TypeChecker.h

//===--- TypeChecker.h - Type Checking Class --------------------*- C++ -*-===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//  This file defines the TypeChecking class.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#ifndef TYPECHECKING_H
#define TYPECHECKING_H

#include "swift/AST/ASTContext.h"
#include "swift/AST/AccessScope.h"
#include "swift/AST/AnyFunctionRef.h"
#include "swift/AST/Availability.h"
#include "swift/AST/DiagnosticsSema.h"
#include "swift/AST/KnownProtocols.h"
#include "swift/AST/LazyResolver.h"
#include "swift/AST/NameLookup.h"
#include "swift/AST/TypeRefinementContext.h"
#include "swift/Parse/Lexer.h"
#include "swift/Basic/OptionSet.h"
#include "swift/Config.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SetVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/TinyPtrVector.h"
#include <functional>

namespace swift {

class GenericSignatureBuilder;
class NominalTypeDecl;
class NormalProtocolConformance;
class TopLevelContext;
class TypeChecker;
class TypeResolution;
class TypeResolutionOptions;
class TypoCorrectionResults;
class ExprPattern;
enum class TypeResolutionStage : uint8_t;

namespace constraints {
  enum class ConstraintKind : char;
  enum class SolutionKind : char;
  class ConstraintSystem;
  class Solution;
}

/// A mapping from substitutable types to the protocol-conformance
/// mappings for those types.
using ConformanceMap =
    llvm::DenseMap<SubstitutableType *, SmallVector<ProtocolConformance *, 2>>;

/// Special-case type checking semantics for certain declarations.
enum class DeclTypeCheckingSemantics {
  /// A normal declaration.
  Normal,
  
  /// The type(of:) declaration, which performs a "dynamic type" operation,
  /// with different behavior for existential and non-existential arguments.
  TypeOf,
  
  /// The withoutActuallyEscaping(_:do:) declaration, which makes a nonescaping
  /// closure temporarily escapable.
  WithoutActuallyEscaping,

  /// The _openExistential(_:do:) declaration, which extracts the value inside
  /// an existential and passes it as a value of its own dynamic type.
  OpenExistential,
};

/// The result of name lookup.
class LookupResult {
private:
  /// The set of results found.
  SmallVector<LookupResultEntry, 4> Results;
  size_t IndexOfFirstOuterResult = 0;

public:
  LookupResult() {}

  explicit LookupResult(const SmallVectorImpl<LookupResultEntry> &Results,
                        size_t indexOfFirstOuterResult)
      : Results(Results.begin(), Results.end()),
        IndexOfFirstOuterResult(indexOfFirstOuterResult) {}

  using iterator = SmallVectorImpl<LookupResultEntry>::iterator;
  iterator begin() { return Results.begin(); }
  iterator end() {
    return Results.begin() + IndexOfFirstOuterResult;
  }
  unsigned size() const { return innerResults().size(); }
  bool empty() const { return innerResults().empty(); }

  ArrayRef<LookupResultEntry> innerResults() const {
    return llvm::makeArrayRef(Results).take_front(IndexOfFirstOuterResult);
  }

  ArrayRef<LookupResultEntry> outerResults() const {
    return llvm::makeArrayRef(Results).drop_front(IndexOfFirstOuterResult);
  }

  const LookupResultEntry& operator[](unsigned index) const {
    return Results[index];
  }

  LookupResultEntry front() const { return innerResults().front(); }
  LookupResultEntry back() const { return innerResults().back(); }

  /// Add a result to the set of results.
  void add(LookupResultEntry result, bool isOuter) {
    Results.push_back(result);
    if (!isOuter) {
      IndexOfFirstOuterResult++;
      assert(IndexOfFirstOuterResult == Results.size() &&
             "found an outer result before an inner one");
    } else {
      assert(IndexOfFirstOuterResult > 0 &&
             "found outer results without an inner one");
    }
  }

  void clear() { Results.clear(); }

  /// Determine whether the result set is nonempty.
  explicit operator bool() const {
    return !empty();
  }

  TypeDecl *getSingleTypeResult() const {
    if (size() != 1)
      return nullptr;

    return dyn_cast<TypeDecl>(front().getValueDecl());
  }

  /// Filter out any results that aren't accepted by the given predicate.
  void
  filter(llvm::function_ref<bool(LookupResultEntry, /*isOuter*/ bool)> pred);

  /// Shift down results by dropping inner results while keeping outer
  /// results (if any), the innermost of which are recogized as inner
  /// results afterwards.
  void shiftDownResults();
};

/// An individual result of a name lookup for a type.
struct LookupTypeResultEntry {
  TypeDecl *Member;
  Type MemberType;
  /// The associated type that the Member/MemberType were inferred for, but only
  /// if inference happened when creating this entry.
  AssociatedTypeDecl *InferredAssociatedType;
};

/// The result of name lookup for types.
class LookupTypeResult {
  /// The set of results found.
  SmallVector<LookupTypeResultEntry, 4> Results;

  friend class TypeChecker;

public:
  using iterator = SmallVectorImpl<LookupTypeResultEntry>::iterator;
  iterator begin() { return Results.begin(); }
  iterator end() { return Results.end(); }
  unsigned size() const { return Results.size(); }

  LookupTypeResultEntry operator[](unsigned index) const {
    return Results[index];
  }

  LookupTypeResultEntry front() const { return Results.front(); }
  LookupTypeResultEntry back() const { return Results.back(); }

  /// Add a result to the set of results.
  void addResult(LookupTypeResultEntry result) { Results.push_back(result); }

  /// Determine whether this result set is ambiguous.
  bool isAmbiguous() const {
    return Results.size() > 1;
  }

  /// Determine whether the result set is nonempty.
  explicit operator bool() const {
    return !Results.empty();
  }
};

/// This specifies the purpose of the contextual type, when specified to
/// typeCheckExpression.  This is used for diagnostic generation to produce more
/// specified error messages when the conversion fails.
///
enum ContextualTypePurpose {
  CTP_Unused,           ///< No contextual type is specified.
  CTP_Initialization,   ///< Pattern binding initialization.
  CTP_ReturnStmt,       ///< Value specified to a 'return' statement.
  CTP_ReturnSingleExpr, ///< Value implicitly returned from a function.
  CTP_YieldByValue,     ///< By-value yield operand.
  CTP_YieldByReference, ///< By-reference yield operand.
  CTP_ThrowStmt,        ///< Value specified to a 'throw' statement.
  CTP_EnumCaseRawValue, ///< Raw value specified for "case X = 42" in enum.
  CTP_DefaultParameter, ///< Default value in parameter 'foo(a : Int = 42)'.

  CTP_CalleeResult,     ///< Constraint is placed on the result of a callee.
  CTP_CallArgument,     ///< Call to function or operator requires type.
  CTP_ClosureResult,    ///< Closure result expects a specific type.
  CTP_ArrayElement,     ///< ArrayExpr wants elements to have a specific type.
  CTP_DictionaryKey,    ///< DictionaryExpr keys should have a specific type.
  CTP_DictionaryValue,  ///< DictionaryExpr values should have a specific type.
  CTP_CoerceOperand,    ///< CoerceExpr operand coerced to specific type.
  CTP_AssignSource,     ///< AssignExpr source operand coerced to result type.
  CTP_SubscriptAssignSource, ///< AssignExpr source operand coerced to subscript
                             ///< result type.
  CTP_Condition,        ///< Condition expression of various statements e.g.
                        ///< `if`, `for`, `while` etc.
  CTP_ForEachStmt,      ///< "expression/sequence" associated with 'for-in' loop
                        ///< is expected to conform to 'Sequence' protocol.

  CTP_CannotFail,       ///< Conversion can never fail. abort() if it does.
};



/// Flags that can be used to control name lookup.
enum class TypeCheckExprFlags {
  /// Whether we know that the result of the expression is discarded.  This
  /// disables constraints forcing an lvalue result to be loadable.
  IsDiscarded = 0x01,

  /// Whether the client wants to disable the structural syntactic restrictions
  /// that we force for style or other reasons.
  DisableStructuralChecks = 0x02,

  /// If set, the client wants a best-effort solution to the constraint system,
  /// but can tolerate a solution where all of the constraints are solved, but
  /// not all type variables have been determined.  In this case, the constraint
  /// system is not applied to the expression AST, but the ConstraintSystem is
  /// left in-tact.
  AllowUnresolvedTypeVariables = 0x08,

  /// If set, the 'convertType' specified to typeCheckExpression should not
  /// produce a conversion constraint, but it should be used to guide the
  /// solution in terms of performance optimizations of the solver, and in terms
  /// of guiding diagnostics.
  ConvertTypeIsOnlyAHint = 0x10,

  /// If set, this expression isn't embedded in a larger expression or
  /// statement. This should only be used for syntactic restrictions, and should
  /// not affect type checking itself.
  IsExprStmt = 0x20,

  /// If set, this expression is being re-type checked as part of diagnostics,
  /// and so we should not visit bodies of non-single expression closures.
  SkipMultiStmtClosures = 0x40,

  /// This is an inout yield.
  IsInOutYield = 0x100,

  /// If set, a conversion constraint should be specified so that the result of
  /// the expression is an optional type.
  ExpressionTypeMustBeOptional = 0x200,

  /// FIXME(diagnostics): Once diagnostics are completely switched to new
  /// framework, this flag could be removed as obsolete.
  ///
  /// If set, this is a sub-expression, and it is being re-typechecked
  /// as part of the expression diagnostics, which is attempting to narrow
  /// down failure location.
  SubExpressionDiagnostics = 0x400,
  
  /// If set, the 'convertType' specified to typeCheckExpression is the opaque
  /// return type of the declaration being checked. The archetype should be
  /// opened into a type variable to provide context to the expression, and
  /// the resulting type will be a candidate for binding the underlying
  /// type.
  ConvertTypeIsOpaqueReturnType = 0x800,
};

using TypeCheckExprOptions = OptionSet<TypeCheckExprFlags>;

inline TypeCheckExprOptions operator|(TypeCheckExprFlags flag1,
                                      TypeCheckExprFlags flag2) {
  return TypeCheckExprOptions(flag1) | flag2;
}

/// Flags that can be used to control name lookup.
enum class NameLookupFlags {
  /// Whether we know that this lookup is always a private dependency.
  KnownPrivate = 0x01,
  /// Whether name lookup should be able to find protocol members.
  ProtocolMembers = 0x02,
  /// Whether we should map the requirement to the witness if we
  /// find a protocol member and the base type is a concrete type.
  ///
  /// If this is not set but ProtocolMembers is set, we will
  /// find protocol extension members, but not protocol requirements
  /// that do not yet have a witness (such as inferred associated
  /// types, or witnesses for derived conformances).
  PerformConformanceCheck = 0x04,
  /// Whether to perform 'dynamic' name lookup that finds @objc
  /// members of any class or protocol.
  DynamicLookup = 0x08,
  /// Whether to ignore access control for this lookup, allowing inaccessible
  /// results to be returned.
  IgnoreAccessControl = 0x10,
  /// Whether to include results from outside the innermost scope that has a
  /// result.
  IncludeOuterResults = 0x20,
  /// Whether to consider synonyms declared through @_implements().
  IncludeAttributeImplements = 0x40,
};

/// A set of options that control name lookup.
using NameLookupOptions = OptionSet<NameLookupFlags>;

inline NameLookupOptions operator|(NameLookupFlags flag1,
                                   NameLookupFlags flag2) {
  return NameLookupOptions(flag1) | flag2;
}

/// Default options for member name lookup.
const NameLookupOptions defaultMemberLookupOptions
  = NameLookupFlags::ProtocolMembers |
    NameLookupFlags::PerformConformanceCheck;

/// Default options for constructor lookup.
const NameLookupOptions defaultConstructorLookupOptions
  = NameLookupFlags::ProtocolMembers |
    NameLookupFlags::PerformConformanceCheck;

/// Default options for member type lookup.
const NameLookupOptions defaultMemberTypeLookupOptions
  = NameLookupFlags::ProtocolMembers |
    NameLookupFlags::PerformConformanceCheck;

/// Default options for unqualified name lookup.
const NameLookupOptions defaultUnqualifiedLookupOptions
  = NameLookupFlags::ProtocolMembers |
    NameLookupFlags::PerformConformanceCheck;

/// Describes the result of comparing two entities, of which one may be better
/// or worse than the other, or they are unordered.
enum class Comparison {
  /// Neither entity is better than the other.
  Unordered,
  /// The first entity is better than the second.
  Better,
  /// The first entity is worse than the second.
  Worse
};

/// Specify how we handle the binding of underconstrained (free) type variables
/// within a solution to a constraint system.
enum class FreeTypeVariableBinding {
  /// Disallow any binding of such free type variables.
  Disallow,
  /// Allow the free type variables to persist in the solution.
  Allow,
  /// Bind the type variables to UnresolvedType to represent the ambiguity.
  UnresolvedType
};

/// An abstract interface that can interact with the type checker during
/// the type checking of a particular expression.
class ExprTypeCheckListener {
public:
  virtual ~ExprTypeCheckListener();

  /// Callback invoked once the constraint system has been constructed.
  ///
  /// \param cs The constraint system that has been constructed.
  ///
  /// \param expr The pre-checked expression from which the constraint system
  /// was generated.
  ///
  /// \returns true if an error occurred that is not itself part of the
  /// constraint system, or false otherwise.
  virtual bool builtConstraints(constraints::ConstraintSystem &cs, Expr *expr);

  /// Callback invoked once a solution has been found.
  ///
  /// The callback may further alter the expression, returning either a
  /// new expression (to replace the result) or a null pointer to indicate
  /// failure.
  virtual Expr *foundSolution(constraints::Solution &solution, Expr *expr);

  /// Callback invokes once the chosen solution has been applied to the
  /// expression.
  ///
  /// The callback may further alter the expression, returning either a
  /// new expression (to replace the result) or a null pointer to indicate
  /// failure.
  virtual Expr *appliedSolution(constraints::Solution &solution,
                                Expr *expr);

  /// Callback invoked if expression is structurally unsound and can't
  /// be correctly processed by the constraint solver.
  virtual void preCheckFailed(Expr *expr);

  /// Callback invoked if constraint system failed to generate
  /// constraints for a given expression.
  virtual void constraintGenerationFailed(Expr *expr);

  /// Callback invoked if application of chosen solution to
  /// expression has failed.
  virtual void applySolutionFailed(constraints::Solution &solution, Expr *expr);
};

/// A conditional conformance that implied some other requirements. That is, \c
/// ConformingType conforming to \c Protocol may have required additional
/// requirements to be satisfied.
///
/// This is designed to be used in a stack of such requirements, which can be
/// formatted with \c diagnoseConformanceStack.
struct ParentConditionalConformance {
  Type ConformingType;
  ProtocolType *Protocol;

  /// Format the stack \c conformances as a series of notes that trace a path of
  /// conditional conformances that lead to some other failing requirement (that
  /// is not in \c conformances).
  ///
  /// The end of \c conformances is the active end of the stack, i.e. \c
  /// conformances[0] is a conditional conformance that requires \c
  /// conformances[1], etc.
  static void
  diagnoseConformanceStack(DiagnosticEngine &diags, SourceLoc location,
                           ArrayRef<ParentConditionalConformance> conformances);
};

/// An abstract interface that is used by `checkGenericArguments`.
class GenericRequirementsCheckListener {
public:
  virtual ~GenericRequirementsCheckListener();

  /// Callback invoked before trying to check generic requirement placed
  /// between given types. Note: if either of the types assigned to the
  /// requirement is generic parameter or dependent member, this callback
  /// method is going to get their substitutions.
  ///
  /// \param kind The kind of generic requirement to check.
  ///
  /// \param first The left-hand side type assigned to the requirement,
  /// possibly represented by its generic substitute.
  ///
  /// \param second The right-hand side type assigned to the requirement,
  /// possibly represented by its generic substitute.
  ///
  ///
  /// \returns true if it's ok to validate requirement, false otherwise.
  virtual bool shouldCheck(RequirementKind kind, Type first, Type second);

  /// Callback to report the result of a satisfied conformance requirement.
  ///
  /// \param depTy The dependent type, from the signature.
  /// \param replacementTy The type \c depTy was replaced with.
  /// \param conformance The conformance itself.
  virtual void satisfiedConformance(Type depTy, Type replacementTy,
                                    ProtocolConformanceRef conformance);

  /// Callback to diagnose problem with unsatisfied generic requirement.
  ///
  /// \param req The unsatisfied generic requirement.
  ///
  /// \param first The left-hand side type assigned to the requirement,
  /// possibly represented by its generic substitute.
  ///
  /// \param second The right-hand side type assigned to the requirement,
  /// possibly represented by its generic substitute.
  ///
  /// \returns true if problem has been diagnosed, false otherwise.
  virtual bool diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(
      const Requirement &req, Type first, Type second,
      ArrayRef<ParentConditionalConformance> parents);
};

/// The result of `checkGenericRequirement`.
enum class RequirementCheckResult {
  Success, Failure, SubstitutionFailure
};

/// Flags that control protocol conformance checking.
enum class ConformanceCheckFlags {
  /// Whether we're performing the check from within an expression.
  InExpression = 0x01,
  /// Whether to suppress dependency tracking entirely.
  ///
  /// FIXME: This deals with some oddities with the
  /// _ObjectiveCBridgeable conformances.
  SuppressDependencyTracking = 0x02,
  /// Whether to skip the check for any conditional conformances.
  ///
  /// When set, the caller takes responsibility for any
  /// conditional requirements required for the conformance to be
  /// correctly used. Otherwise (the default), all of the conditional
  /// requirements will be checked.
  SkipConditionalRequirements = 0x04,
};

/// Options that control protocol conformance checking.
using ConformanceCheckOptions = OptionSet<ConformanceCheckFlags>;

inline ConformanceCheckOptions operator|(ConformanceCheckFlags lhs,
                                         ConformanceCheckFlags rhs) {
  return ConformanceCheckOptions(lhs) | rhs;
}

/// Describes the kind of checked cast operation being performed.
enum class CheckedCastContextKind {
  /// None: we're just establishing how to perform the checked cast. This
  /// is useful when we don't care to produce any diagnostics.
  None,
  /// A forced cast, with "as!".
  ForcedCast,
  /// A conditional cast, with "as?".
  ConditionalCast,
  /// An "is" expression.
  IsExpr,
  /// An "is" pattern.
  IsPattern,
  /// An enum-element pattern.
  EnumElementPattern,
};

/// The Swift type checker, which takes a parsed AST and performs name binding,
/// type checking, and semantic analysis to produce a type-annotated AST.
class TypeChecker final {
public:
  /// The list of function definitions we've encountered.
  std::vector<AbstractFunctionDecl *> definedFunctions;

  /// A list of closures for the most recently type-checked function, which we
  /// will need to compute captures for.
  std::vector<AbstractClosureExpr *> ClosuresWithUncomputedCaptures;

private:
  ASTContext &Context;

  TypeChecker(ASTContext &Ctx);
  friend class ASTContext;
  friend class constraints::ConstraintSystem;
  friend class TypeCheckFunctionBodyUntilRequest;

public:
  /// Create a new type checker instance for the given ASTContext, if it
  /// doesn't already have one.
  ///
  /// \returns a reference to the type checker.
  static TypeChecker &createForContext(ASTContext &ctx);

public:
  TypeChecker(const TypeChecker&) = delete;
  TypeChecker& operator=(const TypeChecker&) = delete;
  ~TypeChecker();

  static Type getArraySliceType(SourceLoc loc, Type elementType);
  static Type getDictionaryType(SourceLoc loc, Type keyType, Type valueType);
  static Type getOptionalType(SourceLoc loc, Type elementType);
  static Type getStringType(ASTContext &ctx);
  static Type getSubstringType(ASTContext &ctx);
  static Type getIntType(ASTContext &ctx);
  static Type getInt8Type(ASTContext &ctx);
  static Type getUInt8Type(ASTContext &ctx);

  /// Try to resolve an IdentTypeRepr, returning either the referenced
  /// Type or an ErrorType in case of error.
  static Type resolveIdentifierType(TypeResolution resolution,
                                    IdentTypeRepr *IdType,
                                    TypeResolutionOptions options);

  /// Bind an UnresolvedDeclRefExpr by performing name lookup and
  /// returning the resultant expression.  Context is the DeclContext used
  /// for the lookup.
  static Expr *resolveDeclRefExpr(UnresolvedDeclRefExpr *UDRE,
                                  DeclContext *Context);

  /// Validate the given type.
  ///
  /// Type validation performs name binding, checking of generic arguments,
  /// and so on to determine whether the given type is well-formed and can
  /// be used as a type.
  ///
  /// \param Loc The type (with source location information) to validate.
  /// If the type has already been validated, returns immediately.
  ///
  /// \param resolution The type resolution being performed.
  ///
  /// \param options Options that alter type resolution.
  ///
  /// \returns true if type validation failed, or false otherwise.
  static bool validateType(ASTContext &Ctx, TypeLoc &Loc,
                           TypeResolution resolution,
                           TypeResolutionOptions options);

  /// Check for unsupported protocol types in the given declaration.
  static void checkUnsupportedProtocolType(Decl *decl);

  /// Check for unsupported protocol types in the given statement.
  static void checkUnsupportedProtocolType(ASTContext &ctx, Stmt *stmt);

  /// Check for unsupported protocol types in the given generic requirement
  /// list.
  static void checkUnsupportedProtocolType(ASTContext &ctx,
                                           TrailingWhereClause *whereClause);

  /// Check for unsupported protocol types in the given generic requirement
  /// list.
  static void checkUnsupportedProtocolType(ASTContext &ctx,
                                           GenericParamList *genericParams);

  /// Expose TypeChecker's handling of GenericParamList to SIL parsing.
  static GenericEnvironment *
  handleSILGenericParams(GenericParamList *genericParams, DeclContext *DC);

  /// Resolve a reference to the given type declaration within a particular
  /// context.
  ///
  /// This routine aids unqualified name lookup for types by performing the
  /// resolution necessary to rectify the declaration found by name lookup with
  /// the declaration context from which name lookup started.
  ///
  /// \param typeDecl The type declaration found by name lookup.
  /// \param isSpecialized Whether the type will have generic arguments applied.
  /// \param resolution The resolution to perform.
  ///
  /// \returns the resolved type.
  static Type resolveTypeInContext(TypeDecl *typeDecl,
                                   DeclContext *foundDC,
                                   TypeResolution resolution,
                                   TypeResolutionOptions options,
                                   bool isSpecialized);

  /// Apply generic arguments to the given type.
  ///
  /// This function emits diagnostics about an invalid type or the wrong number
  /// of generic arguments, whereas applyUnboundGenericArguments requires this
  /// to be in a correct and valid form.
  ///
  /// \param type The generic type to which to apply arguments.
  /// \param loc The source location for diagnostic reporting.
  /// \param resolution The type resolution to perform.
  /// \param generic The arguments to apply with the angle bracket range for
  /// diagnostics.
  /// \param options The type resolution context.
  ///
  /// \returns A BoundGenericType bound to the given arguments, or null on
  /// error.
  ///
  /// \see applyUnboundGenericArguments
  static Type applyGenericArguments(Type type, SourceLoc loc,
                                    TypeResolution resolution,
                                    GenericIdentTypeRepr *generic,
                                    TypeResolutionOptions options);

  /// Apply generic arguments to the given type.
  ///
  /// This function requires a valid unbound generic type with the correct
  /// number of generic arguments given, whereas applyGenericArguments emits
  /// diagnostics in those cases.
  ///
  /// \param unboundType The unbound generic type to which to apply arguments.
  /// \param decl The declaration of the type.
  /// \param loc The source location for diagnostic reporting.
  /// \param resolution The type resolution.
  /// \param genericArgs The list of generic arguments to apply to the type.
  ///
  /// \returns A BoundGenericType bound to the given arguments, or null on
  /// error.
  ///
  /// \see applyGenericArguments
  static Type applyUnboundGenericArguments(UnboundGenericType *unboundType,
                                           GenericTypeDecl *decl,
                                           SourceLoc loc,
                                           TypeResolution resolution,
                                           ArrayRef<Type> genericArgs);

  /// Substitute the given base type into the type of the given nested type,
  /// producing the effective type that the nested type will have.
  ///
  /// \param module The module in which the substitution will be performed.
  /// \param member The member whose type projection is being computed.
  /// \param baseTy The base type that will be substituted for the 'Self' of the
  /// member.
  /// \param useArchetypes Whether to use context archetypes for outer generic
  /// parameters if the class is nested inside a generic function.
  static Type substMemberTypeWithBase(ModuleDecl *module, TypeDecl *member,
                                      Type baseTy, bool useArchetypes = true);

  /// Determine whether this is a "pass-through" typealias, which has the
  /// same type parameters as the nominal type it references and specializes
  /// the underlying nominal type with exactly those type parameters.
  /// For example, the following typealias \c GX is a pass-through typealias:
  ///
  /// \code
  /// struct X<T, U> { }
  /// typealias GX<A, B> = X<A, B>
  /// \endcode
  ///
  /// whereas \c GX2 and \c GX3 are not pass-through because \c GX2 has
  /// different type parameters and \c GX3 doesn't pass its type parameters
  /// directly through.
  ///
  /// \code
  /// typealias GX2<A> = X<A, A>
  /// typealias GX3<A, B> = X<B, A>
  /// \endcode
  static bool isPassThroughTypealias(TypeAliasDecl *typealias,
                                     Type underlyingType,
                                     NominalTypeDecl *nominal);
  
  /// Determine whether one type is a subtype of another.
  ///
  /// \param t1 The potential subtype.
  /// \param t2 The potential supertype.
  /// \param dc The context of the check.
  ///
  /// \returns true if \c t1 is a subtype of \c t2.
  static bool isSubtypeOf(Type t1, Type t2, DeclContext *dc);
  
  /// Determine whether one type is implicitly convertible to another.
  ///
  /// \param t1 The potential source type of the conversion.
  ///
  /// \param t2 The potential destination type of the conversion.
  ///
  /// \param dc The context of the conversion.
  ///
  /// \param unwrappedIUO If non-null, will be set to indicate whether the
  /// conversion force-unwrapped an implicitly-unwrapped optional.
  ///
  /// \returns true if \c t1 can be implicitly converted to \c t2.
  static bool isConvertibleTo(Type t1, Type t2, DeclContext *dc,
                              bool *unwrappedIUO = nullptr);

  /// Determine whether one type is explicitly convertible to another,
  /// i.e. using an 'as' expression.
  ///
  /// \param t1 The potential source type of the conversion.
  ///
  /// \param t2 The potential destination type of the conversion.
  ///
  /// \param dc The context of the conversion.
  ///
  /// \returns true if \c t1 can be explicitly converted to \c t2.
  static bool isExplicitlyConvertibleTo(Type t1, Type t2, DeclContext *dc);

  /// Determine whether one type is bridged to another type.
  ///
  /// \param t1 The potential source type of the conversion.
  ///
  /// \param t2 The potential destination type of the conversion.
  ///
  /// \param dc The context of the conversion.
  ///
  /// \param unwrappedIUO If non-null, will be set to indicate whether the
  /// conversion force-unwrapped an implicitly-unwrapped optional.
  ///
  /// \returns true if \c t1 can be explicitly converted to \c t2.
  static bool isObjCBridgedTo(Type t1, Type t2, DeclContext *dc,
                              bool *unwrappedIUO = nullptr);

  /// Return true if performing a checked cast from one type to another
  /// with the "as!" operator could possibly succeed.
  ///
  /// \param t1 The potential source type of the cast.
  ///
  /// \param t2 The potential destination type of the cast.
  ///
  /// \param dc The context of the cast.
  ///
  /// \returns true if a checked cast from \c t1 to \c t2 may succeed, and
  /// false if it will certainly fail, e.g. because the types are unrelated.
  static bool checkedCastMaySucceed(Type t1, Type t2, DeclContext *dc);

  /// Determine whether a constraint of the given kind can be satisfied
  /// by the two types.
  ///
  /// \param t1 The first type of the constraint.
  ///
  /// \param t2 The second type of the constraint.
  ///
  /// \param openArchetypes If true, archetypes are replaced with type
  /// variables, and the result can be interpreted as whether or not the
  /// two types can possibly equal at runtime.
  ///
  /// \param dc The context of the conversion.
  ///
  /// \param unwrappedIUO   If non-null, will be set to \c true if the coercion
  /// or bridge operation force-unwraps an implicitly-unwrapped optional.
  ///
  /// \returns true if \c t1 and \c t2 satisfy the constraint.
  static bool typesSatisfyConstraint(Type t1, Type t2,
                                     bool openArchetypes,
                                     constraints::ConstraintKind kind,
                                     DeclContext *dc,
                                     bool *unwrappedIUO = nullptr);

  /// If the inputs to an apply expression use a consistent "sugar" type
  /// (that is, a typealias or shorthand syntax) equivalent to the result type
  /// of the function, set the result type of the expression to that sugar type.
  static Expr *substituteInputSugarTypeForResult(ApplyExpr *E);

  static bool typeCheckAbstractFunctionBodyUntil(AbstractFunctionDecl *AFD,
                                                 SourceLoc EndTypeCheckLoc);
  static bool typeCheckAbstractFunctionBody(AbstractFunctionDecl *AFD);

  static BraceStmt *applyFunctionBuilderBodyTransform(FuncDecl *FD,
                                                      BraceStmt *body,
                                                      Type builderType);
  static bool typeCheckClosureBody(ClosureExpr *closure);

  static bool typeCheckTapBody(TapExpr *expr, DeclContext *DC);

  static Type typeCheckParameterDefault(Expr *&defaultValue, DeclContext *DC,
                                        Type paramType,
                                        bool isAutoClosure = false,
                                        bool canFail = true);

  static void typeCheckTopLevelCodeDecl(TopLevelCodeDecl *TLCD);

  static void processREPLTopLevel(SourceFile &SF, TopLevelContext &TLC,
                                  unsigned StartElem);

  static void typeCheckDecl(Decl *D);

  static void addImplicitDynamicAttribute(Decl *D);
  static void checkDeclAttributes(Decl *D);
  static void checkParameterAttributes(ParameterList *params);
  static ValueDecl *findReplacedDynamicFunction(const ValueDecl *d);

  static Type checkReferenceOwnershipAttr(VarDecl *D, Type interfaceType,
                                          ReferenceOwnershipAttr *attr);

  /// Infer default value witnesses for all requirements in the given protocol.
  static void inferDefaultWitnesses(ProtocolDecl *proto);

  /// For a generic requirement in a protocol, make sure that the requirement
  /// set didn't add any requirements to Self or its associated types.
  static void checkProtocolSelfRequirements(ValueDecl *decl);

  /// All generic parameters of a generic function must be referenced in the
  /// declaration's type, otherwise we have no way to infer them.
  static void checkReferencedGenericParams(GenericContext *dc);

  /// Construct a new generic environment for the given declaration context.
  ///
  /// \param genericParams The generic parameters to validate.
  ///
  /// \param dc The declaration context in which to perform the validation.
  ///
  /// \param outerSignature The generic signature of the outer
  /// context, if not available as part of the \c dc argument (used
  /// for SIL parsing).
  ///
  /// \param allowConcreteGenericParams Whether or not to allow
  /// same-type constraints between generic parameters and concrete types.
  ///
  /// \param additionalRequirements Additional requirements to add
  /// directly to the GSB.
  ///
  /// \param inferenceSources Additional types to infer requirements from.
  ///
  /// \returns the resulting generic signature.
  static GenericSignature checkGenericSignature(
                        GenericParamList *genericParams,
                        DeclContext *dc,
                        GenericSignature outerSignature,
                        bool allowConcreteGenericParams,
                        SmallVector<Requirement, 2> additionalRequirements = {},
                        SmallVector<TypeLoc, 2> inferenceSources = {});

  /// Create a text string that describes the bindings of generic parameters
  /// that are relevant to the given set of types, e.g.,
  /// "[with T = Bar, U = Wibble]".
  ///
  /// \param types The types that will be scanned for generic type parameters,
  /// which will be used in the resulting type.
  ///
  /// \param genericParams The generic parameters to use to resugar any
  /// generic parameters that occur within the types.
  ///
  /// \param substitutions The generic parameter -> generic argument
  /// substitutions that will have been applied to these types.
  /// These are used to produce the "parameter = argument" bindings in the test.
  static std::string
  gatherGenericParamBindingsText(ArrayRef<Type> types,
                              TypeArrayView<GenericTypeParamType> genericParams,
                              TypeSubstitutionFn substitutions);

  /// Check the given set of generic arguments against the requirements in a
  /// generic signature.
  ///
  /// \param dc The context in which the generic arguments should be checked.
  /// \param loc The location at which any diagnostics should be emitted.
  /// \param noteLoc The location at which any notes will be printed.
  /// \param owner The type that owns the generic signature.
  /// \param genericParams The generic parameters being substituted.
  /// \param requirements The requirements against which the generic arguments
  /// should be checked.
  /// \param substitutions Substitutions from interface types of the signature.
  /// \param conformanceOptions The flags to use when checking conformance
  /// requirement.
  /// \param listener The generic check listener used to pick requirements and
  /// notify callers about diagnosed errors.
  static RequirementCheckResult checkGenericArguments(
      DeclContext *dc, SourceLoc loc, SourceLoc noteLoc, Type owner,
      TypeArrayView<GenericTypeParamType> genericParams,
      ArrayRef<Requirement> requirements,
      TypeSubstitutionFn substitutions,
      LookupConformanceFn conformances,
      ConformanceCheckOptions conformanceOptions,
      GenericRequirementsCheckListener *listener = nullptr,
      SubstOptions options = None);

  /// Diagnose if the class has no designated initializers.
  static void maybeDiagnoseClassWithoutInitializers(ClassDecl *classDecl);

  ///
  /// Add any implicitly-defined constructors required for the given
  /// struct or class.
  static void addImplicitConstructors(NominalTypeDecl *typeDecl);

  /// \name Name lookup
  ///
  /// Routines that perform name lookup.
  ///
  /// During type checking, these routines should be used instead of
  /// \c MemberLookup and \c UnqualifiedLookup, because these routines will
  /// lazily introduce declarations and (FIXME: eventually) perform recursive
  /// type-checking that the AST-level lookup routines don't.
  ///
  /// @{
private:
  Optional<Type> boolType;

public:
  /// Fold the given sequence expression into an (unchecked) expression
  /// tree.
  static Expr *foldSequence(SequenceExpr *expr, DeclContext *dc);

  /// Type check the given expression.
  ///
  /// \param expr The expression to type-check, which will be modified in
  /// place.
  ///
  /// \param convertTypePurpose When convertType is specified, this indicates
  /// what the conversion is doing.  This allows diagnostics generation to
  /// produce more specific and helpful error messages when the conversion fails
  /// to be possible.
  ///
  /// \param convertType The type that the expression is being converted to,
  /// or null if the expression is standalone.  If the 'ConvertTypeIsOnlyAHint'
  /// option is specified, then this is only a hint, it doesn't produce a full
  /// conversion constraint. The location information is only used for
  /// diagnostics should the conversion fail; it is safe to pass a TypeLoc
  /// without location information.
  ///
  /// \param options Options that control how type checking is performed.
  ///
  /// \param listener If non-null, a listener that will be notified of important
  /// events in the type checking of this expression, and which can introduce
  /// additional constraints.
  ///
  /// \param baseCS If this type checking process is the simplification of
  /// another constraint system, set the original constraint system. \c null
  /// otherwise
  ///
  /// \returns The type of the top-level expression, or Type() if an
  ///          error occurred.
  static Type
  typeCheckExpression(Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc,
                      TypeLoc convertType = TypeLoc(),
                      ContextualTypePurpose convertTypePurpose = CTP_Unused,
                      TypeCheckExprOptions options = TypeCheckExprOptions(),
                      ExprTypeCheckListener *listener = nullptr,
                      constraints::ConstraintSystem *baseCS = nullptr);

  static Type typeCheckExpression(Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc,
                                  ExprTypeCheckListener *listener) {
    return TypeChecker::typeCheckExpression(expr, dc, TypeLoc(), CTP_Unused,
                                            TypeCheckExprOptions(), listener);
  }

private:
  Type typeCheckExpressionImpl(Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc,
                               TypeLoc convertType,
                               ContextualTypePurpose convertTypePurpose,
                               TypeCheckExprOptions options,
                               ExprTypeCheckListener &listener,
                               constraints::ConstraintSystem *baseCS);

public:
  /// Type check the given expression and return its type without
  /// applying the solution.
  ///
  /// \param expr The expression to type-check.
  ///
  /// \param referencedDecl Will be set to the declaration that is referenced by
  /// the expression.
  ///
  /// \param allowFreeTypeVariables Whether free type variables are allowed in
  /// the solution, and what to do with them.
  ///
  /// \param listener If non-null, a listener that will be notified of important
  /// events in the type checking of this expression, and which can introduce
  /// additional constraints.
  ///
  /// \returns the type of \p expr on success, Type() otherwise.
  /// FIXME: expr may still be modified...
  static Type getTypeOfExpressionWithoutApplying(
      Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc,
      ConcreteDeclRef &referencedDecl,
      FreeTypeVariableBinding allowFreeTypeVariables =
                              FreeTypeVariableBinding::Disallow,
      ExprTypeCheckListener *listener = nullptr);

  static void getPossibleTypesOfExpressionWithoutApplying(
      Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc, SmallPtrSetImpl<TypeBase *> &types,
      FreeTypeVariableBinding allowFreeTypeVariables =
          FreeTypeVariableBinding::Disallow,
      ExprTypeCheckListener *listener = nullptr);

  /// Return the type of operator function for specified LHS, or a null
  /// \c Type on error.
  static FunctionType *getTypeOfCompletionOperator(DeclContext *DC, Expr *LHS,
                                                   Identifier opName,
                                                   DeclRefKind refKind,
                                                   ConcreteDeclRef &refdDecl);

  /// Check the key-path expression.
  ///
  /// Returns the type of the last component of the key-path.
  static Optional<Type> checkObjCKeyPathExpr(DeclContext *dc, KeyPathExpr *expr,
                                             bool requireResultType = false);

  /// Type check whether the given type declaration includes members of
  /// unsupported recursive value types.
  ///
  /// \param decl The declaration to be type-checked. This process will not
  /// modify the declaration.
  static void checkDeclCircularity(NominalTypeDecl *decl);

  /// Type check whether the given switch statement exhaustively covers
  /// its domain.
  ///
  /// \param stmt The switch statement to be type-checked.  No modification of
  /// the statement occurs.
  /// \param DC The decl context containing \p stmt.
  /// \param limitChecking The checking process relies on the switch statement
  /// being well-formed.  If it is not, pass true to this flag to run a limited
  /// form of analysis.
  static void checkSwitchExhaustiveness(const SwitchStmt *stmt,
                                        const DeclContext *DC,
                                        bool limitChecking);

  /// Type check the given expression as a condition, which converts
  /// it to a logic value.
  ///
  /// \param expr The expression to type-check, which will be modified in place
  /// to return a logic value (builtin i1).
  ///
  /// \returns true if an error occurred, false otherwise.
  static bool typeCheckCondition(Expr *&expr, DeclContext *dc);

  /// Type check the given 'if' or 'while' statement condition, which
  /// either converts an expression to a logic value or bind variables to the
  /// contents of an Optional.
  ///
  /// \param cond The condition to type-check, which will be modified in place.
  ///
  /// \returns true if an error occurred, false otherwise.
  static bool typeCheckStmtCondition(StmtCondition &cond, DeclContext *dc,
                                     Diag<> diagnosticForAlwaysTrue);

  /// Determine the semantics of a checked cast operation.
  ///
  /// \param fromType       The source type of the cast.
  /// \param toType         The destination type of the cast.
  /// \param dc             The context of the cast.
  /// \param diagLoc        The location at which to report diagnostics.
  /// \param fromExpr       The expression describing the input operand.
  /// \param diagToRange    The source range of the destination type.
  ///
  /// \returns a CheckedCastKind indicating the semantics of the cast. If the
  /// cast is invalid, Unresolved is returned. If the cast represents an implicit
  /// conversion, Coercion is returned.
  static CheckedCastKind typeCheckCheckedCast(Type fromType,
                                              Type toType,
                                              CheckedCastContextKind ctxKind,
                                              DeclContext *dc,
                                              SourceLoc diagLoc,
                                              Expr *fromExpr,
                                              SourceRange diagToRange);

  /// Find the Objective-C class that bridges between a value of the given
  /// dynamic type and the given value type.
  ///
  /// \param dc The declaration context from which we will look for
  /// bridging.
  ///
  /// \param dynamicType A dynamic type from which we are bridging. Class and
  /// Objective-C protocol types can be used for bridging.
  ///
  /// \param valueType The value type being queried, e.g., String.
  ///
  /// \returns the Objective-C class type that represents the value
  /// type as an Objective-C class, e.g., \c NSString represents \c
  /// String, or a null type if there is no such type or if the
  /// dynamic type isn't something we can start from.
  static Type getDynamicBridgedThroughObjCClass(DeclContext *dc,
                                                Type dynamicType,
                                                Type valueType);

  /// Resolve ambiguous pattern/expr productions inside a pattern using
  /// name lookup information. Must be done before type-checking the pattern.
  static Pattern *resolvePattern(Pattern *P, DeclContext *dc,
                                 bool isStmtCondition);

  /// Type check the given pattern.
  ///
  /// \param P The pattern to type check.
  /// \param dc The context in which type checking occurs.
  /// \param options Options that control type resolution.
  ///
  /// \returns true if any errors occurred during type checking.
  static bool typeCheckPattern(Pattern *P, DeclContext *dc,
                               TypeResolutionOptions options);

  static bool typeCheckCatchPattern(CatchStmt *S, DeclContext *dc);

  /// Coerce a pattern to the given type.
  ///
  /// \param P The pattern, which may be modified by this coercion.
  /// \param resolution The type resolution.
  /// \param type the type to coerce the pattern to.
  /// \param options Options describing how to perform this coercion.
  ///
  /// \returns true if an error occurred, false otherwise.
  static bool coercePatternToType(Pattern *&P, TypeResolution resolution, Type type,
                                  TypeResolutionOptions options,
                                  TypeLoc tyLoc = TypeLoc());
  static bool typeCheckExprPattern(ExprPattern *EP, DeclContext *DC,
                                   Type type);

  /// Coerce the specified parameter list of a ClosureExpr to the specified
  /// contextual type.
  static void coerceParameterListToType(ParameterList *P, ClosureExpr *CE,
                                        AnyFunctionType *FN);
  
  /// Type-check an initialized variable pattern declaration.
  static bool typeCheckBinding(Pattern *&P, Expr *&Init, DeclContext *DC);
  static bool typeCheckPatternBinding(PatternBindingDecl *PBD, unsigned patternNumber);

  /// Type-check a for-each loop's pattern binding and sequence together.
  static bool typeCheckForEachBinding(DeclContext *dc, ForEachStmt *stmt);

  /// Compute the set of captures for the given function or closure.
  static void computeCaptures(AnyFunctionRef AFR);

  /// Check for invalid captures from stored property initializers.
  static void checkPatternBindingCaptures(NominalTypeDecl *typeDecl);

  /// Change the context of closures in the given initializer
  /// expression to the given context.
  ///
  /// \returns true if any closures were found
  static bool contextualizeInitializer(Initializer *DC, Expr *init);
  static void contextualizeTopLevelCode(TopLevelContext &TLC,
                                        TopLevelCodeDecl *TLCD);

  /// Return the type-of-reference of the given value.
  ///
  /// \param baseType if non-null, return the type of a member reference to
  ///   this value when the base has the given type
  ///
  /// \param UseDC The context of the access.  Some variables have different
  ///   types depending on where they are used.
  ///
  /// \param base The optional base expression of this value reference
  ///
  /// \param wantInterfaceType Whether we want the interface type, if available.
  ///
  /// \param getType Optional callback to extract a type for given declaration.
  static Type
  getUnopenedTypeOfReference(VarDecl *value, Type baseType, DeclContext *UseDC,
                             llvm::function_ref<Type(VarDecl *)> getType,
                             const DeclRefExpr *base = nullptr,
                             bool wantInterfaceType = false);

  /// Return the type-of-reference of the given value.
  ///
  /// \param baseType if non-null, return the type of a member reference to
  ///   this value when the base has the given type
  ///
  /// \param UseDC The context of the access.  Some variables have different
  ///   types depending on where they are used.
  ///
  /// \param base The optional base expression of this value reference
  ///
  /// \param wantInterfaceType Whether we want the interface type, if available.
  static Type getUnopenedTypeOfReference(VarDecl *value, Type baseType,
                                         DeclContext *UseDC,
                                         const DeclRefExpr *base = nullptr,
                                         bool wantInterfaceType = false) {
    return getUnopenedTypeOfReference(
        value, baseType, UseDC,
        [&](VarDecl *var) -> Type {
          return wantInterfaceType ? value->getInterfaceType()
                                   : value->getType();
        },
        base, wantInterfaceType);
  }

  /// Retrieve the default type for the given protocol.
  ///
  /// Some protocols, particularly those that correspond to literals, have
  /// default types associated with them. This routine retrieves that default
  /// type.
  ///
  /// \returns the default type, or null if there is no default type for
  /// this protocol.
  static Type getDefaultType(ProtocolDecl *protocol, DeclContext *dc);

  /// Convert the given expression to the given type.
  ///
  /// \param expr The expression, which will be updated in place.
  /// \param type The type to convert to.
  /// \param typeFromPattern Optionally, the caller can specify the pattern
  ///   from where the toType is derived, so that we can deliver better fixit.
  ///
  /// \returns true if an error occurred, false otherwise.
  static bool convertToType(Expr *&expr, Type type, DeclContext *dc,
                            Optional<Pattern*> typeFromPattern = None);

  /// Coerce the given expression to materializable type, if it
  /// isn't already.
  static Expr *coerceToRValue(
      ASTContext &Context, Expr *expr,
      llvm::function_ref<Type(Expr *)> getType =
          [](Expr *expr) { return expr->getType(); },
      llvm::function_ref<void(Expr *, Type)> setType =
          [](Expr *expr, Type type) { expr->setType(type); });

  /// Add implicit load expression to given AST, this is sometimes
  /// more complicated than simplify wrapping given root in newly created
  /// `LoadExpr`, because `ForceValueExpr` and `ParenExpr` supposed to appear
  /// only at certain positions in AST.
  static Expr *
  addImplicitLoadExpr(ASTContext &Context, Expr *expr,
                      std::function<Type(Expr *)> getType,
                      std::function<void(Expr *, Type)> setType);

  /// Determine whether the given type contains the given protocol.
  ///
  /// \param DC The context in which to check conformance. This affects, for
  /// example, extension visibility.
  ///
  /// \param options Options that control the conformance check.
  ///
  /// \returns the conformance, if \c T conforms to the protocol \c Proto, or
  /// an empty optional.
  static ProtocolConformanceRef
  containsProtocol(Type T, ProtocolDecl *Proto, DeclContext *DC,
                   ConformanceCheckOptions options);

  /// Determine whether the given type conforms to the given protocol.
  ///
  /// Unlike subTypeOfProtocol(), this will return false for existentials of
  /// non-self conforming protocols.
  ///
  /// \param DC The context in which to check conformance. This affects, for
  /// example, extension visibility.
  ///
  /// \param options Options that control the conformance check.
  ///
  /// \param ComplainLoc If valid, then this function will emit diagnostics if
  /// T does not conform to the given protocol. The primary diagnostic will
  /// be placed at this location, with notes for each of the protocol
  /// requirements not satisfied.
  ///
  /// \returns The protocol conformance, if \c T conforms to the
  /// protocol \c Proto, or \c None.
  static ProtocolConformanceRef
  conformsToProtocol(Type T, ProtocolDecl *Proto, DeclContext *DC,
                     ConformanceCheckOptions options,
                     SourceLoc ComplainLoc = SourceLoc());

  /// Functor class suitable for use as a \c LookupConformanceFn to look up a
  /// conformance through a particular declaration context using the given
  /// type checker.
  class LookUpConformance {
    DeclContext *dc;

  public:
    explicit LookUpConformance(DeclContext *dc) : dc(dc) { }

    ProtocolConformanceRef operator()(CanType dependentType,
                                      Type conformingReplacementType,
                                      ProtocolDecl *conformedProtocol) const;
  };

  /// Completely check the given conformance.
  static void checkConformance(NormalProtocolConformance *conformance);

  /// Check all of the conformances in the given context.
  static void checkConformancesInContext(DeclContext *dc,
                                         IterableDeclContext *idc);

  /// Check that the type of the given property conforms to NSCopying.
  static ProtocolConformanceRef checkConformanceToNSCopying(VarDecl *var);

  /// Derive an implicit declaration to satisfy a requirement of a derived
  /// protocol conformance.
  ///
  /// \param DC           The declaration context where the conformance was
  ///                     defined, either the type itself or an extension
  /// \param TypeDecl     The type for which the requirement is being derived.
  /// \param Requirement  The protocol requirement.
  ///
  /// \returns nullptr if the derivation failed, or the derived declaration
  ///          if it succeeded. If successful, the derived declaration is added
  ///          to TypeDecl's body.
  static ValueDecl *deriveProtocolRequirement(DeclContext *DC,
                                              NominalTypeDecl *TypeDecl,
                                              ValueDecl *Requirement);

  /// Derive an implicit type witness for the given associated type in
  /// the conformance of the given nominal type to some known
  /// protocol.
  static Type deriveTypeWitness(DeclContext *DC, NominalTypeDecl *nominal,
                                AssociatedTypeDecl *assocType);

  /// Perform unqualified name lookup at the given source location
  /// within a particular declaration context.
  ///
  /// \param dc The declaration context in which to perform name lookup.
  /// \param name The name of the entity to look for.
  /// \param loc The source location at which name lookup occurs.
  /// \param options Options that control name lookup.
  static LookupResult lookupUnqualified(DeclContext *dc, DeclName name,
                                        SourceLoc loc,
                                        NameLookupOptions options
                                          = defaultUnqualifiedLookupOptions);

  /// Perform unqualified type lookup at the given source location
  /// within a particular declaration context.
  ///
  /// \param dc The declaration context in which to perform name lookup.
  /// \param name The name of the entity to look for.
  /// \param loc The source location at which name lookup occurs.
  /// \param options Options that control name lookup.
  LookupResult
  static lookupUnqualifiedType(DeclContext *dc, DeclName name, SourceLoc loc,
                               NameLookupOptions options
                                 = defaultUnqualifiedLookupOptions);

  /// Lookup a member in the given type.
  ///
  /// \param dc The context that needs the member.
  /// \param type The type in which we will look for a member.
  /// \param name The name of the member to look for.
  /// \param options Options that control name lookup.
  ///
  /// \returns The result of name lookup.
  static LookupResult lookupMember(DeclContext *dc, Type type, DeclName name,
                                   NameLookupOptions options
                                     = defaultMemberLookupOptions);

  /// Check whether the given declaration can be written as a
  /// member of the given base type.
  static bool isUnsupportedMemberTypeAccess(Type type, TypeDecl *typeDecl);

  /// Look up a member type within the given type.
  ///
  /// This routine looks for member types with the given name within the
  /// given type.
  ///
  /// \param dc The context that needs the member.
  /// \param type The type in which we will look for a member type.
  /// \param name The name of the member to look for.
  /// \param options Options that control name lookup.
  ///
  /// \returns The result of name lookup.
  static LookupTypeResult lookupMemberType(DeclContext *dc, Type type,
                                           Identifier name,
                                           NameLookupOptions options
                                             = defaultMemberTypeLookupOptions);

  /// Look up the constructors of the given type.
  ///
  /// \param dc The context that needs the constructor.
  /// \param type The type for which we will look for constructors.
  /// \param options Options that control name lookup.
  ///
  /// \returns the constructors found for this type.
  static LookupResult lookupConstructors(DeclContext *dc, Type type,
                                         NameLookupOptions options
                                           = defaultConstructorLookupOptions);

  /// Given an expression that's known to be an infix operator,
  /// look up its precedence group.
  static PrecedenceGroupDecl *
  lookupPrecedenceGroupForInfixOperator(DeclContext *dc, Expr *op);

  static PrecedenceGroupDecl *lookupPrecedenceGroup(DeclContext *dc,
                                                    Identifier name,
                                                    SourceLoc nameLoc);

  /// Given an pre-folded expression, find LHS from the expression if a binary
  /// operator \c name appended to the expression.
  static Expr *findLHS(DeclContext *DC, Expr *E, Identifier name);

  /// @}

  /// \name Overload resolution
  ///
  /// Routines that perform overload resolution or provide diagnostics related
  /// to overload resolution.
  /// @{

  /// Compare two declarations to determine whether one is more specialized
  /// than the other.
  ///
  /// A declaration is more specialized than another declaration if its type
  /// is a subtype of the other declaration's type (ignoring the 'self'
  /// parameter of function declarations) and if
  static Comparison compareDeclarations(DeclContext *dc, ValueDecl *decl1,
                                        ValueDecl *decl2);

  /// Build a type-checked reference to the given value.
  static Expr *buildCheckedRefExpr(VarDecl *D, DeclContext *UseDC,
                                   DeclNameLoc nameLoc, bool Implicit);

  /// Build a reference to a declaration, where name lookup returned
  /// the given set of declarations.
  static Expr *buildRefExpr(ArrayRef<ValueDecl *> Decls, DeclContext *UseDC,
                            DeclNameLoc NameLoc, bool Implicit,
                            FunctionRefKind functionRefKind);

  /// Build implicit autoclosure expression wrapping a given expression.
  /// Given expression represents computed result of the closure.
  static Expr *buildAutoClosureExpr(DeclContext *DC, Expr *expr,
                                    FunctionType *closureType);
  /// @}

  /// Retrieve a specific, known protocol.
  ///
  /// \param loc The location at which we need to look for the protocol.
  /// \param kind The known protocol we're looking for.
  ///
  /// \returns null if the protocol is not available. This represents a
  /// problem with the Standard Library.
  static ProtocolDecl *getProtocol(ASTContext &ctx, SourceLoc loc,
                                   KnownProtocolKind kind);

  /// Retrieve the literal protocol for the given expression.
  ///
  /// \returns the literal protocol, if known and available, or null if the
  /// expression does not have an associated literal protocol.
  static ProtocolDecl *getLiteralProtocol(ASTContext &ctx, Expr *expr);

  static DeclName getObjectLiteralConstructorName(ASTContext &ctx,
                                                  ObjectLiteralExpr *expr);

  static Type getObjectLiteralParameterType(ObjectLiteralExpr *expr,
                                            ConstructorDecl *ctor);

  /// Get the module appropriate for looking up standard library types.
  ///
  /// This is "Swift", if that module is imported, or the current module if
  /// we're parsing the standard library.
  static ModuleDecl *getStdlibModule(const DeclContext *dc);

  /// \name Resilience diagnostics

  /// Used in diagnostic %selects.
  enum class FragileFunctionKind : unsigned {
    Transparent,
    Inlinable,
    AlwaysEmitIntoClient,
    DefaultArgument,
    PropertyInitializer
  };

  static bool diagnoseInlinableDeclRef(SourceLoc loc, ConcreteDeclRef declRef,
                                       const DeclContext *DC,
                                       FragileFunctionKind Kind,
                                       bool TreatUsableFromInlineAsPublic);

  static Expr *buildDefaultInitializer(Type type);
  
private:
  static bool diagnoseInlinableDeclRefAccess(SourceLoc loc, const ValueDecl *D,
                                             const DeclContext *DC,
                                             FragileFunctionKind Kind,
                                             bool TreatUsableFromInlineAsPublic);

  /// Given that a declaration is used from a particular context which
  /// exposes it in the interface of the current module, diagnose if it cannot
  /// reasonably be shared.
  static bool diagnoseDeclRefExportability(SourceLoc loc, ConcreteDeclRef declRef,
                                           const DeclContext *DC,
                                           FragileFunctionKind fragileKind);

public:
  /// Given that a type is used from a particular context which
  /// exposes it in the interface of the current module, diagnose if its
  /// generic arguments require the use of conformances that cannot reasonably
  /// be shared.
  ///
  /// This method \e only checks how generic arguments are used; it is assumed
  /// that the declarations involved have already been checked elsewhere.
  static void diagnoseGenericTypeExportability(SourceLoc loc, Type type,
                                               const DeclContext *DC);

  /// Given that \p DC is within a fragile context for some reason, describe
  /// why.
  ///
  /// The second element of the pair is true if references to @usableFromInline
  /// declarations are permitted.
  ///
  /// \see FragileFunctionKind
  static std::pair<FragileFunctionKind, bool>
  getFragileFunctionKind(const DeclContext *DC);

  /// \name Availability checking
  ///
  /// Routines that perform API availability checking and type checking of
  /// potentially unavailable API elements
  /// @{

  /// Returns true if the availability of the witness
  /// is sufficient to safely conform to the requirement in the context
  /// the provided conformance. On return, requiredAvailability holds th
  /// availability levels required for conformance.
  static bool
  isAvailabilitySafeForConformance(ProtocolDecl *proto, ValueDecl *requirement,
                                   ValueDecl *witness, DeclContext *dc,
                                   AvailabilityContext &requiredAvailability);

  /// Returns an over-approximation of the range of operating system versions
  /// that could the passed-in location could be executing upon for
  /// the target platform. If MostRefined != nullptr, set to the most-refined
  /// TRC found while approximating.
  static AvailabilityContext
  overApproximateAvailabilityAtLocation(SourceLoc loc, const DeclContext *DC,
                                        const TypeRefinementContext **MostRefined=nullptr);

  /// Walk the AST to build the hierarchy of TypeRefinementContexts
  ///
  /// \param StartElem Where to start for incremental building of refinement
  /// contexts
  static void buildTypeRefinementContextHierarchy(SourceFile &SF,
                                                  unsigned StartElem);

  /// Build the hierarchy of TypeRefinementContexts for the entire
  /// source file, if it has not already been built. Returns the root
  /// TypeRefinementContext for the source file.
  static TypeRefinementContext *getOrBuildTypeRefinementContext(SourceFile *SF);

  /// Returns a diagnostic indicating why the declaration cannot be annotated
  /// with an @available() attribute indicating it is potentially unavailable
  /// or None if this is allowed.
  static Optional<Diag<>>
  diagnosticIfDeclCannotBePotentiallyUnavailable(const Decl *D);

  /// Checks whether a declaration is available when referred to at the given
  /// location (this reference location must be in the passed-in
  /// reference DeclContext).
  /// If the declaration is available, return true.
  /// If the declaration is not available, return false and write the
  /// declaration's availability info to the out parameter
  /// \p OutAvailableRange.
  static bool isDeclAvailable(const Decl *D, SourceLoc referenceLoc,
                              const DeclContext *referenceDC,
                              AvailabilityContext &OutAvailableRange);

  /// Checks whether a declaration should be considered unavailable when
  /// referred to at the given location and, if so, returns the reason why the
  /// declaration is unavailable. Returns None is the declaration is
  /// definitely available.
  static Optional<UnavailabilityReason>
  checkDeclarationAvailability(const Decl *D, SourceLoc referenceLoc,
                               const DeclContext *referenceDC);

  /// Checks an "ignored" expression to see if it's okay for it to be ignored.
  ///
  /// An ignored expression is one that is not nested within a larger
  /// expression or statement.
  static void checkIgnoredExpr(Expr *E);

  // Emits a diagnostic, if necessary, for a reference to a declaration
  // that is potentially unavailable at the given source location.
  static void diagnosePotentialUnavailability(const ValueDecl *D,
                                              SourceRange ReferenceRange,
                                              const DeclContext *ReferenceDC,
                                              const UnavailabilityReason &Reason);

  // Emits a diagnostic, if necessary, for a reference to a declaration
  // that is potentially unavailable at the given source location, using
  // Name as the diagnostic name.
  static void diagnosePotentialUnavailability(const Decl *D, DeclName Name,
                                              SourceRange ReferenceRange,
                                              const DeclContext *ReferenceDC,
                                              const UnavailabilityReason &Reason);

  static void diagnosePotentialOpaqueTypeUnavailability(SourceRange ReferenceRange,
                                           const DeclContext *ReferenceDC,
                                           const UnavailabilityReason &Reason);
  
  /// Emits a diagnostic for a reference to a storage accessor that is
  /// potentially unavailable.
  static void diagnosePotentialAccessorUnavailability(
      const AccessorDecl *Accessor, SourceRange ReferenceRange,
      const DeclContext *ReferenceDC, const UnavailabilityReason &Reason,
      bool ForInout);

  /// Returns the availability attribute indicating deprecation if the
  /// declaration is deprecated or null otherwise.
  static const AvailableAttr *getDeprecated(const Decl *D);

  /// Emits a diagnostic for a reference to a declaration that is deprecated.
  /// Callers can provide a lambda that adds additional information (such as a
  /// fixit hint) to the deprecation diagnostic, if it is emitted.
  static void diagnoseIfDeprecated(SourceRange SourceRange,
                                   const DeclContext *ReferenceDC,
                                   const ValueDecl *DeprecatedDecl,
                                   const ApplyExpr *Call);
  /// @}

  /// If LangOptions::DebugForbidTypecheckPrefix is set and the given decl
  /// name starts with that prefix, an llvm fatal_error is triggered.
  /// This is for testing purposes.
  static void checkForForbiddenPrefix(ASTContext &C, DeclBaseName Name);

  /// Check error handling in the given type-checked top-level code.
  static void checkTopLevelErrorHandling(TopLevelCodeDecl *D);
  static void checkFunctionErrorHandling(AbstractFunctionDecl *D);
  static void checkInitializerErrorHandling(Initializer *I, Expr *E);
  static void checkEnumElementErrorHandling(EnumElementDecl *D, Expr *expr);
  static void checkPropertyWrapperErrorHandling(PatternBindingDecl *binding,
                                                Expr *expr);

  /// If an expression references 'self.init' or 'super.init' in an
  /// initializer context, returns the implicit 'self' decl of the constructor.
  /// Otherwise, return nil.
  static VarDecl *getSelfForInitDelegationInConstructor(DeclContext *DC,
                                                        UnresolvedDotExpr *UDE);

  /// Diagnose assigning variable to itself.
  static bool diagnoseSelfAssignment(const Expr *E);

  /// Builds a string representing a "default" generic argument list for
  /// \p typeDecl. In general, this means taking the bound of each generic
  /// parameter. The \p getPreferredType callback can be used to provide a
  /// different type from the bound.
  ///
  /// It may not always be possible to find a single appropriate type for a
  /// particular parameter (say, if it has two bounds). In this case, an
  /// Xcode-style placeholder will be used instead.
  ///
  /// Returns true if the arguments list could be constructed, false if for
  /// some reason it could not.
  static bool getDefaultGenericArgumentsString(
      SmallVectorImpl<char> &buf,
      const GenericTypeDecl *typeDecl,
      llvm::function_ref<Type(const GenericTypeParamDecl *)> getPreferredType =
          [](const GenericTypeParamDecl *) { return Type(); });

  /// Attempt to omit needless words from the name of the given declaration.
  static Optional<DeclName> omitNeedlessWords(AbstractFunctionDecl *afd);

  /// Attempt to omit needless words from the name of the given declaration.
  static Optional<Identifier> omitNeedlessWords(VarDecl *var);

  /// Calculate edit distance between declaration names.
  static unsigned getCallEditDistance(DeclName writtenName,
                                      DeclName correctedName,
                                      unsigned maxEditDistance);

  enum : unsigned {
    /// Never consider a candidate that's this distance away or worse.
    UnreasonableCallEditDistance = 8,

    /// Don't consider candidates that score worse than the given distance
    /// from the best candidate.
    MaxCallEditDistanceFromBestCandidate = 1
  };

  /// Check for a typo correction.
  static void performTypoCorrection(DeclContext *DC,
                                    DeclRefKind refKind,
                                    Type baseTypeOrNull,
                                    NameLookupOptions lookupOptions,
                                    TypoCorrectionResults &corrections,
                                    GenericSignatureBuilder *gsb = nullptr,
                                    unsigned maxResults = 4);

  /// Check if the given decl has a @_semantics attribute that gives it
  /// special case type-checking behavior.
  static DeclTypeCheckingSemantics
  getDeclTypeCheckingSemantics(ValueDecl *decl);

public:
  /// Require that the library intrinsics for working with Optional<T>
  /// exist.
  static bool requireOptionalIntrinsics(ASTContext &ctx, SourceLoc loc);

  /// Require that the library intrinsics for working with
  /// UnsafeMutablePointer<T> exist.
  static bool requirePointerArgumentIntrinsics(ASTContext &ctx, SourceLoc loc);

  /// Require that the library intrinsics for creating
  /// array literals exist.
  static bool requireArrayLiteralIntrinsics(ASTContext &ctx, SourceLoc loc);
};

/// Temporary on-stack storage and unescaping for encoded diagnostic
/// messages.
///
///
class EncodedDiagnosticMessage {
  llvm::SmallString<128> Buf;

public:
  /// \param S A string with an encoded message
  EncodedDiagnosticMessage(StringRef S)
      : Message(Lexer::getEncodedStringSegment(S, Buf, true, true, ~0U)) {}

  /// The unescaped message to display to the user.
  const StringRef Message;
};

/// Returns true if the given method is an valid implementation of a
/// @dynamicCallable attribute requirement. The method is given to be defined
/// as one of the following: `dynamicallyCall(withArguments:)` or
/// `dynamicallyCall(withKeywordArguments:)`.
bool isValidDynamicCallableMethod(FuncDecl *decl, DeclContext *DC,
                                  bool hasKeywordArguments);

/// Returns true if the given subscript method is an valid implementation of
/// the `subscript(dynamicMember:)` requirement for @dynamicMemberLookup.
/// The method is given to be defined as `subscript(dynamicMember:)`.
bool isValidDynamicMemberLookupSubscript(SubscriptDecl *decl, DeclContext *DC,
                                         bool ignoreLabel = false);

/// Returns true if the given subscript method is an valid implementation of
/// the `subscript(dynamicMember:)` requirement for @dynamicMemberLookup.
/// The method is given to be defined as `subscript(dynamicMember:)` which
/// takes a single non-variadic parameter that conforms to
/// `ExpressibleByStringLiteral` protocol.
bool isValidStringDynamicMemberLookup(SubscriptDecl *decl, DeclContext *DC,
                                      bool ignoreLabel = false);

/// Returns true if the given subscript method is an valid implementation of
/// the `subscript(dynamicMember: {Writable}KeyPath<...>)` requirement for
/// @dynamicMemberLookup.
/// The method is given to be defined as `subscript(dynamicMember:)` which
/// takes a single non-variadic parameter of `{Writable}KeyPath<T, U>` type.
bool isValidKeyPathDynamicMemberLookup(SubscriptDecl *decl,
                                       bool ignoreLabel = false);

/// Compute the wrapped value type for the given property that has attached
/// property wrappers, when the backing storage is known to have the given type.
///
/// \param var A property that has attached property wrappers.
/// \param backingStorageType The type of the backing storage property.
/// \param limit How many levels of unwrapping to perform, where 0 means to return the
/// \c backingStorageType directly and the maximum is the number of attached property wrappers
/// (which will produce the original property type). If not specified, defaults to the maximum.
Type computeWrappedValueType(VarDecl *var, Type backingStorageType,
                             Optional<unsigned> limit = None);
  
/// Build a call to the init(wrappedValue:) initializers of the property
/// wrappers, filling in the given \c value as the original value.
Expr *buildPropertyWrapperInitialValueCall(VarDecl *var,
                                           Type backingStorageType,
                                           Expr *value,
                                           bool ignoreAttributeArgs);
  
/// Whether an overriding declaration requires the 'override' keyword.
enum class OverrideRequiresKeyword {
  /// The keyword is never required.
  Never,
  /// The keyword is always required.
  Always,
  /// The keyword can be implicit; it is not required.
  Implicit,
};

/// Determine whether overriding the given declaration requires a keyword.
OverrideRequiresKeyword overrideRequiresKeyword(ValueDecl *overridden);

/// Compute the type of a member that will be used for comparison when
/// performing override checking.
Type getMemberTypeForComparison(const ValueDecl *member,
                                const ValueDecl *derivedDecl = nullptr);

/// Determine whether the given declaration is an override by comparing type
/// information.
bool isOverrideBasedOnType(const ValueDecl *decl, Type declTy,
                           const ValueDecl *parentDecl, Type parentDeclTy);

/// Determine whether the given declaration is an operator defined in a
/// protocol. If \p type is not null, check specifically whether \p decl
/// could fulfill a protocol requirement for it.
bool isMemberOperator(FuncDecl *decl, Type type);

/// Complain if @objc or dynamic is used without importing Foundation.
void diagnoseAttrsRequiringFoundation(SourceFile &SF);

/// Diagnose any Objective-C method overrides that aren't reflected
/// as overrides in Swift.
bool diagnoseUnintendedObjCMethodOverrides(SourceFile &sf);

/// Diagnose all conflicts between members that have the same
/// Objective-C selector in the same class.
///
/// \param sf The source file for which we are diagnosing conflicts.
///
/// \returns true if there were any conflicts diagnosed.
bool diagnoseObjCMethodConflicts(SourceFile &sf);

/// Diagnose any unsatisfied @objc optional requirements of
/// protocols that conflict with methods.
bool diagnoseObjCUnsatisfiedOptReqConflicts(SourceFile &sf);

/// Retrieve information about the given Objective-C method for
/// diagnostic purposes, to be used with OBJC_DIAG_SELECT in
/// DiagnosticsSema.def.
std::pair<unsigned, DeclName> getObjCMethodDiagInfo(
                                AbstractFunctionDecl *method);

bool areGenericRequirementsSatisfied(const DeclContext *DC,
                                     GenericSignature sig,
                                     SubstitutionMap Substitutions,
                                     bool isExtension);

bool hasDynamicMemberLookupAttribute(Type type,
  llvm::DenseMap<CanType, bool> &DynamicMemberLookupCache);
} // end namespace swift

#endif