameters from each solution,
/// filtering bindings into a distinct set and diagnosing any differences.
static bool diagnoseConflictingGenericArguments(ConstraintSystem &cs,
                                                const SolutionDiff &diff,
                                                ArrayRef<Solution> solutions) {
  if (!diff.overloads.empty())
    return false;

  bool noFixes = llvm::all_of(solutions, [](const Solution &solution) -> bool {
     const auto score = solution.getFixedScore();
     return score.Data[SK_Fix] == 0 && solution.Fixes.empty();
  });

  bool allMismatches =
      llvm::all_of(solutions, [](const Solution &solution) -> bool {
        return llvm::all_of(
            solution.Fixes, [](const ConstraintFix *fix) -> bool {
              return fix->getKind() == FixKind::AllowArgumentTypeMismatch ||
                     fix->getKind() == FixKind::AllowFunctionTypeMismatch ||
                     fix->getKind() == FixKind::AllowTupleTypeMismatch ||
                     fix->getKind() == FixKind::GenericArgumentsMismatch ||
                     fix->getKind() == FixKind::InsertCall ||
                     fix->getKind() == FixKind::IgnoreCollectionElementContextualMismatch;
            });
      });

  if (!noFixes && !allMismatches)
    return false;

  auto &DE = cs.getASTContext().Diags;

  llvm::SmallDenseMap<TypeVariableType *,
                      std::pair<GenericTypeParamType *, SourceLoc>, 4>
      genericParams;
  // Consider all representative type variables across all solutions.
  for (auto &solution : solutions) {
    for (auto &typeBinding : solution.typeBindings) {
      auto *typeVar = typeBinding.first;
      if (auto *GP = typeVar->getImpl().getGenericParameter()) {
        auto *locator = typeVar->getImpl().getLocator();
        auto *repr = cs.getRepresentative(typeVar);
        // If representative is another generic parameter let's
        // use its generic parameter type instead of originator's,
        // but it's possible that generic parameter is equated to
        // some other type e.g.
        //
        // func foo<T>(_: T) -> T {}
        //
        // In this case when reference to function `foo` is "opened"
        // type variable representing `T` would be equated to
        // type variable representing a result type of the reference.
        if (auto *reprGP = repr->getImpl().getGenericParameter())
          GP = reprGP;

        genericParams[repr] = {GP, getLoc(locator->getAnchor())};
      }
    }
  }

  llvm::SmallDenseMap<std::pair<GenericTypeParamType *, SourceLoc>,
                      SmallVector<Type, 4>>
      conflicts;

  for (const auto &entry : genericParams) {
    auto *typeVar = entry.first;
    auto GP = entry.second;

    llvm::SmallSetVector<Type, 4> arguments;
    for (const auto &solution : solutions) {
      auto type = solution.typeBindings.lookup(typeVar);
      // Type variables gathered from a solution's type binding context may not
      // exist in another given solution because some solutions may have
      // additional type variables not present in other solutions due to taking
      // different paths in the solver.
      if (!type)
        continue;

      // Contextual opaque result type is uniquely identified by
      // declaration it's associated with, so we have to compare
      // declarations instead of using pointer equality on such types.
      if (auto *opaque = type->getAs<OpaqueTypeArchetypeType>()) {
        auto *decl = opaque->getDecl();
        arguments.remove_if([&](Type argType) -> bool {
          if (auto *otherOpaque = argType->getAs<OpaqueTypeArchetypeType>()) {
            return decl == otherOpaque->getDecl();
          }
          return false;
        });
      }

      arguments.insert(type);
    }

    if (arguments.size() > 1)
      conflicts[GP].append(arguments.begin(), arguments.end());
  }

  auto getGenericTypeDecl = [&](ArchetypeType *archetype) -> ValueDecl * {
    auto type = archetype->getInterfaceType();

    if (auto *GTPT = type->getAs<GenericTypeParamType>())
      return GTPT->getDecl();

    if (auto *DMT = type->getAs<DependentMemberType>())
      return DMT->getAssocType();

    return nullptr;
  };

  bool diagnosed = false;
  for (auto &conflict : conflicts) {
    SourceLoc loc;
    GenericTypeParamType *GP;

    std::tie(GP, loc) = conflict.first;
    auto conflictingArguments = conflict.second;

    // If there are any substitutions that are not fully resolved
    // solutions cannot be considered conflicting for the given parameter.
    if (llvm::any_of(conflictingArguments,
                     [](const auto &arg) { return arg->hasPlaceholder(); }))
      continue;

    llvm::SmallString<64> arguments;
    llvm::raw_svector_ostream OS(arguments);

    interleave(
        conflictingArguments,
        [&](Type argType) {
          OS << "'" << argType << "'";

          if (auto *opaque = argType->getAs<OpaqueTypeArchetypeType>()) {
            auto *decl = opaque->getDecl()->getNamingDecl();
            OS << " (result type of '" << decl->getBaseName().userFacingName()
               << "')";
            return;
          }

          if (auto archetype = argType->getAs<ArchetypeType>()) {
            if (auto *GTD = getGenericTypeDecl(archetype))
              OS << " (" << describeGenericType(GTD) << ")";
          }
        },
        [&OS] { OS << " vs. "; });

    DE.diagnose(loc, diag::conflicting_arguments_for_generic_parameter, GP,
                OS.str());
    diagnosed = true;
  }

  return diagnosed;
}

/// Diagnose ambiguity related to overloaded declarations where only
/// *some* of the overload choices have ephemeral pointer warnings/errors
/// associated with them. Such situations have be handled specifically
/// because ephemeral fixes do not affect the score.
///
/// If all of the overloads have ephemeral fixes associated with them
/// it's much easier to diagnose through notes associated with each fix.
static bool
diagnoseAmbiguityWithEphemeralPointers(ConstraintSystem &cs,
                                       ArrayRef<Solution> solutions) {
  unsigned numSolutionsWithFixes = 0;
  for (const auto &solution : solutions) {
    if (solution.Fixes.empty()) {
      continue;
    }

    if (!llvm::all_of(solution.Fixes, [](const ConstraintFix *fix) {
          return fix->getKind() == FixKind::TreatEphemeralAsNonEphemeral;
        }))
      return false;

    numSolutionsWithFixes += 1;
  }

  // If all or no solutions have fixes for ephemeral pointers, let's
  // let `diagnoseAmbiguityWithFixes` diagnose the problem.
  if (numSolutionsWithFixes == 0 ||
      numSolutionsWithFixes == solutions.size())
    return false;

  // If only some of the solutions have ephemeral pointer fixes
  // let's let `diagnoseAmbiguity` diagnose the problem either
  // with affected argument or related declaration e.g. function ref.
  return cs.diagnoseAmbiguity(solutions);
}

static bool diagnoseAmbiguityWithContextualType(
    ConstraintSystem &cs, SolutionDiff &solutionDiff,
    ArrayRef<std::pair<const Solution *, const ConstraintFix *>> aggregateFix,
    ArrayRef<Solution> solutions) {
  // Diagnose only if contextual failure is associated with every solution.
  if (aggregateFix.size() < solutions.size())
    return false;

  auto getResultType =
      [](const std::pair<const Solution *, const ConstraintFix *> &entry)
      -> Type {
    auto &solution = *entry.first;
    auto anchor = entry.second->getLocator()->getAnchor();
    return solution.simplifyType(solution.getType(anchor));
  };

  auto resultType = getResultType(aggregateFix.front());
  // If right-hand side of the conversion (result of the AST node)
  // is the same across all of the solutions let's diagnose it as if
  // it it as a single failure.
  if (llvm::all_of(
          aggregateFix,
          [&](const std::pair<const Solution *, const ConstraintFix *> &entry) {
            return resultType->isEqual(getResultType(entry));
          })) {
    auto &fix = aggregateFix.front();
    return fix.second->diagnose(*fix.first, /*asNote=*/false);
  }

  // If result types are different it could only mean that this is an attempt
  // to convert a reference to, or call of overloaded declaration to a
  // particular type.

  auto &solution = *aggregateFix.front().first;
  auto *locator = aggregateFix.front().second->getLocator();
  auto *calleeLocator = solution.getCalleeLocator(locator);

  auto result =
      llvm::find_if(solutionDiff.overloads,
                    [&calleeLocator](const SolutionDiff::OverloadDiff &entry) {
                      return entry.locator == calleeLocator;
                    });

  if (result == solutionDiff.overloads.end())
    return false;

  auto &DE = cs.getASTContext().Diags;

  auto anchor = locator->getAnchor();
  auto name = result->choices.front().getName();
  auto contextualTy = solution.getContextualType(anchor);

  // In some situations `getContextualType` for a contextual type
  // locator is going to return then empty type. This happens because
  // e.g. optional-some patterns and patterns with incorrect type don't
  // have a contextual type for initialization expression but use
  // a conversion with contextual locator nevertheless to indicate
  // the purpose. This doesn't affect non-ambiguity diagnostics
  // because mismatches carry both `from` and `to` types.
  if (!contextualTy)
    return false;

  DE.diagnose(getLoc(anchor),
              contextualTy->is<ProtocolType>()
                  ? diag::no_overloads_have_result_type_conformance
                  : diag::no_candidates_match_result_type,
              name.getBaseName().userFacingName(), contextualTy);

  for (const auto &solution : solutions) {
    auto overload = solution.getOverloadChoice(calleeLocator);
    if (auto *decl = overload.choice.getDeclOrNull()) {
      auto type = solution.simplifyType(overload.boundType);

      if (isExpr<ApplyExpr>(anchor) || isExpr<SubscriptExpr>(anchor)) {
        auto fnType = type->castTo<FunctionType>();
        DE.diagnose(
            decl,
            contextualTy->is<ProtocolType>()
                ? diag::overload_result_type_does_not_conform
                : diag::cannot_convert_candidate_result_to_contextual_type,
            decl->getName(), fnType->getResult(), contextualTy);
      } else {
        DE.diagnose(decl, diag::found_candidate_type, type);
      }
    }
  }

  return true;
}

/// Diagnose problems with generic requirement fixes that are anchored on
/// one callee location. The list could contain different kinds of fixes
/// i.e. missing protocol conformances at different positions,
/// same-type requirement mismatches, etc.
static bool diagnoseAmbiguityWithGenericRequirements(
    ConstraintSystem &cs,
    ArrayRef<std::pair<const Solution *, const ConstraintFix *>> aggregate) {
  // If all of the fixes point to the same overload choice,
  // we can diagnose this an a single error.
  bool hasNonDeclOverloads = false;

  llvm::SmallSet<ValueDecl *, 4> overloadChoices;
  for (const auto &entry : aggregate) {
    const auto &solution = *entry.first;
    auto *calleeLocator = solution.getCalleeLocator(entry.second->getLocator());

    if (auto overload = solution.getOverloadChoiceIfAvailable(calleeLocator)) {
      if (auto *D = overload->choice.getDeclOrNull()) {
        overloadChoices.insert(D);
      } else {
        hasNonDeclOverloads = true;
      }
    }
  }

  auto &primaryFix = aggregate.front();
  {
    if (overloadChoices.size() > 0) {
      // Some of the choices are non-declaration,
      // let's delegate that to ambiguity diagnostics.
      if (hasNonDeclOverloads)
        return false;

      if (overloadChoices.size() == 1)
        return primaryFix.second->diagnose(*primaryFix.first);

      // fall through to the tailored ambiguity diagnostic.
    } else {
      // If there are no overload choices it means that
      // the issue is with types, delegate that to the primary fix.
      return primaryFix.second->diagnoseForAmbiguity(aggregate);
    }
  }

  // Produce "no exact matches" diagnostic.
  auto &ctx = cs.getASTContext();
  auto *choice = *overloadChoices.begin();
  auto name = choice->getName();

  ctx.Diags.diagnose(getLoc(primaryFix.second->getLocator()->getAnchor()),
                     diag::no_overloads_match_exactly_in_call,
                     /*isApplication=*/false, choice->getDescriptiveKind(),
                     name.isSpecial(), name.getBaseName());

  for (const auto &entry : aggregate) {
    entry.second->diagnose(*entry.first, /*asNote=*/true);
  }

  return true;
}

static bool diagnoseAmbiguity(
    ConstraintSystem &cs, const SolutionDiff::OverloadDiff &ambiguity,
    ArrayRef<std::pair<const Solution *, const ConstraintFix *>> aggregateFix,
    ArrayRef<Solution> solutions) {
  auto *locator = aggregateFix.front().second->getLocator();
  auto anchor = aggregateFix.front().second->getAnchor();

  auto &DE = cs.getASTContext().Diags;

  llvm::SmallPtrSet<ValueDecl *, 4> localAmbiguity;
  {
    for (auto &entry : aggregateFix) {
      const auto &solution = entry.first;
      const auto &overload = solution->getOverloadChoice(ambiguity.locator);
      auto *choice = overload.choice.getDeclOrNull();

      // It's not possible to diagnose different kinds of overload choices.
      if (!choice)
        return false;

      localAmbiguity.insert(choice);
    }
  }

  if (localAmbiguity.empty())
    return false;

  // If all of the fixes are rooted in the same choice.
  if (localAmbiguity.size() == 1) {
    auto &primaryFix = aggregateFix.front();
    return primaryFix.second->diagnose(*primaryFix.first);
  }

  {
    auto fixKind = aggregateFix.front().second->getKind();
    if (llvm::all_of(
            aggregateFix, [&](const std::pair<const Solution *,
                                              const ConstraintFix *> &entry) {
              auto &fix = entry.second;
              return fix->getKind() == fixKind && fix->getLocator() == locator;
            })) {
      auto *primaryFix = aggregateFix.front().second;
      if (primaryFix->diagnoseForAmbiguity(aggregateFix))
        return true;
    }
  }

  auto *decl = *localAmbiguity.begin();
  auto *commonCalleeLocator = ambiguity.locator;

  bool diagnosed = true;
  {
    DiagnosticTransaction transaction(DE);

    auto commonAnchor = commonCalleeLocator->getAnchor();
    if (auto *callExpr = getAsExpr<CallExpr>(commonAnchor))
      commonAnchor = callExpr->getDirectCallee();

    const auto name = decl->getName();

    // Emit an error message for the ambiguity.
    if (locator->isForContextualType()) {
      auto baseName = name.getBaseName();
      DE.diagnose(getLoc(commonAnchor), diag::no_candidates_match_result_type,
                  baseName.userFacingName(),
                  cs.getContextualType(anchor, /*forConstraint=*/false));
    } else if (name.isOperator()) {
      auto *anchor = castToExpr(commonCalleeLocator->getAnchor());

      // If operator is "applied" e.g. `1 + 2` there are tailored
      // diagnostics in case of ambiguity, but if it's referenced
      // e.g. `arr.sort(by: <)` it's better to produce generic error
      // and a note per candidate.
      if (auto *parentExpr = cs.getParentExpr(anchor)) {
        if (auto *apply = dyn_cast<ApplyExpr>(parentExpr)) {
          if (apply->getFn() == anchor) {
            diagnoseOperatorAmbiguity(cs, name.getBaseIdentifier(), solutions,
                                      commonCalleeLocator);
            return true;
          }
        }
      }

      DE.diagnose(anchor->getLoc(), diag::no_overloads_match_exactly_in_call,
                  /*isApplication=*/false, decl->getDescriptiveKind(),
                  name.isSpecial(), name.getBaseName());
    } else {
      bool isApplication = llvm::any_of(solutions, [&](const auto &S) {
          return llvm::any_of(S.argumentLists, [&](const auto &pair) {
            return pair.first->getAnchor() == commonAnchor;
          });
      });

      DE.diagnose(getLoc(commonAnchor),
                  diag::no_overloads_match_exactly_in_call, isApplication,
                  decl->getDescriptiveKind(), name.isSpecial(),
                  name.getBaseName());
    }

    // Produce candidate notes
    SmallPtrSet<ValueDecl *, 4> distinctChoices;
    llvm::SmallSet<CanType, 4> candidateTypes;
    for (const auto &solution : solutions) {
      auto overload = solution.getOverloadChoice(commonCalleeLocator);
      auto *decl = overload.choice.getDecl();
      auto type = solution.simplifyType(overload.adjustedOpenedType);
      // Skip if we've already produced a note for this overload
      if (!distinctChoices.insert(decl).second)
        continue;

      auto noteLoc =
          decl->getLoc().isInvalid() ? getLoc(commonAnchor) : decl->getLoc();

      SmallVector<const ConstraintFix *, 4> fixes;
      for (const auto &entry : aggregateFix) {
        if (entry.first == &solution)
          fixes.push_back(entry.second);
      }

      auto emitGeneralFoundCandidateNote = [&]() {
        // Emit a general "found candidate" note
        if (decl->getLoc().isInvalid()) {
          if (candidateTypes.insert(type->getCanonicalType()).second)
            DE.diagnose(getLoc(commonAnchor), diag::found_candidate_type, type);
        } else {
          DE.diagnose(noteLoc, diag::found_candidate);
        }
      };

      if (fixes.size() == 1) {
        diagnosed &= fixes.front()->diagnose(solution, /*asNote*/ true);
      } else if (!fixes.empty() &&
                 llvm::all_of(fixes, [&](const ConstraintFix *fix) {
                   // Ignore coercion fixes in this context, to
                   // focus on the argument mismatches.
                   if (fix->getLocator()->isForCoercion())
                     return true;

                   return fix->getLocator()
                       ->findLast<LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgument>()
                       .has_value();
                 })) {
        // All fixes have to do with arguments, so let's show the parameter
        // lists.
        //
        // It's possible that function type is wrapped in an optional
        // if it's from `@objc optional` method, so we need to ignore that.
        auto *fn =
            type->lookThroughAllOptionalTypes()->getAs<AnyFunctionType>();
        assert(fn);

        auto first = llvm::find_if(fixes, [&](const ConstraintFix *fix) {
          return fix->getLocator()
              ->findLast<LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgument>()
              .has_value();
        });

        if (first != fixes.end()) {
          auto *argList = solution.getArgumentList((*first)->getLocator());
          assert(argList);

          if (fn->getNumParams() == 1 && argList->isUnary()) {
            const auto &param = fn->getParams()[0];
            auto argTy = solution.getResolvedType(argList->getUnaryExpr());

            DE.diagnose(noteLoc,
                        diag::candidate_has_invalid_argument_at_position,
                        solution.simplifyType(param.getPlainType()),
                        /*position=*/1, param.isInOut(), argTy);
          } else {
            DE.diagnose(noteLoc, diag::candidate_partial_match,
                        fn->getParamListAsString(fn->getParams()));
          }
        } else {
          // Only coercion ambiguity fixes.
          emitGeneralFoundCandidateNote();
        }
      } else {
        emitGeneralFoundCandidateNote();
      }
    }

    // If not all of the fixes produced a note, we can't diagnose this.
    if (!diagnosed)
      transaction.abort();
  }

  return diagnosed;
}

using FixInContext = std::pair<const Solution *, const ConstraintFix *>;

// Attempts to diagnose function call ambiguities of types inferred for a result
// generic parameter from contextual type and a closure argument that
// conflicting infer a different type for the same argument. Example:
//   func callit<T>(_ f: () -> T) -> T {
//     f()
//   }
//
//   func context() -> Int {
//     callit {
//       print("hello")
//     }
//   }
// Where generic argument `T` can be inferred both as `Int` from contextual
// result and `Void` from the closure argument result.
static bool diagnoseContextualFunctionCallGenericAmbiguity(
    ConstraintSystem &cs, ArrayRef<FixInContext> contextualFixes,
    ArrayRef<FixInContext> allFixes) {

  if (contextualFixes.empty())
    return false;

  auto contextualFix = contextualFixes.front();
  if (!std::all_of(contextualFixes.begin() + 1, contextualFixes.end(),
                   [&contextualFix](FixInContext fix) {
                     return fix.second->getLocator() ==
                            contextualFix.second->getLocator();
                   }))
    return false;

  auto fixLocator = contextualFix.second->getLocator();
  auto contextualAnchor = fixLocator->getAnchor();
  auto *AE = getAsExpr<ApplyExpr>(contextualAnchor);
  // All contextual failures anchored on the same function call.
  if (!AE)
    return false;

  auto fnLocator = cs.getConstraintLocator(AE->getSemanticFn());
  auto overload = contextualFix.first->getOverloadChoiceIfAvailable(fnLocator);
  if (!overload)
    return false;

  auto applyFnType = overload->adjustedOpenedType->castTo<FunctionType>();
  auto resultTypeVar = applyFnType->getResult()->getAs<TypeVariableType>();
  if (!resultTypeVar)
    return false;

  auto *GP = resultTypeVar->getImpl().getGenericParameter();
  if (!GP)
    return false;

  auto applyLoc =
      cs.getConstraintLocator(AE, {LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgument()});
  auto argMatching =
      contextualFix.first->argumentMatchingChoices.find(applyLoc);
  if (argMatching == contextualFix.first->argumentMatchingChoices.end()) {
    return false;
  }

  auto *args = AE->getArgs();
  llvm::SmallVector<ClosureExpr *, 2> closureArguments;
  for (auto i : indices(*args)) {
    auto *closure = getAsExpr<ClosureExpr>(args->getExpr(i));
    if (!closure)
      continue;

    auto argParamMatch = argMatching->second.parameterBindings[i];
    auto param = applyFnType->getParams()[argParamMatch.front()];
    auto paramFnType = param.getPlainType()->getAs<FunctionType>();
    if (!paramFnType)
      continue;

    if (cs.typeVarOccursInType(resultTypeVar, paramFnType->getResult()))
      closureArguments.push_back(closure);
  }

  // If no closure result's involves the generic parameter, just bail because we
  // won't find a conflict.
  if (closureArguments.empty())
    return false;

  // At least one closure where result type involves the generic parameter.
  // So let's try to collect the set of fixed types for the generic parameter
  // from all the closure contextual fix/solutions and if there are more than
  // one fixed type diagnose it.
  llvm::SmallSetVector<Type, 4> genericParamInferredTypes;
  for (auto &fix : contextualFixes)
    genericParamInferredTypes.insert(fix.first->getFixedType(resultTypeVar));

  if (llvm::all_of(allFixes, [&](FixInContext fix) {
        auto fixLocator = fix.second->getLocator();
        if (fixLocator->isForContextualType())
          return true;

        if (!(fix.second->getKind() == FixKind::IgnoreContextualType ||
              fix.second->getKind() == FixKind::AllowTupleTypeMismatch))
          return false;

        auto anchor = fixLocator->getAnchor();
        if (!(anchor == contextualAnchor ||
              fixLocator->isLastElement<LocatorPathElt::ClosureResult>() ||
              fixLocator->isLastElement<LocatorPathElt::ClosureBody>()))
          return false;

        genericParamInferredTypes.insert(
            fix.first->getFixedType(resultTypeVar));
        return true;
      })) {

    if (genericParamInferredTypes.size() != 2)
      return false;

    auto &DE = cs.getASTContext().Diags;
    llvm::SmallString<64> arguments;
    llvm::raw_svector_ostream OS(arguments);
    interleave(
        genericParamInferredTypes,
        [&](Type argType) { OS << "'" << argType << "'"; },
        [&OS] { OS << " vs. "; });

    DE.diagnose(AE->getLoc(), diag::conflicting_arguments_for_generic_parameter,
                GP, OS.str());

    DE.diagnose(AE->getLoc(),
                diag::generic_parameter_inferred_from_result_context, GP,
                genericParamInferredTypes.back());
    DE.diagnose(closureArguments.front()->getStartLoc(),
                diag::generic_parameter_inferred_from_closure, GP,
                genericParamInferredTypes.front());

    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool ConstraintSystem::diagnoseAmbiguityWithFixes(
    SmallVectorImpl<Solution> &solutions) {
  if (solutions.empty())
    return false;

  SolutionDiff solutionDiff(solutions);

  if (diagnoseConflictingGenericArguments(*this, solutionDiff, solutions))
    return true;

  if (auto bestScore = solverState->BestScore) {
    solutions.erase(llvm::remove_if(solutions,
                                    [&](const Solution &solution) {
                                      return solution.getFixedScore() >
                                             *bestScore;
                                    }),
                    solutions.end());

    if (llvm::all_of(solutions, [&](const Solution &solution) {
          auto score = solution.getFixedScore();
          return score.Data[SK_Fix] == 0 && solution.Fixes.empty();
        }))
      return false;
  }

  if (solutions.size() < 2)
    return false;

  if (diagnoseAmbiguityWithEphemeralPointers(*this, solutions))
    return true;

  if (isDebugMode()) {
    auto indent = solverState->getCurrentIndent();
    auto &log = llvm::errs().indent(indent);
    log << "--- Ambiguity: Considering #" << solutions.size()
        << " solutions with fixes ---\n";
    int i = 0;
    for (auto &solution : solutions) {
      log << "\n";
      log.indent(indent) << "--- Solution #" << i++ << "---\n";
      solution.dump(log, indent);
      log << "\n";
    }
  }

  // If there either no fixes at all or all of the are warnings,
  // let's diagnose this as regular ambiguity.
  if (llvm::all_of(solutions, [](const Solution &solution) {
        return llvm::all_of(solution.Fixes, [](const ConstraintFix *fix) {
          return !fix->isFatal();
        });
      })) {
    return diagnoseAmbiguity(solutions);
  }

  // Algorithm is as follows:
  //
  // a. Aggregate all of the available fixes based on callee locator;
  // b. For each ambiguous overload match aggregated fixes and diagnose;
  // c. Discard all of the fixes which have been already considered
  //    as part of overload diagnostics;
  // d. Diagnose remaining (uniqued based on kind + locator) fixes
  //    iff they appear in all of the solutions.

  llvm::SmallSetVector<FixInContext, 4> fixes;
  for (auto &solution : solutions) {
    for (auto *fix : solution.Fixes) {
      // If the fix doesn't affect the solution score, it is not the
      // source of ambiguity or failures.
      // Ignore warnings in favor of actual error fixes,
      // because they are not the source of ambiguity/failures.
      if (!fix->impact())
        continue;

      fixes.insert({&solution, fix});
    }
  }

  llvm::MapVector<ConstraintLocator *, SmallVector<FixInContext, 4>>
      fixesByCallee;
  llvm::SmallVector<FixInContext, 4> contextualFixes;

  for (const auto &entry : fixes) {
    const auto &solution = *entry.first;
    const auto *fix = entry.second;

    auto *locator = fix->getLocator();

    if (locator->isForContextualType()) {
      contextualFixes.push_back({&solution, fix});
      continue;
    }

    auto *calleeLocator = solution.getCalleeLocator(locator);
    fixesByCallee[calleeLocator].push_back({&solution, fix});
  }

  bool diagnosed = false;

  // All of the fixes which have been considered already.
  llvm::SmallSetVector<FixInContext, 4> consideredFixes;

  for (const auto &ambiguity : solutionDiff.overloads) {
    auto fixes = fixesByCallee.find(ambiguity.locator);
    if (fixes == fixesByCallee.end())
      continue;

    auto aggregate = fixes->second;
    diagnosed |= ::diagnoseAmbiguity(*this, ambiguity, aggregate, solutions);

    consideredFixes.insert(aggregate.begin(), aggregate.end());
  }

  if (diagnoseAmbiguityWithContextualType(*this, solutionDiff, contextualFixes,
                                          solutions)) {
    consideredFixes.insert(contextualFixes.begin(), contextualFixes.end());
    diagnosed |= true;
  }

  // Remove all of the fixes which have been attached to ambiguous
  // overload choices.
  fixes.set_subtract(consideredFixes);

  // Aggregate all requirement fixes that belong to the same callee
  // and attempt to diagnose possible ambiguities.
  {
    auto isResultBuilderMethodRef = [&](ASTNode node) {
      auto *UDE = getAsExpr<UnresolvedDotExpr>(node);
      if (!(UDE && UDE->isImplicit()))
        return false;

      auto &ctx = getASTContext();
      SmallVector<Identifier, 4> builderMethods(
          {ctx.Id_buildBlock, ctx.Id_buildExpression, ctx.Id_buildPartialBlock,
           ctx.Id_buildFinalResult});

      return llvm::any_of(builderMethods, [&](const Identifier &methodId) {
        return UDE->getName().compare(DeclNameRef(methodId)) == 0;
      });
    };

    // Aggregates fixes fixes attached to `buildExpression` and `buildBlock`
    // methods at the particular source location.
    llvm::MapVector<SourceLoc, SmallVector<FixInContext, 4>>
        builderMethodRequirementFixes;

    llvm::MapVector<ConstraintLocator *, SmallVector<FixInContext, 4>>
        perCalleeRequirementFixes;

    for (const auto &entry : fixes) {
      auto *fix = entry.second;
      if (!fix->getLocator()->isLastElement<LocatorPathElt::AnyRequirement>())
        continue;

      auto *calleeLoc = entry.first->getCalleeLocator(fix->getLocator());

      if (isResultBuilderMethodRef(calleeLoc->getAnchor())) {
        auto *anchor = castToExpr<Expr>(calleeLoc->getAnchor());
        builderMethodRequirementFixes[anchor->getLoc()].push_back(entry);
      } else {
        perCalleeRequirementFixes[calleeLoc].push_back(entry);
      }
    }

    SmallVector<SmallVector<FixInContext, 4>, 4> viableGroups;
    {
      auto takeAggregateIfViable =
          [&](SmallVector<FixInContext, 4> &aggregate) {
            // Ambiguity only if all of the solutions have a requirement
            // fix at the given location.
            if (aggregate.size() == solutions.size())
              viableGroups.push_back(std::move(aggregate));
          };

      for (auto &entry : builderMethodRequirementFixes)
        takeAggregateIfViable(entry.second);

      for (auto &entry : perCalleeRequirementFixes)
        takeAggregateIfViable(entry.second);
    }

    for (auto &aggregate : viableGroups) {
      if (diagnoseAmbiguityWithGenericRequirements(*this, aggregate)) {
        // Remove diagnosed fixes.
        fixes.set_subtract(aggregate);
        diagnosed = true;
      }
    }
  }

  llvm::MapVector<std::pair<FixKind, ConstraintLocator *>,
                  SmallVector<FixInContext, 4>>
      fixesByKind;

  for (const auto &entry : fixes) {
    const auto *fix = entry.second;
    fixesByKind[{fix->getKind(), fix->getLocator()}].push_back(entry);
  }

  // If leftover fix is contained in all of the solutions let's
  // diagnose it as ambiguity.
  for (const auto &entry : fixesByKind) {
    if (llvm::all_of(solutions, [&](const Solution &solution) -> bool {
          return llvm::any_of(
              solution.Fixes, [&](const ConstraintFix *fix) -> bool {
                return std::make_pair(fix->getKind(), fix->getLocator()) ==
                       entry.first;
              });
        })) {
      auto &aggregate = entry.second;
      diagnosed |= aggregate.front().second->diagnoseForAmbiguity(aggregate);
    }
  }

  if (!diagnosed && diagnoseContextualFunctionCallGenericAmbiguity(
                        *this, contextualFixes, fixes.getArrayRef()))
    return true;

  return diagnosed;
}

/// Determine the number of distinct overload choices in the
/// provided set.
static unsigned countDistinctOverloads(ArrayRef<OverloadChoice> choices) {
  llvm::SmallPtrSet<void *, 4> uniqueChoices;
  for (auto choice : choices) {
    uniqueChoices.insert(choice.getOpaqueChoiceSimple());
  }
  return uniqueChoices.size();
}

static Type getOverloadChoiceType(ConstraintLocator *overloadLoc,
                                  const Solution &solution) {
  auto selectedOverload = solution.overloadChoices.find(overloadLoc);
  if (selectedOverload == solution.overloadChoices.end())
    return Type();
  return solution.simplifyType(selectedOverload->second.adjustedOpenedType);
}

/// Determine the name of the overload in a set of overload choices.
static DeclName getOverloadChoiceName(ArrayRef<OverloadChoice> choices) {
  DeclName name;
  for (auto choice : choices) {
    if (!choice.isDecl())
      continue;

    const DeclName nextName = choice.getDecl()->getName();
    if (!name) {
      name = nextName;
      continue;
    }

    if (name != nextName) {
      // Assume all choices have the same base name and only differ in
      // argument labels. This may not be a great assumption, but we don't
      // really have a way to recover for diagnostics otherwise.
      return name.getBaseName();
    }
  }

  return name;
}

/// Extend the given index map with all of the subexpressions in the given
/// expression.
static void extendPreorderIndexMap(
    Expr *expr, llvm::DenseMap<Expr *, unsigned> &indexMap) {
  class RecordingTraversal : public ASTWalker {
  public:
    llvm::DenseMap<Expr *, unsigned> &IndexMap;
    unsigned Index = 0;

    explicit RecordingTraversal(llvm::DenseMap<Expr *, unsigned> &indexMap)
      : IndexMap(indexMap) { }

    MacroWalking getMacroWalkingBehavior() const override {
      return MacroWalking::ArgumentsAndExpansion;
    }

    PreWalkResult<Expr *> walkToExprPre(Expr *E) override {
      IndexMap[E] = Index;
      ++Index;
      return Action::Continue(E);
    }
  };

  RecordingTraversal traversal(indexMap);
  expr->walk(traversal);
}

bool ConstraintSystem::diagnoseAmbiguity(ArrayRef<Solution> solutions) {
  // Produce a diff of the solutions.
  SolutionDiff diff(solutions);

  // Find the locators which have the largest numbers of distinct overloads.
  llvm::Optional<unsigned> bestOverload;
  // Overloads are scored by lexicographical comparison of (# of distinct
  // overloads, depth, *reverse* of the index). N.B. - cannot be used for the
  // reversing: the score version of index == 0 should be > than that of 1, but
  // -0 == 0 < UINT_MAX == -1, whereas ~0 == UINT_MAX > UINT_MAX - 1 == ~1.
  auto score = [](unsigned depth, unsigned index, unsigned distinctOverloads) {
    return std::make_tuple(depth, ~index, distinctOverloads);
  };
  auto bestScore = score(0, std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max(), 0);

  // Get a map of expressions to their depths and post-order traversal indices.
  // Heuristically, all other things being equal, we should complain about the
  // ambiguous expression that (1) is deepest, (2) comes earliest in the
  // expression, or (3) has the most overloads.
  llvm::DenseMap<Expr *, unsigned> indexMap;
  for (auto expr : InputExprs) {
    extendPreorderIndexMap(expr, indexMap);
  }

  for (unsigned i = 0, n = diff.overloads.size(); i != n; ++i) {
    auto &overload = diff.overloads[i];
    auto *locator = overload.locator;

    // If there is only one overload difference, it's the best.
    if (n == 1) {
      bestOverload = i;
      break;
    }

    // If there are multiple overload sets involved, let's pick the
    // one that has choices with different types, because that is
    // most likely the source of ambiguity.
    {
      auto overloadTy = getOverloadChoiceType(locator, solutions.front());
      if (std::all_of(solutions.begin() + 1, solutions.end(),
                      [&](const Solution &solution) {
                        return overloadTy->isEqual(
                          getOverloadChoiceType(locator, solution));
                      }))
        continue;
    }

    ASTNode anchor;

    // Simplification of member locator would produce a base expression,
    // this is what we want for diagnostics but not for comparisons here
    // because base expression is located at a different depth which would
    // lead to incorrect results if both reference and base expression are
    // ambiguous e.g. `test[x].count` if both `[x]` and `count` are ambiguous
    // than simplification of `count` would produce `[x]` which is incorrect.
    if (locator->isLastElement<LocatorPathElt::Member>() ||
        locator->isLastElement<LocatorPathElt::ConstructorMember>()) {
      anchor = locator->getAnchor();
    } else {
      anchor = simplifyLocatorToAnchor(overload.locator);
    }

    // If we can't resolve the locator to an anchor with no path,
    // we can't diagnose this well.
    if (!anchor)
      continue;

    // Index and Depth is only applicable to expressions.
    unsigned index = 0;
    unsigned depth = 0;

    if (auto *expr = getAsExpr(anchor)) {
      auto it = indexMap.find(expr);
      if (it == indexMap.end())
        continue;

      index = it->second;

      auto optDepth = getExprDepth(expr);
      if (!optDepth)
        continue;

      depth = *optDepth;
    }

    // If we don't have a name to hang on to, it'll be hard to diagnose this
    // overload.
    if (!getOverloadChoiceName(overload.choices))
      continue;

    unsigned distinctOverloads = countDistinctOverloads(overload.choices);

    // We need at least two overloads to make this interesting.
    if (distinctOverloads < 2)
      continue;

    // If we have more distinct overload choices for this locator than for
    // prior locators, just keep this locator.
    auto thisScore = score(depth, index, distinctOverloads);
    if (thisScore > bestScore) {
      bestScore = thisScore;
      bestOverload = i;
      continue;
    }

    // We have better results. Ignore this one.
  }

  // FIXME: Should be able to pick the best locator, e.g., based on some
  // depth-first numbering of expressions.
  if (bestOverload) {
    auto &overload = diff.overloads[*bestOverload];
    // FIXME: We would prefer to emit the name as written, but that information
    // is not sufficiently centralized in the AST.
    DeclNameRef name(getOverloadChoiceName(overload.choices));
    auto anchor = simplifyLocatorToAnchor(overload.locator);
    if (!anchor) {
      // It's not clear that this is actually valid. Just use the overload's
      // anchor for release builds, but assert so we can properly diagnose
      // this case if it happens to be hit. Note that the overload will
      // *always* be anchored, otherwise everything would be broken, ie. this
      // assertion would be the least of our worries.
      anchor = overload.locator->getAnchor();
      assert(false && "locator could not be simplified to anchor");
    }

    // Emit the ambiguity diagnostic.
    auto &DE = getASTContext().Diags;
    DE.diagnose(getLoc(anchor),
                name.isOperator() ? diag::ambiguous_operator_ref
                                  : diag::ambiguous_decl_ref,
                name);

    TrailingClosureAmbiguityFailure failure(solutions, anchor,
                                            overload.choices);
    if (failure.diagnoseAsNote())
      return true;

    // Emit candidates.  Use a SmallPtrSet to make sure only emit a particular
    // candidate once.  FIXME: Why is one candidate getting into the overload
    // set multiple times? (See also tryDiagnoseTrailingClosureAmbiguity.)
    SmallPtrSet<Decl *, 8> EmittedDecls;
    for (auto choice : overload.choices) {
      switch (choice.getKind()) {
      case OverloadChoiceKind::Decl:
      case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaDynamic:
      case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaBridge:
      case OverloadChoiceKind::DeclViaUnwrappedOptional:
        // FIXME: show deduced types, etc, etc.
        if (EmittedDecls.insert(choice.getDecl()).second)
          DE.diagnose(choice.getDecl(), diag::found_candidate);
        break;

      case OverloadChoiceKind::KeyPathApplication:
      case OverloadChoiceKind::DynamicMemberLookup:
      case OverloadChoiceKind::KeyPathDynamicMemberLookup:
        // Skip key path applications and dynamic member lookups, since we don't
        // want them to noise up unrelated subscript diagnostics.
        break;

      case OverloadChoiceKind::TupleIndex:
      case OverloadChoiceKind::MaterializePack:
        // FIXME: Actually diagnose something here.
        break;
      }
    }

    return true;
  }

  // FIXME: If we inferred different types for literals (for example),
  // could diagnose ambiguity that way as well.

  return false;
}

ConstraintLocator *
constraints::simplifyLocator(ConstraintSystem &cs, ConstraintLocator *locator,
                             SourceRange &range) {
  auto path = locator->getPath();
  auto anchor = locator->getAnchor();
  simplifyLocator(anchor, path, range);

  // If we didn't simplify anything, just return the input.
  if (anchor == locator->getAnchor() &&
      path.size() == locator->getPath().size()) {
    return locator;
  }

  // If the old locator didn't have any summary flags, neither will the
  // simplified version, as it must contain a subset of the path elements.
  if (locator->getSummaryFlags() == 0)
    return cs.getConstraintLocator(anchor, path, /*summaryFlags*/ 0);

  return cs.getConstraintLocator(anchor, path);
}

void constraints::simplifyLocator(ASTNode &anchor,
                                  ArrayRef<LocatorPathElt> &path,
                                  SourceRange &range) {
  range = SourceRange();

  while (!path.empty()) {
    switch (path[0].getKind()) {
    case ConstraintLocator::ApplyArgument: {
      auto *anchorExpr = castToExpr(anchor);
      // If the next element is an ApplyArgToParam, we can simplify by looking
      // into the index expression.
      if (path.size() < 2)
        break;

      auto elt = path[1].getAs<LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgToParam>();
      if (!elt)
        break;

      // Extract application argument.
      if (auto *args = anchorExpr->getArgs()) {
        if (elt->getArgIdx() < args->size()) {
          anchor = args->getExpr(elt->getArgIdx());
          path = path.slice(2);
          continue;
        }
      }
      break;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::ApplyArgToParam:
      llvm_unreachable("Cannot appear without ApplyArgument");

    case ConstraintLocator::DynamicCallable: {
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::ApplyFunction:
    case ConstraintLocator::FunctionResult:
      // Extract application function.
      if (auto applyExpr = getAsExpr<ApplyExpr>(anchor)) {
        anchor = applyExpr->getFn();
        path = path.slice(1);
        continue;
      }

      // The subscript itself is the function.
      if (auto subscriptExpr = getAsExpr<SubscriptExpr>(anchor)) {
        anchor = subscriptExpr;
        path = path.slice(1);
        continue;
      }

      // If the anchor is an unapplied decl ref, there's nothing to extract.
      if (isExpr<DeclRefExpr>(anchor) || isExpr<OverloadedDeclRefExpr>(anchor)) {
        path = path.slice(1);
        continue;
      }

      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::AutoclosureResult:
    case ConstraintLocator::LValueConversion:
    case ConstraintLocator::DynamicType:
    case ConstraintLocator::UnresolvedMember:
    case ConstraintLocator::ImplicitCallAsFunction:
      // Arguments in autoclosure positions, lvalue and rvalue adjustments,
      // unresolved members, and implicit callAsFunction references are
      // implicit.
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;

   case ConstraintLocator::TupleType:
   case ConstraintLocator::GenericType:
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;

    case ConstraintLocator::NamedTupleElement:
    case ConstraintLocator::TupleElement: {
      // Extract tuple element.
      auto elt = path[0].castTo<LocatorPathElt::AnyTupleElement>();
      unsigned index = elt.getIndex();
      if (auto tupleExpr = getAsExpr<TupleExpr>(anchor)) {
        if (index < tupleExpr->getNumElements()) {
          anchor = tupleExpr->getElement(index);
          path = path.slice(1);
          continue;
        }
      }

      if (auto *CE = getAsExpr<CollectionExpr>(anchor)) {
        if (index < CE->getNumElements()) {
          anchor = CE->getElement(index);
          path = path.slice(1);
          continue;
        }
      }
      break;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::ConstructorMember:
      // - This is really an implicit 'init' MemberRef, so point at the base,
      //   i.e. the TypeExpr.
      // - For re-declarations we'd get an overloaded reference
      //   with multiple choices for the same type.
      if (isExpr<TypeExpr>(anchor) || isExpr<OverloadedDeclRefExpr>(anchor)) {
        range = SourceRange();
        path = path.slice(1);
        continue;
      }
      LLVM_FALLTHROUGH;

    case ConstraintLocator::Member:
      if (auto UDE = getAsExpr<UnresolvedDotExpr>(anchor)) {
        path = path.slice(1);
        continue;
      }
      if (anchor.is<Pattern *>()) {
        path = path.slice(1);
        continue;
      }
      break;
    case ConstraintLocator::MemberRefBase:
      if (auto UDE = getAsExpr<UnresolvedDotExpr>(anchor)) {
        range = UDE->getNameLoc().getSourceRange();
        anchor = UDE->getBase();
        path = path.slice(1);
        continue;
      }

      if (anchor.is<Pattern *>()) {
        path = path.slice(1);
        continue;
      }

      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::SubscriptMember:
      if (isExpr<SubscriptExpr>(anchor)) {
        path = path.slice(1);
        continue;
      }
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::ClosureBody:
    case ConstraintLocator::ClosureResult:
      if (auto CE = getAsExpr<ClosureExpr>(anchor)) {
        if (CE->hasSingleExpressionBody()) {
          anchor = CE->getSingleExpressionBody();
          path = path.slice(1);
          continue;
        }
      }
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::CoercionOperand: {
      auto *CE = castToExpr<CoerceExpr>(anchor);
      anchor = CE->getSubExpr()->getValueProvidingExpr();
      path = path.slice(1);
      // When in a argument function type on a coercion context
      // look past the argument, because is just for identify the
      // argument type that is being matched.
      if (!path.empty() && path[0].is<LocatorPathElt::FunctionArgument>()) {
        path = path.slice(1);
      }
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::GlobalActorType:
    case ConstraintLocator::ContextualType: {
      // This was just for identifying purposes, strip it off.
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::KeyPathComponent: {
      auto elt = path[0].castTo<LocatorPathElt::KeyPathComponent>();

      // If the next element is an ApplyArgument, we can simplify by looking
      // into the index expression.
      if (path.size() < 3 ||
          path[1].getKind() != ConstraintLocator::ApplyArgument)
        break;

      auto applyArgElt = path[2].getAs<LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgToParam>();
      if (!applyArgElt)
        break;

      auto argIdx = applyArgElt->getArgIdx();
      if (auto *kpe = getAsExpr<KeyPathExpr>(anchor)) {
        auto component = kpe->getComponents()[elt.getIndex()];
        auto *args = component.getSubscriptArgs();
        assert(args && "Trying to apply a component without args?");
        if (argIdx < args->size()) {
          anchor = args->getExpr(argIdx);
          path = path.slice(3);
          continue;
        }
      }
      break;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::Condition: {
      if (auto *condStmt = getAsStmt<LabeledConditionalStmt>(anchor)) {
        anchor = &condStmt->getCond().front();
      } else {
        anchor = castToExpr<TernaryExpr>(anchor)->getCondExpr();
      }

      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::TernaryBranch: {
      auto branch = path[0].castTo<LocatorPathElt::TernaryBranch>();

      if (auto *ifStmt = getAsStmt<IfStmt>(anchor)) {
        anchor =
            branch.forThen() ? ifStmt->getThenStmt() : ifStmt->getElseStmt();
      } else {
        auto *ifExpr = castToExpr<TernaryExpr>(anchor);
        anchor =
            branch.forThen() ? ifExpr->getThenExpr() : ifExpr->getElseExpr();
      }

      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::SingleValueStmtBranch: {
      auto branchElt = path[0].castTo<LocatorPathElt::SingleValueStmtBranch>();
      auto exprIdx = branchElt.getExprBranchIndex();
      auto *SVE = castToExpr<SingleValueStmtExpr>(anchor);
      SmallVector<Expr *, 4> scratch;
      anchor = SVE->getSingleExprBranches(scratch)[exprIdx];
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::KeyPathDynamicMember:
    case ConstraintLocator::ImplicitDynamicMemberSubscript: {
      // Key path dynamic member lookup should be completely transparent.
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::ArgumentAttribute: {
      // At this point we should have already found argument expression
      // this attribute belongs to, so we can leave this element in place
      // because it points out exact location useful for diagnostics.
      break;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::ResultBuilderBodyResult: {
      path = path.slice(1);
      break;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::UnresolvedMemberChainResult: {
      auto *resultExpr = castToExpr<UnresolvedMemberChainResultExpr>(anchor);
      anchor = resultExpr->getSubExpr();
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::SyntacticElement: {
      auto bodyElt = path[0].castTo<LocatorPathElt::SyntacticElement>();
      anchor = bodyElt.getElement();
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::PatternMatch: {
      auto patternElt = path[0].castTo<LocatorPathElt::PatternMatch>();
      anchor = patternElt.getPattern();
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::EnumPatternImplicitCastMatch: {
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::PackType:
    case ConstraintLocator::ParentType:
    case ConstraintLocator::KeyPathType:
    case ConstraintLocator::InstanceType:
    case ConstraintLocator::PlaceholderType:
    case ConstraintLocator::SequenceElementType:
    case ConstraintLocator::ConstructorMemberType:
    case ConstraintLocator::ExistentialConstraintType:
    case ConstraintLocator::ProtocolCompositionSuperclassType:
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::GenericArgument:
    case ConstraintLocator::FunctionArgument:
    case ConstraintLocator::SynthesizedArgument:
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::DynamicLookupResult:
    case ConstraintLocator::KeyPathComponentResult:
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::GenericParameter:
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::OpenedGeneric:
    case ConstraintLocator::OpenedOpaqueArchetype:
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::KeyPathRoot:
    case ConstraintLocator::KeyPathValue:
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::ProtocolRequirement:
    case ConstraintLocator::ConditionalRequirement:
    case ConstraintLocator::ConformanceRequirement:
    case ConstraintLocator::TypeParameterRequirement:
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::PackElement:
    case ConstraintLocator::PackShape:
    case ConstraintLocator::PackExpansionType:
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::PackExpansionPattern: {
      if (auto *expansion = getAsExpr<PackExpansionExpr>(anchor))
        anchor = expansion->getPatternExpr();

      path = path.slice(1);
      break;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::PatternBindingElement: {
      auto pattern = path[0].castTo<LocatorPathElt::PatternBindingElement>();
      auto *patternBinding = cast<PatternBindingDecl>(anchor.get<Decl *>());
      anchor = patternBinding->getInit(pattern.getIndex());
      // If this pattern is uninitialized, let's use it as anchor.
      if (!anchor)
        anchor = patternBinding->getPattern(pattern.getIndex());
      path = path.slice(1);
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::NamedPatternDecl: {
      auto pattern = cast<NamedPattern>(anchor.get<Pattern *>());
      anchor = pattern->getDecl();
      path = path.slice(1);
      break;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::AnyPatternDecl: {
      // This element is just a marker for `_` pattern since it doesn't
      // have a declaration. We need to make sure that it only appaears
      // when anchored on `AnyPattern`.
      assert(getAsPattern<AnyPattern>(anchor));
      path = path.slice(1);
      break;
    }

    case ConstraintLocator::ImplicitConversion:
      break;

    case ConstraintLocator::Witness:
    case ConstraintLocator::WrappedValue:
    case ConstraintLocator::OptionalPayload:
    case ConstraintLocator::ImplicitlyUnwrappedDisjunctionChoice:
      break;
    }

    // If we get here, we couldn't simplify the path further.
    break;
  }
}

ASTNode constraints::simplifyLocatorToAnchor(ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  if (!locator)
    return nullptr;

  auto anchor = locator->getAnchor();
  if (!anchor)
    return {};

  SourceRange range;
  auto path = locator->getPath();
  simplifyLocator(anchor, path, range);

  // We only want the new anchor if all the path elements have been simplified
  // away.
  return path.empty() ? anchor : nullptr;
}

Expr *constraints::getArgumentExpr(ASTNode node, unsigned index) {
  auto *expr = getAsExpr(node);
  if (!expr)
    return nullptr;

  auto *argList = expr->getArgs();
  if (!argList)
    return nullptr;

  if (index >= argList->size())
    return nullptr;

  return argList->getExpr(index);
}

bool constraints::isAutoClosureArgument(Expr *argExpr) {
  if (!argExpr)
    return false;

  if (auto *DRE = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(argExpr)) {
    if (auto *param = dyn_cast<ParamDecl>(DRE->getDecl()))
      return param->isAutoClosure();
  }

  return false;
}

bool constraints::hasAppliedSelf(ConstraintSystem &cs,
                                 const OverloadChoice &choice) {
  return hasAppliedSelf(choice, [&cs](Type type) -> Type {
    return cs.getFixedTypeRecursive(type, /*wantRValue=*/true);
  });
}

bool constraints::hasAppliedSelf(const OverloadChoice &choice,
                                 llvm::function_ref<Type(Type)> getFixedType) {
  auto *decl = choice.getDeclOrNull();
  if (!decl)
    return false;

  auto baseType = choice.getBaseType();
  if (baseType)
    baseType = getFixedType(baseType)->getRValueType();

  // In most cases where we reference a declaration with a curried self
  // parameter, it gets dropped from the type of the reference.
  return decl->hasCurriedSelf() &&
         doesMemberRefApplyCurriedSelf(baseType, decl);
}

/// Check whether given type conforms to `RawRepresentable` protocol
/// and return the witness type.
Type constraints::isRawRepresentable(ConstraintSystem &cs, Type type) {
  auto *DC = cs.DC;

  auto rawReprType = TypeChecker::getProtocol(
      cs.getASTContext(), SourceLoc(), KnownProtocolKind::RawRepresentable);
  if (!rawReprType)
    return Type();

  auto conformance = TypeChecker::conformsToProtocol(type, rawReprType,
                                                     DC->getParentModule());
  if (conformance.isInvalid())
    return Type();

  return conformance.getTypeWitnessByName(type, cs.getASTContext().Id_RawValue);
}

void ConstraintSystem::generateConstraints(
    SmallVectorImpl<Constraint *> &constraints, Type type,
    ArrayRef<OverloadChoice> choices, DeclContext *useDC,
    ConstraintLocator *locator, llvm::Optional<unsigned> favoredIndex,
    bool requiresFix,
    llvm::function_ref<ConstraintFix *(unsigned, const OverloadChoice &)>
        getFix) {
  auto recordChoice = [&](SmallVectorImpl<Constraint *> &choices,
                          unsigned index, const OverloadChoice &overload,
                          bool isFavored = false) {
    auto *fix = getFix(index, overload);
    // If fix is required but it couldn't be determined, this
    // choice has be filtered out.
    if (requiresFix && !fix)
      return;

    auto *choice = fix ? Constraint::createFixedChoice(*this, type, overload,
                                                       useDC, fix, locator)
                       : Constraint::createBindOverload(*this, type, overload,
                                                        useDC, locator);

    if (isFavored)
      choice->setFavored();

    choices.push_back(choice);
  };

  if (favoredIndex) {
    const auto &choice = choices[*favoredIndex];
    assert(
        (!choice.isDecl() || !isDeclUnavailable(choice.getDecl(), locator)) &&
        "Cannot make unavailable decl favored!");
    recordChoice(constraints, *favoredIndex, choice, /*isFavored=*/true);
  }

  for (auto index : indices(choices)) {
    if (favoredIndex && (*favoredIndex == index))
      continue;

    recordChoice(constraints, index, choices[index]);
  }
}

ConstraintLocator *
ConstraintSystem::getArgumentInfoLocator(ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  auto anchor = locator->getAnchor();

  // An empty locator which code completion uses for member references.
  if (anchor.isNull() && locator->getPath().empty())
    return nullptr;

  if (locator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::ImplicitConversion>())
    return locator;

  // Applies and unresolved member exprs can have callee locators that are
  // dependent on the type of their function, which may not have been resolved
  // yet. Therefore we need to handle them specially.
  if (auto *apply = getAsExpr<ApplyExpr>(anchor)) {
    auto *fnExpr = getArgumentLabelTargetExpr(apply->getFn());
    return getConstraintLocator(fnExpr);
  }

  if (auto *UME = getAsExpr<UnresolvedMemberExpr>(anchor))
    return getConstraintLocator(UME);

  // All implicit x[dynamicMember:] subscript calls can share the same argument
  // list.
  if (locator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::ImplicitDynamicMemberSubscript>()) {
    return getConstraintLocator(
        ASTNode(), LocatorPathElt::ImplicitDynamicMemberSubscript());
  }

  auto path = locator->getPath();
  {
    // If this is for a dynamic member reference, the argument info is for the
    // original call-site, which we can get by stripping away the
    // KeyPathDynamicMember elements.
    auto iter = path.begin();
    if (locator->findFirst<LocatorPathElt::KeyPathDynamicMember>(iter)) {
      ArrayRef<LocatorPathElt> newPath(path.begin(), iter);
      return getConstraintLocator(anchor, newPath);
    }
  }

  return getCalleeLocator(locator);
}

ArgumentList *ConstraintSystem::getArgumentList(ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  if (!locator)
    return nullptr;

  if (auto *infoLocator = getArgumentInfoLocator(locator)) {
    auto known = ArgumentLists.find(infoLocator);
    if (known != ArgumentLists.end())
      return known->second;
  }
  return nullptr;
}

void ConstraintSystem::associateArgumentList(ConstraintLocator *locator,
                                             ArgumentList *args) {
  assert(locator && locator->getAnchor());
  auto *argInfoLoc = getArgumentInfoLocator(locator);
  auto inserted = ArgumentLists.insert({argInfoLoc, args}).second;
  assert(inserted && "Multiple argument lists at locator?");
  (void)inserted;
}

ArgumentList *Solution::getArgumentList(ConstraintLocator *locator) const {
  if (!locator)
    return nullptr;

  if (auto *infoLocator = constraintSystem->getArgumentInfoLocator(locator)) {
    auto known = argumentLists.find(infoLocator);
    if (known != argumentLists.end())
      return known->second;
  }
  return nullptr;
}

#ifndef NDEBUG
/// Given an apply expr, returns true if it is expected to have a direct callee
/// overload, resolvable using `getChoiceFor`. Otherwise, returns false.
static bool shouldHaveDirectCalleeOverload(const CallExpr *callExpr) {
  auto *fnExpr = callExpr->getDirectCallee();

  // An apply of an apply/subscript doesn't have a direct callee.
  if (isa<ApplyExpr>(fnExpr) || isa<SubscriptExpr>(fnExpr))
    return false;

  // Applies of closures don't have callee overloads.
  if (isa<ClosureExpr>(fnExpr))
    return false;

  // No direct callee for a try!/try?.
  if (isa<ForceTryExpr>(fnExpr) || isa<OptionalTryExpr>(fnExpr))
    return false;

  // If we have an intermediate cast, there's no direct callee.
  if (isa<ExplicitCastExpr>(fnExpr))
    return false;

  // No direct callee for a ternary expr.
  if (isa<TernaryExpr>(fnExpr))
    return false;

  // Assume that anything else would have a direct callee.
  return true;
}
#endif

Type Solution::resolveInterfaceType(Type type) const {
  auto resolvedType = type.transform([&](Type type) -> Type {
    if (auto *tvt = type->getAs<TypeVariableType>()) {
      // If this type variable is for a generic parameter, return that.
      if (auto *gp = tvt->getImpl().getGenericParameter())
        return gp;

      // Otherwise resolve its fixed type, mapped out of context.
      auto fixed = simplifyType(tvt);
      return resolveInterfaceType(fixed->mapTypeOutOfContext());
    }
    if (auto *dmt = type->getAs<DependentMemberType>()) {
      // For a dependent member, first resolve the base.
      auto newBase = resolveInterfaceType(dmt->getBase());

      // Then reconstruct using its associated type.
      assert(dmt->getAssocType());
      return DependentMemberType::get(newBase, dmt->getAssocType());
    }
    return type;
  });

  assert(!resolvedType->hasArchetype());
  return resolvedType;
}

llvm::Optional<FunctionArgApplyInfo>
Solution::getFunctionArgApplyInfo(ConstraintLocator *locator) const {
  // It's only valid to use `&` in argument positions, but we need
  // to figure out exactly where it was used.
  if (auto *argExpr = getAsExpr<InOutExpr>(locator->getAnchor())) {
    auto *argLoc = getConstraintSystem().getArgumentLocator(argExpr);
    if (!argLoc)
      return llvm::None;

    locator = argLoc;
  }

  auto anchor = locator->getAnchor();
  auto path = locator->getPath();

  // Look for the apply-arg-to-param element in the locator's path. We may
  // have to look through other elements that are generated from an argument
  // conversion such as GenericArgument for an optional-to-optional conversion,
  // and OptionalPayload for a value-to-optional conversion.
  auto iter = path.rbegin();
  auto applyArgElt = locator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgToParam>(iter);
  if (!applyArgElt)
    return llvm::None;

#ifndef NDEBUG
  auto nextIter = iter + 1;
  assert(!locator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgToParam>(nextIter) &&
         "Multiple ApplyArgToParam components?");
#endif

  // Form a new locator that ends at the apply-arg-to-param element, and
  // simplify it to get the full argument expression.
  auto argPath = path.drop_back(iter - path.rbegin());
  auto *argLocator = getConstraintLocator(anchor, argPath);

  auto *argExpr = castToExpr(simplifyLocatorToAnchor(argLocator));

  // If we were unable to simplify down to the argument expression, we don't
  // know what this is.
  if (!argExpr)
    return llvm::None;

  auto *argList = getArgumentList(argLocator);
  if (!argList)
    return llvm::None;

  llvm::Optional<OverloadChoice> choice;
  Type rawFnType;
  auto *calleeLocator = getCalleeLocator(argLocator);
  if (auto overload = getOverloadChoiceIfAvailable(calleeLocator)) {
    // If we have resolved an overload for the callee, then use that to get the
    // function type and callee.
    choice = overload->choice;
    rawFnType = overload->adjustedOpenedType;
  } else {
    // If we didn't resolve an overload for the callee, we should be dealing
    // with a call of an arbitrary function expr.
    auto *call = castToExpr<CallExpr>(anchor);
    rawFnType = getType(call->getFn());

    // If callee couldn't be resolved due to expression
    // issues e.g. it's a reference to an invalid member
    // let's just return here.
    if (simplifyType(rawFnType)->is<UnresolvedType>())
      return llvm::None;

    // A tuple construction is spelled in the AST as a function call, but
    // is really more like a tuple conversion.
    if (auto metaTy = simplifyType(rawFnType)->getAs<MetatypeType>()) {
      if (metaTy->getInstanceType()->is<TupleType>())
        return llvm::None;
    }

    assert(!shouldHaveDirectCalleeOverload(call) &&
             "Should we have resolved a callee for this?");
  }

  // Try to resolve the function type by loading lvalues and looking through
  // optional types, which can occur for expressions like `fn?(5)`.
  auto *fnType = simplifyType(rawFnType)
                     ->getRValueType()
                     ->lookThroughAllOptionalTypes()
                     ->getAs<FunctionType>();
  if (!fnType)
    return llvm::None;

  // Resolve the interface type for the function. Note that this may not be a
  // function type, for example it could be a generic parameter.
  Type fnInterfaceType;
  auto *callee = choice ? choice->getDeclOrNull() : nullptr;
  if (callee && callee->hasInterfaceType()) {
    // If we have a callee with an interface type, we can use it. This is
    // preferable to resolveInterfaceType, as this will allow us to get a
    // GenericFunctionType for generic decls.
    //
    // Note that it's possible to find a callee without an interface type. This
    // can happen for example with closure parameters, where the interface type
    // isn't set until the solution is applied. In that case, use
    // resolveInterfaceType.
    fnInterfaceType = callee->getInterfaceType();

    // Strip off the curried self parameter if necessary.
    if (hasAppliedSelf(
            *choice, [this](Type type) -> Type { return simplifyType(type); }))
      fnInterfaceType = fnInterfaceType->castTo<AnyFunctionType>()->getResult();

#ifndef NDEBUG
    // If variadic generics are not involved, interface type should
    // always match applied type.
    if (auto *fn = fnInterfaceType->getAs<AnyFunctionType>()) {
      if (llvm::none_of(fn->getParams(), [&](const auto &param) {
            return param.getPlainType()->hasParameterPack();
          })) {
        assert(fn->getNumParams() == fnType->getNumParams() &&
               "Parameter mismatch?");
      }
    }
#endif
  } else {
    fnInterfaceType = resolveInterfaceType(rawFnType);
  }

  auto argIdx = applyArgElt->getArgIdx();
  auto paramIdx = applyArgElt->getParamIdx();

  return FunctionArgApplyInfo::get(argList, argExpr, argIdx,
                                   simplifyType(getType(argExpr)), paramIdx,
                                   fnInterfaceType, fnType, callee);
}

bool constraints::isKnownKeyPathType(Type type) {
  return type->isKeyPath() || type->isWritableKeyPath() ||
         type->isReferenceWritableKeyPath() || type->isPartialKeyPath() ||
         type->isAnyKeyPath();
}

bool constraints::hasExplicitResult(ClosureExpr *closure) {
  auto &ctx = closure->getASTContext();
  return evaluateOrDefault(ctx.evaluator,
                           ClosureHasExplicitResultRequest{closure}, false);
}

Type constraints::getConcreteReplacementForProtocolSelfType(ValueDecl *member) {
  auto *DC = member->getDeclContext();

  if (!DC->getSelfProtocolDecl())
    return Type();

  GenericSignature signature;
  if (auto *genericContext = member->getAsGenericContext()) {
    signature = genericContext->getGenericSignature();
  } else {
    signature = DC->getGenericSignatureOfContext();
  }

  auto selfTy = DC->getProtocolSelfType();
  return signature->getConcreteType(selfTy);
}

static bool isOperator(Expr *expr, StringRef expectedName) {
  auto name = getOperatorName(expr);
  return name ? name->is(expectedName) : false;
}

llvm::Optional<Identifier> constraints::getOperatorName(Expr *expr) {
  ValueDecl *choice = nullptr;
  if (auto *ODRE = dyn_cast_or_null<OverloadedDeclRefExpr>(expr)) {
    choice = ODRE->getDecls().front();
  } else if (auto *DRE = dyn_cast_or_null<DeclRefExpr>(expr)) {
    choice = DRE->getDecl();
  } else {
    return llvm::None;
  }

  if (auto *FD = dyn_cast_or_null<AbstractFunctionDecl>(choice))
    return FD->getBaseIdentifier();

  return llvm::None;
}

bool constraints::isPatternMatchingOperator(ASTNode node) {
  auto *expr = getAsExpr(node);
  if (!expr) return false;

  return isOperator(expr, "~=");
}

bool constraints::isStandardComparisonOperator(ASTNode node) {
  auto *expr = getAsExpr(node);
  if (!expr) return false;

  if (auto opName = getOperatorName(expr)) {
    return opName->isStandardComparisonOperator();
  }
  return false;
}

ConstraintLocator *ConstraintSystem::getArgumentLocator(Expr *expr) {
  auto *application = getParentExpr(expr);
  if (!application)
    return nullptr;

  // Drop all of the semantically insignificant exprs that might be wrapping an
  // argument e.g. `test(((42)))`
  while (application->getSemanticsProvidingExpr() == expr) {
    application = getParentExpr(application);
    if (!application)
      return nullptr;
  }

  ArgumentList *argList = application->getArgs();
  if (!argList && !isa<KeyPathExpr>(application))
    return nullptr;

  ConstraintLocator *loc = nullptr;
  if (auto *KP = dyn_cast<KeyPathExpr>(application)) {
    auto idx = KP->findComponentWithSubscriptArg(expr);
    if (!idx)
      return nullptr;
    loc = getConstraintLocator(KP, {LocatorPathElt::KeyPathComponent(*idx)});
    argList = KP->getComponents()[*idx].getSubscriptArgs();
  } else {
    loc = getConstraintLocator(application);
  }
  assert(argList);

  auto argIdx = argList->findArgumentExpr(expr);
  if (!argIdx)
    return nullptr;

  ParameterTypeFlags flags;
  flags = flags.withInOut(argList->get(*argIdx).isInOut());
  return getConstraintLocator(
      loc, {LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgument(),
            LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgToParam(*argIdx, *argIdx, flags)});
}

bool constraints::isOperatorArgument(ConstraintLocator *locator,
                                     StringRef expectedOperator) {
  if (!locator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::ApplyArgToParam>())
    return false;

  if (auto *AE = getAsExpr<ApplyExpr>(locator->getAnchor())) {
    if (isa<PrefixUnaryExpr>(AE) || isa<BinaryExpr>(AE) ||
        isa<PostfixUnaryExpr>(AE))
      return expectedOperator.empty() ||
             isOperator(AE->getFn(), expectedOperator);
  }

  return false;
}

bool constraints::isArgumentOfPatternMatchingOperator(
    ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  auto *binaryOp = getAsExpr<BinaryExpr>(locator->getAnchor());
  if (!(binaryOp && binaryOp->isImplicit()))
    return false;
  return isPatternMatchingOperator(binaryOp->getFn());
}

bool constraints::isArgumentOfReferenceEqualityOperator(
    ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  return isOperatorArgument(locator, "===") ||
         isOperatorArgument(locator, "!==");
}

bool ConstraintSystem::isArgumentOfImportedDecl(
    ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  SmallVector<LocatorPathElt, 4> path;
  auto anchor = locator.getLocatorParts(path);

  if (path.empty())
    return false;

  while (!path.empty()) {
    const auto &last = path.back();

    // Drop all of the `optional payload` or `generic argument`
    // locator elements at the end of the path, they came from
    // either value-to-optional promotion or optional-to-optional
    // conversion.
    if (last.is<LocatorPathElt::OptionalPayload>() ||
        last.is<LocatorPathElt::GenericArgument>()) {
      path.pop_back();
      continue;
    }

    break;
  }

  auto *application = getCalleeLocator(getConstraintLocator(anchor, path));

  auto overload = findSelectedOverloadFor(application);
  if (!(overload && overload->choice.isDecl()))
    return false;

  auto *choice = overload->choice.getDecl();
  return choice->hasClangNode();
}

ConversionEphemeralness
ConstraintSystem::isConversionEphemeral(ConversionRestrictionKind conversion,
                                        ConstraintLocatorBuilder locator) {
  switch (conversion) {
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::ArrayToPointer:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::ArrayToCPointer:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::StringToPointer:
    // Always ephemeral.
    return ConversionEphemeralness::Ephemeral;
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::InoutToPointer:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::InoutToCPointer: {

    // Ephemeral, except if the expression is a reference to a global or
    // static stored variable, or a directly accessed stored property on such a
    // variable.

    auto isDirectlyAccessedStoredVar = [&](ValueDecl *decl) -> bool {
      auto *asd = dyn_cast_or_null<AbstractStorageDecl>(decl);
      if (!asd)
        return false;

      // Check what access strategy is used for a read-write access. It must be
      // direct-to-storage in order for the conversion to be non-ephemeral.
      auto access = asd->getAccessStrategy(
          AccessSemantics::Ordinary, AccessKind::ReadWrite,
          DC->getParentModule(), DC->getResilienceExpansion());
      return access.getKind() == AccessStrategy::Storage;
    };

    SourceRange range;
    auto *argLoc = simplifyLocator(*this, getConstraintLocator(locator), range);
    auto *subExpr =
        castToExpr(argLoc->getAnchor())->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();

    // Look through an InOutExpr if we have one. This is usually the case, but
    // might not be if e.g we're applying an 'add missing &' fix.
    if (auto *ioe = dyn_cast<InOutExpr>(subExpr))
      subExpr = ioe->getSubExpr();

    while (true) {
      subExpr = subExpr->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();

      // Look through force unwraps, which can be modelled as physical lvalue
      // components.
      if (auto *fve = dyn_cast<ForceValueExpr>(subExpr)) {
        subExpr = fve->getSubExpr();
        continue;
      }

      // Look through a member reference if it's directly accessed.
      if (auto *ude = dyn_cast<UnresolvedDotExpr>(subExpr)) {
        auto overload = findSelectedOverloadFor(ude);

        // If we didn't find an overload, it hasn't been resolved yet.
        if (!overload)
          return ConversionEphemeralness::Unresolved;

        // Tuple indices are always non-ephemeral.
        auto *base = ude->getBase();
        if (overload->choice.getKind() == OverloadChoiceKind::TupleIndex) {
          subExpr = base;
          continue;
        }

        // If we don't have a directly accessed declaration associated with the
        // choice, it's ephemeral.
        auto *member = overload->choice.getDeclOrNull();
        if (!isDirectlyAccessedStoredVar(member))
          return ConversionEphemeralness::Ephemeral;

        // If we found a static member, the conversion is non-ephemeral. We can
        // stop iterating as there's nothing interesting about the base.
        if (member->isStatic())
          return ConversionEphemeralness::NonEphemeral;

        // For an instance member, the base must be an @lvalue struct type.
        if (auto *lvt = simplifyType(getType(base))->getAs<LValueType>()) {
          auto *nominal = lvt->getObjectType()->getAnyNominal();
          if (isa_and_nonnull<StructDecl>(nominal)) {
            subExpr = base;
            continue;
          }
        }
        return ConversionEphemeralness::Ephemeral;
      }

      break;
    }

    auto getBaseEphemeralness =
        [&](ValueDecl *base) -> ConversionEphemeralness {
      // We must have a base decl that's directly accessed.
      if (!isDirectlyAccessedStoredVar(base))
        return ConversionEphemeralness::Ephemeral;

      // The base decl must either be static or global in order for it to be
      // non-ephemeral.
      if (base->isStatic() || base->getDeclContext()->isModuleScopeContext()) {
        return ConversionEphemeralness::NonEphemeral;
      } else {
        return ConversionEphemeralness::Ephemeral;
      }
    };

    // Fast path: We have a direct decl ref.
    if (auto *dre = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(subExpr))
      return getBaseEphemeralness(dre->getDecl());

    // Otherwise, try to find an overload for the base.
    if (auto baseOverload = findSelectedOverloadFor(subExpr))
      return getBaseEphemeralness(baseOverload->choice.getDeclOrNull());

    // If we didn't find a base overload for a unresolved member or overloaded
    // decl, it hasn't been resolved yet.
    if (isa<UnresolvedMemberExpr>(subExpr) ||
        isa<OverloadedDeclRefExpr>(subExpr))
      return ConversionEphemeralness::Unresolved;

    // Otherwise, we don't know what we're dealing with. Default to ephemeral.
    return ConversionEphemeralness::Ephemeral;
  }
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::DeepEquality:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::Superclass:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::Existential:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::MetatypeToExistentialMetatype:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::ExistentialMetatypeToMetatype:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::ValueToOptional:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::OptionalToOptional:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::ClassMetatypeToAnyObject:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::ExistentialMetatypeToAnyObject:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::ProtocolMetatypeToProtocolClass:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::PointerToPointer:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::PointerToCPointer:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::ArrayUpcast:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::DictionaryUpcast:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::SetUpcast:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::HashableToAnyHashable:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::CFTollFreeBridgeToObjC:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::ObjCTollFreeBridgeToCF:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::CGFloatToDouble:
  case ConversionRestrictionKind::DoubleToCGFloat:
    // @_nonEphemeral has no effect on these conversions, so treat them as all
    // being non-ephemeral in order to allow their passing to an @_nonEphemeral
    // parameter.
    return ConversionEphemeralness::NonEphemeral;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("invalid conversion restriction kind");
}

Expr *ConstraintSystem::buildAutoClosureExpr(Expr *expr,
                                             FunctionType *closureType,
                                             DeclContext *ClosureContext,
                                             bool isDefaultWrappedValue,
                                             bool isAsyncLetWrapper) {
  auto &Context = DC->getASTContext();
  bool isInDefaultArgumentContext = false;
  if (auto *init = dyn_cast<Initializer>(DC)) {
    auto initKind = init->getInitializerKind();
    isInDefaultArgumentContext =
        initKind == InitializerKind::DefaultArgument ||
        (initKind == InitializerKind::PatternBinding && isDefaultWrappedValue);
  }

  auto info = closureType->getExtInfo();
  auto newClosureType = closureType;

  if (isInDefaultArgumentContext && info.isNoEscape())
    newClosureType = closureType->withExtInfo(info.withNoEscape(false))
                         ->castTo<FunctionType>();

  auto *closure = new (Context)
      AutoClosureExpr(expr, newClosureType, ClosureContext);

  closure->setParameterList(ParameterList::createEmpty(Context));

  if (isAsyncLetWrapper)
    closure->setThunkKind(AutoClosureExpr::Kind::AsyncLet);

  Expr *result = closure;

  if (!newClosureType->isEqual(closureType)) {
    assert(isInDefaultArgumentContext);
    assert(newClosureType
               ->withExtInfo(newClosureType->getExtInfo().withNoEscape(true))
               ->isEqual(closureType));
    result = new (Context) FunctionConversionExpr(closure, closureType);
  }

  cacheExprTypes(result);
  return result;
}

Expr *ConstraintSystem::buildTypeErasedExpr(Expr *expr, DeclContext *dc,
                                            Type contextualType,
                                            ContextualTypePurpose purpose) {
  if (!(purpose == CTP_ReturnStmt || purpose == CTP_ReturnSingleExpr))
    return expr;

  auto *decl = dyn_cast_or_null<ValueDecl>(dc->getAsDecl());
  if (!decl ||
      (!Context.LangOpts.hasFeature(Feature::OpaqueTypeErasure) &&
       !(decl->isDynamic() || decl->getDynamicallyReplacedDecl())))
    return expr;

  auto *opaque = contextualType->getAs<OpaqueTypeArchetypeType>();
  if (!opaque)
    return expr;

  auto protocols = opaque->getConformsTo();
  if (protocols.size() != 1)
    return expr;

  auto *PD = protocols.front();
  auto *attr = PD->getAttrs().getAttribute<TypeEraserAttr>();
  if (!attr)
    return expr;

  auto typeEraser = attr->getResolvedType(PD);
  assert(typeEraser && "Failed to resolve eraser type!");
  auto &ctx = dc->getASTContext();
  auto *argList = ArgumentList::forImplicitSingle(ctx, ctx.Id_erasing, expr);
  return CallExpr::createImplicit(
      ctx, TypeExpr::createImplicit(typeEraser, ctx), argList);
}

/// If an UnresolvedDotExpr, SubscriptMember, etc has been resolved by the
/// constraint system, return the decl that it references.
ValueDecl *ConstraintSystem::findResolvedMemberRef(ConstraintLocator *locator) {
  // See if we have a resolution for this member.
  auto overload = findSelectedOverloadFor(locator);
  if (!overload)
    return nullptr;

  // We only want to handle the simplest decl binding.
  auto choice = overload->choice;
  if (choice.getKind() != OverloadChoiceKind::Decl)
    return nullptr;

  return choice.getDecl();
}

void SyntacticElementTargetKey::dump() const { dump(llvm::errs()); }

void SyntacticElementTargetKey::dump(raw_ostream &OS) const {
  switch (kind) {
  case Kind::empty:
    OS << "<empty>\n";
    return;

  case Kind::tombstone:
    OS << "<tombstone>\n";
    return;
    
  case Kind::stmtCondElement:
    // TODO: Implement a proper dump function for StmtConditionElement
    OS << "statement condition element\n";
    return;

  case Kind::expr:
  case Kind::closure:
    storage.expr->dump(OS);
    return;

  case Kind::stmt:
    storage.stmt->dump(OS);
    return;

  case Kind::pattern:
    storage.pattern->dump(OS);
    return;

  case Kind::patternBindingEntry:
    OS << "pattern binding entry " << storage.patternBindingEntry.index
       << " in\n";
    storage.patternBindingEntry.patternBinding->dump(OS);
    return;

  case Kind::varDecl:
    storage.varDecl->dump(OS);
    return;

  case Kind::functionRef:
    OS << "<function>\n";
    storage.functionRef->printContext(OS);
    return;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("invalid statement kind");
}

/// Given a specific expression and the remnants of the failed constraint
/// system, produce a specific diagnostic.
///
/// This is guaranteed to always emit an error message.
///
void ConstraintSystem::diagnoseFailureFor(SyntacticElementTarget target) {
  setPhase(ConstraintSystemPhase::Diagnostics);

  SWIFT_DEFER { setPhase(ConstraintSystemPhase::Finalization); };

  auto &DE = getASTContext().Diags;

  // If constraint system is in invalid state always produce
  // a fallback diagnostic that asks to file a bug.
  if (inInvalidState()) {
    DE.diagnose(target.getLoc(), diag::failed_to_produce_diagnostic);
    return;
  }

  if (auto expr = target.getAsExpr()) {
    if (auto *assignment = dyn_cast<AssignExpr>(expr)) {
      if (isa<DiscardAssignmentExpr>(assignment->getDest()))
        expr = assignment->getSrc();
    }

    // Look through RebindSelfInConstructorExpr to avoid weird Sema issues.
    if (auto *RB = dyn_cast<RebindSelfInConstructorExpr>(expr))
      expr = RB->getSubExpr();

    // Unresolved/Anonymous ClosureExprs are common enough that we should give
    // them tailored diagnostics.
    if (auto *closure = dyn_cast<ClosureExpr>(expr->getValueProvidingExpr())) {
      DE.diagnose(closure->getLoc(), diag::cannot_infer_closure_type)
        .highlight(closure->getSourceRange());
      return;
    }

    // If no one could find a problem with this expression or constraint system,
    // then it must be well-formed... but is ambiguous.  Handle this by
    // diagnostic various cases that come up.
    DE.diagnose(expr->getLoc(), diag::type_of_expression_is_ambiguous)
        .highlight(expr->getSourceRange());
  } else if (auto *wrappedVar = target.getAsUninitializedWrappedVar()) {
    auto *outerWrapper = wrappedVar->getOutermostAttachedPropertyWrapper();
    Type propertyType = wrappedVar->getInterfaceType();
    Type wrapperType = outerWrapper->getType();

    // Emit the property wrapper fallback diagnostic
    wrappedVar->diagnose(diag::property_wrapper_incompatible_property,
                         propertyType, wrapperType);
    if (auto nominal = wrapperType->getAnyNominal()) {
      nominal->diagnose(diag::property_wrapper_declared_here,
                        nominal->getName());
    }
  } else if (auto *var = target.getAsUninitializedVar()) {
    DE.diagnose(target.getLoc(), diag::failed_to_produce_diagnostic);
  } else if (target.isForEachStmt()) {
    DE.diagnose(target.getLoc(), diag::failed_to_produce_diagnostic);
  } else {
    // Emit a poor fallback message.
    DE.diagnose(target.getAsFunction()->getLoc(),
                diag::failed_to_produce_diagnostic);
  }
}

bool ConstraintSystem::isDeclUnavailable(const Decl *D,
                                         ConstraintLocator *locator) const {
  // First check whether this declaration is universally unavailable.
  if (D->getAttrs().isUnavailable(getASTContext()))
    return true;

  return TypeChecker::isDeclarationUnavailable(D, DC, [&] {
    SourceLoc loc;

    if (locator) {
      if (auto anchor = locator->getAnchor())
        loc = getLoc(anchor);
    }

    return TypeChecker::overApproximateAvailabilityAtLocation(loc, DC);
  });
}

bool ConstraintSystem::isConformanceUnavailable(ProtocolConformanceRef conformance,
                                                ConstraintLocator *locator) const {
  if (!conformance.isConcrete())
    return false;

  auto *concrete = conformance.getConcrete();
  auto *rootConf = concrete->getRootConformance();
  auto *ext = dyn_cast<ExtensionDecl>(rootConf->getDeclContext());
  if (ext == nullptr)
    return false;

  return isDeclUnavailable(ext, locator);
}

/// If we aren't certain that we've emitted a diagnostic, emit a fallback
/// diagnostic.
void ConstraintSystem::maybeProduceFallbackDiagnostic(
    SyntacticElementTarget target) const {
  if (Options.contains(ConstraintSystemFlags::SuppressDiagnostics))
    return;

  // Before producing fatal error here, let's check if there are any "error"
  // diagnostics already emitted or waiting to be emitted. Because they are
  // a better indication of the problem.
  ASTContext &ctx = getASTContext();
  if (ctx.Diags.hadAnyError() || ctx.hasDelayedConformanceErrors())
    return;

  ctx.Diags.diagnose(target.getLoc(), diag::failed_to_produce_diagnostic);
}

/// A protocol member accessed with an existential value might have generic
/// constraints that require the ability to spell an opened archetype in order
/// to be satisfied. Such are
/// - superclass requirements, when the object is a non-'Self'-rooted type
///   parameter, and the subject is dependent on 'Self', e.g. U : G<Self.A>
/// - same-type requirements, when one side is dependent on 'Self', and the
///   other is a non-'Self'-rooted type parameter, e.g. U.Element == Self.
///
/// Because opened archetypes are not part of the surface language, these
/// constraints render the member inaccessible.
static bool doesMemberHaveUnfulfillableConstraintsWithExistentialBase(
    Type baseTy, const ValueDecl *member) {
  const auto sig =
      member->getInnermostDeclContext()->getGenericSignatureOfContext();

  // Fast path: the member is generic only over 'Self'.
  if (sig.getGenericParams().size() == 1) {
    return false;
  }

  class IsDependentOnSelfInBaseTypeContextWalker : public TypeWalker {
    CanGenericSignature Sig;

  public:
    explicit IsDependentOnSelfInBaseTypeContextWalker(CanGenericSignature Sig)
        : Sig(Sig) {}

    Action walkToTypePre(Type ty) override {
      if (!ty->isTypeParameter()) {
        return Action::Continue;
      }

      if (ty->getRootGenericParam()->getDepth() > 0) {
        return Action::SkipChildren;
      }

      if (!Sig->isValidTypeParameter(ty)) {
        return Action::SkipChildren;
      }

      const auto concreteTy = Sig->getConcreteType(ty);
      if (concreteTy && !concreteTy->hasTypeParameter()) {
        return Action::SkipChildren;
      }

      return Action::Stop;
    }
  } isDependentOnSelfWalker(member->getASTContext().getOpenedExistentialSignature(
      baseTy, GenericSignature()));

  for (const auto &req : sig.getRequirements()) {
    switch (req.getKind()) {
    case RequirementKind::SameShape:
      llvm_unreachable("Same-shape requirement not supported here");

    case RequirementKind::Superclass: {
      if (req.getFirstType()->getRootGenericParam()->getDepth() > 0 &&
          req.getSecondType().walk(isDependentOnSelfWalker)) {
        return true;
      }

      break;
    }
    case RequirementKind::SameType: {
      const auto isNonSelfRootedTypeParam = [](Type ty) {
        return ty->isTypeParameter() &&
               ty->getRootGenericParam()->getDepth() > 0;
      };

      if ((isNonSelfRootedTypeParam(req.getFirstType()) &&
           req.getSecondType().walk(isDependentOnSelfWalker)) ||
          (isNonSelfRootedTypeParam(req.getSecondType()) &&
           req.getFirstType().walk(isDependentOnSelfWalker))) {
        return true;
      }

      break;
    }
    case RequirementKind::Conformance:
    case RequirementKind::Layout:
      break;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

bool ConstraintSystem::isMemberAvailableOnExistential(
    Type baseTy, const ValueDecl *member) const {
  assert(member->getDeclContext()->getSelfProtocolDecl());

  // If the type of the member references 'Self' or a 'Self'-rooted associated
  // type in non-covariant position, we cannot reference the member.
  //
  // N.B. We pass the module context because this check does not care about the
  // the actual signature of the opened archetype in context, rather it cares
  // about whether you can "hold" `baseTy.member` properly in the abstract.
  const auto info = member->findExistentialSelfReferences(
      baseTy,
      /*treatNonResultCovariantSelfAsInvariant=*/false);
  if (info.selfRef > TypePosition::Covariant ||
      info.assocTypeRef > TypePosition::Covariant) {
    return false;
  }

  // FIXME: Appropriately diagnose assignments instead.
  if (auto *const storageDecl = dyn_cast<AbstractStorageDecl>(member)) {
    if (info.hasCovariantSelfResult && storageDecl->supportsMutation())
      return false;
  }

  if (doesMemberHaveUnfulfillableConstraintsWithExistentialBase(baseTy,
                                                                member)) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

SourceLoc constraints::getLoc(ASTNode anchor) {
  if (auto *E = anchor.dyn_cast<Expr *>()) {
    return E->getLoc();
  } else if (auto *T = anchor.dyn_cast<TypeRepr *>()) {
    return T->getLoc();
  } else if (auto *V = anchor.dyn_cast<Decl *>()) {
    if (auto VD = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(V))
      return VD->getNameLoc();
    return anchor.getStartLoc();
  } else if (auto *S = anchor.dyn_cast<Stmt *>()) {
    return S->getStartLoc();
  } else if (auto *P = anchor.dyn_cast<Pattern *>()) {
    return P->getLoc();
  } else if (auto *C = anchor.dyn_cast<StmtConditionElement *>()) {
    return C->getStartLoc();
  } else {
    auto *I = anchor.get<CaseLabelItem *>();
    return I->getStartLoc();
  }
}

SourceRange constraints::getSourceRange(ASTNode anchor) {
  return anchor.getSourceRange();
}

static llvm::Optional<Requirement>
getRequirement(ConstraintSystem &cs, ConstraintLocator *reqLocator) {
  ArrayRef<LocatorPathElt> path = reqLocator->getPath();

  // If we have something like ... -> type req # -> pack element #, we're
  // solving a requirement of the form T : P where T is a type parameter pack
  if (!path.empty() && path.back().is<LocatorPathElt::PackElement>())
    path = path.drop_back();

  if (path.empty())
    return llvm::None;

  auto reqLoc = path.back().getAs<LocatorPathElt::AnyRequirement>();
  if (!reqLoc)
    return llvm::None;

  if (reqLoc->isConditionalRequirement()) {
    auto conformanceRef =
        reqLocator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::ConformanceRequirement>();
    assert(conformanceRef && "Invalid locator for a conditional requirement");

    auto conformance = conformanceRef->getConformance();
    return conformance->getConditionalRequirements()[reqLoc->getIndex()];
  }

  if (auto openedGeneric =
          reqLocator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::OpenedGeneric>()) {
    auto signature = openedGeneric->getSignature();
    return signature.getRequirements()[reqLoc->getIndex()];
  }

  return llvm::None;
}

static llvm::Optional<std::pair<GenericTypeParamType *, RequirementKind>>
getRequirementInfo(ConstraintSystem &cs, ConstraintLocator *reqLocator) {
  auto requirement = getRequirement(cs, reqLocator);
  if (!requirement)
    return llvm::None;

  auto *GP = requirement->getFirstType()->getAs<GenericTypeParamType>();
  if (!GP)
    return llvm::None;

  auto path = reqLocator->getPath();
  auto iter = path.rbegin();

  auto openedGeneric =
      reqLocator->findLast<LocatorPathElt::OpenedGeneric>(iter);
  assert(openedGeneric);
  (void)openedGeneric;

  auto newPath = path.drop_back(iter - path.rbegin() + 1);
  auto *baseLoc = cs.getConstraintLocator(reqLocator->getAnchor(), newPath);

  auto substitutions = cs.getOpenedTypes(baseLoc);
  auto replacement =
      llvm::find_if(substitutions, [&GP](const OpenedType &entry) {
        auto *typeVar = entry.second;
        return typeVar->getImpl().getGenericParameter() == GP;
      });

  if (replacement == substitutions.end())
    return llvm::None;

  auto *repr = cs.getRepresentative(replacement->second);
  return std::make_pair(repr->getImpl().getGenericParameter(),
                        requirement->getKind());
}

bool ConstraintSystem::isFixedRequirement(ConstraintLocator *reqLocator,
                                          Type requirementTy) {
  if (auto reqInfo = getRequirementInfo(*this, reqLocator)) {
    auto *GP = reqInfo->first;
    auto reqKind = static_cast<unsigned>(reqInfo->second);
    return FixedRequirements.count(
        std::make_tuple(GP, reqKind, requirementTy.getPointer()));
  }

  return false;
}

void ConstraintSystem::recordFixedRequirement(ConstraintLocator *reqLocator,
                                              Type requirementTy) {
  if (auto reqInfo = getRequirementInfo(*this, reqLocator)) {
    auto *GP = reqInfo->first;
    auto reqKind = static_cast<unsigned>(reqInfo->second);
    FixedRequirements.insert(
        std::make_tuple(GP, reqKind, requirementTy.getPointer()));
  }
}

// Replace any error types encountered with placeholders.
Type ConstraintSystem::getVarType(const VarDecl *var) {
  auto type = var->getType();

  // If this declaration is used as part of a code completion
  // expression, solver needs to glance over the fact that
  // it might be invalid to avoid failing constraint generation
  // and produce completion results.
  if (!isForCodeCompletion())
    return type;

  return type.transform([&](Type type) {
    if (!type->is<ErrorType>())
      return type;
    return PlaceholderType::get(Context, const_cast<VarDecl *>(var));
  });
}

bool ConstraintSystem::isReadOnlyKeyPathComponent(
    const AbstractStorageDecl *storage, SourceLoc referenceLoc) {
  // See whether key paths can store to this component. (Key paths don't
  // get any special power from being formed in certain contexts, such
  // as the ability to assign to `let`s in initialization contexts, so
  // we pass null for the DC to `isSettable` here.)
  if (!getASTContext().isSwiftVersionAtLeast(5)) {
    // As a source-compatibility measure, continue to allow
    // WritableKeyPaths to be formed in the same conditions we did
    // in previous releases even if we should not be able to set
    // the value in this context.
    if (!storage->isSettableInSwift(DC)) {
      // A non-settable component makes the key path read-only, unless
      // a reference-writable component shows up later.
      return true;
    }
  } else if (!storage->isSettableInSwift(nullptr) ||
             !storage->isSetterAccessibleFrom(DC)) {
    // A non-settable component makes the key path read-only, unless
    // a reference-writable component shows up later.
    return true;
  }

  // If the setter is unavailable, then the keypath ought to be read-only
  // in this context.
  if (auto setter = storage->getOpaqueAccessor(AccessorKind::Set)) {
    ExportContext where = ExportContext::forFunctionBody(DC, referenceLoc);
    auto maybeUnavail =
        TypeChecker::checkDeclarationAvailability(setter, where);
    if (maybeUnavail.has_value()) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

bool ConstraintSystem::isArgumentGenericFunction(Type argType, Expr *argExpr) {
  // Only makes sense if the argument type involves type variables somehow.
  if (!argType->hasTypeVariable())
    return false;

  // Have we bound an overload for the argument already?
  if (argExpr) {
    auto locator = getConstraintLocator(argExpr);
    auto knownOverloadBinding = ResolvedOverloads.find(locator);
    if (knownOverloadBinding != ResolvedOverloads.end()) {
      // If the overload choice is a generic function, then we have a generic
      // function reference.
      auto choice = knownOverloadBinding->second;
      if (auto func = dyn_cast_or_null<AbstractFunctionDecl>(
              choice.choice.getDeclOrNull())) {
        if (func->isGeneric())
          return true;
      }

      return false;
    }
  }

  // We might have a type variable referring to an overload set.
  auto argTypeVar = argType->getAs<TypeVariableType>();
  if (!argTypeVar)
    return false;

  auto disjunction = getUnboundBindOverloadDisjunction(argTypeVar);
  if (!disjunction)
    return false;

  for (auto constraint : disjunction->getNestedConstraints()) {
    auto *decl = constraint->getOverloadChoice().getDeclOrNull();
    if (!decl)
      continue;

    if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl))
      if (func->isGeneric())
        return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool ConstraintSystem::participatesInInference(ClosureExpr *closure) const {
  if (getAppliedResultBuilderTransform(closure))
    return true;

  if (closure->hasSingleExpressionBody())
    return true;

  if (Options.contains(ConstraintSystemFlags::LeaveClosureBodyUnchecked))
    return false;

  if (closure->hasEmptyBody())
    return false;

  // If body is nested in a parent that has a function builder applied,
  // let's prevent inference until result builders.
  if (Options.contains(
          ConstraintSystemFlags::
              ClosuresInResultBuildersDontParticipateInInference)) {
    return !isInResultBuilderContext(closure);
  } else {
    return true;
  }
}

TypeVarBindingProducer::TypeVarBindingProducer(BindingSet &bindings)
    : BindingProducer(bindings.getConstraintSystem(),
                      bindings.getTypeVariable()->getImpl().getLocator()),
      TypeVar(bindings.getTypeVariable()), CanBeNil(bindings.canBeNil()) {
  if (bindings.isDirectHole()) {
    auto *locator = getLocator();
    // If this type variable is associated with a code completion token
    // and it failed to infer any bindings let's adjust holes's locator
    // to point to a code completion token to avoid attempting to "fix"
    // this problem since its rooted in the fact that constraint system
    // is under-constrained.
    if (bindings.getAssociatedCodeCompletionToken()) {
      locator =
          CS.getConstraintLocator(bindings.getAssociatedCodeCompletionToken());
    }

    Bindings.push_back(Binding::forHole(TypeVar, locator));
    return;
  }

  // A binding to `Any` which should always be considered as a last resort.
  llvm::Optional<Binding> Any;

  auto addBinding = [&](const Binding &binding) {
    // Adjust optionality of existing bindings based on presence of
    // `ExpressibleByNilLiteral` requirement.
    if (requiresOptionalAdjustment(binding)) {
      Bindings.push_back(
          binding.withType(OptionalType::get(binding.BindingType)));
    } else if (binding.BindingType->isAny()) {
      Any.emplace(binding);
    } else {
      Bindings.push_back(binding);
    }
  };

  if (TypeVar->getImpl().isPackExpansion()) {
    SmallVector<Binding> viableBindings;

    // Collect possible contextual types (keep in mind that pack
    // expansion type variable gets bound to its "opened" type
    // regardless). To be viable the binding has to come from `bind`
    // or `equal` constraint (i.e. same-type constraint or explicit
    // generic argument) and be fully resolved.
    llvm::copy_if(bindings.Bindings, std::back_inserter(viableBindings),
                  [&](const Binding &binding) {
                    auto *source = binding.getSource();
                    if (source->getKind() == ConstraintKind::Bind ||
                        source->getKind() == ConstraintKind::Equal) {
                      auto type = binding.BindingType;
                      return type->is<PackExpansionType>() &&
                             !type->hasTypeVariable();
                    }
                    return false;
                  });

    // If there is a single fully resolved contextual type, let's
    // use it as a binding to help with performance and diagnostics.
    if (viableBindings.size() == 1) {
      addBinding(viableBindings.front());
    } else {
      for (const auto &entry : bindings.Defaults) {
        auto *constraint = entry.second;
        Bindings.push_back(getDefaultBinding(constraint));
      }
    }

    return;
  }

  for (const auto &binding : bindings.Bindings) {
    addBinding(binding);
  }

  // Infer defaults based on "uncovered" literal protocol requirements.
  for (const auto &info : bindings.Literals) {
    const auto &literal = info.second;

    if (!literal.viableAsBinding())
      continue;

    // We need to figure out whether this is a direct conformance
    // requirement or inferred transitive one to identify binding
    // kind correctly.
    addBinding({literal.getDefaultType(),
                literal.isDirectRequirement() ? BindingKind::Subtypes
                                              : BindingKind::Supertypes,
                literal.getSource()});
  }

  // Let's always consider `Any` to be a last resort binding because
  // it's always better to infer concrete type and erase it if required
  // by the context.
  if (Any) {
    Bindings.push_back(*Any);
  }

  {
    bool noBindings = Bindings.empty();

    for (const auto &entry : bindings.Defaults) {
      auto *constraint = entry.second;
      if (noBindings) {
        // If there are no direct or transitive bindings to attempt
        // let's add defaults to the list right away.
        Bindings.push_back(getDefaultBinding(constraint));
      } else {
        // Otherwise let's delay attempting default bindings
        // until all of the direct & transitive bindings and
        // their derivatives have been attempted.
        DelayedDefaults.push_back(constraint);
      }
    }
  }
}

bool TypeVarBindingProducer::requiresOptionalAdjustment(
    const Binding &binding) const {
  // If type variable can't be `nil` then adjustment is
  // not required.
  if (!CanBeNil)
    return false;

  if (binding.Kind == BindingKind::Supertypes) {
    auto type = binding.BindingType->getRValueType();
    // If the type doesn't conform to ExpressibleByNilLiteral,
    // produce an optional of that type as a potential binding. We
    // overwrite the binding in place because the non-optional type
    // will fail to type-check against the nil-literal conformance.
    auto *proto = CS.getASTContext().getProtocol(
         KnownProtocolKind::ExpressibleByNilLiteral);

    return !proto->getParentModule()->lookupConformance(type, proto);
  } else if (binding.isDefaultableBinding() && binding.BindingType->isAny()) {
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

PotentialBinding
TypeVarBindingProducer::getDefaultBinding(Constraint *constraint) const {
  assert(constraint->getKind() == ConstraintKind::Defaultable ||
         constraint->getKind() == ConstraintKind::FallbackType);

  auto type = constraint->getSecondType();
  Binding binding{type, BindingKind::Exact, constraint};
  return requiresOptionalAdjustment(binding)
             ? binding.withType(OptionalType::get(type))
             : binding;
}

ValueDecl *constraints::getOverloadChoiceDecl(Constraint *choice) {
  if (choice->getKind() != ConstraintKind::BindOverload)
    return nullptr;
  return choice->getOverloadChoice().getDeclOrNull();
}

bool constraints::isOperatorDisjunction(Constraint *disjunction) {
  assert(disjunction->getKind() == ConstraintKind::Disjunction);

  auto choices = disjunction->getNestedConstraints();
  assert(!choices.empty());

  auto *decl = getOverloadChoiceDecl(choices.front());
  return decl ? decl->isOperator() : false;
}

ASTNode constraints::findAsyncNode(ClosureExpr *closure) {
  auto *body = closure->getBody();
  if (!body)
    return ASTNode();
  return body->findAsyncNode();
}

void constraints::dumpAnchor(ASTNode anchor, SourceManager *SM,
                             raw_ostream &out) {
  if (auto *expr = anchor.dyn_cast<Expr *>()) {
    out << Expr::getKindName(expr->getKind());
    if (SM) {
      out << '@';
      expr->getLoc().print(out, *SM);
    }
  } else if (auto *pattern = anchor.dyn_cast<Pattern *>()) {
    out << Pattern::getKindName(pattern->getKind()) << "Pattern";
    if (SM) {
      out << '@';
      pattern->getLoc().print(out, *SM);
    }
  }
  // TODO(diagnostics): Implement the rest of the cases.
}