CSSolver.cpp

//===--- CSSolver.cpp - Constraint Solver ---------------------------------===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See http://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See http://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file implements the constraint solver used in the type checker.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#include "ConstraintSystem.h"
#include "ConstraintGraph.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/Support/SaveAndRestore.h"
#include <memory>
#include <tuple>
using namespace swift;
using namespace constraints;

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Constraint solver statistics
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#define DEBUG_TYPE "Constraint solver overall"
#define JOIN(X,Y) JOIN2(X,Y)
#define JOIN2(X,Y) X##Y
STATISTIC(NumSolutionAttempts, "# of solution attempts");

#define CS_STATISTIC(Name, Description) \
  STATISTIC(JOIN2(Overall,Name), Description);
#include "ConstraintSolverStats.def"

#undef DEBUG_TYPE
#define DEBUG_TYPE "Constraint solver largest system"
#define CS_STATISTIC(Name, Description) \
  STATISTIC(JOIN2(Largest,Name), Description);
#include "ConstraintSolverStats.def"
STATISTIC(LargestSolutionAttemptNumber, "# of the largest solution attempt");

/// \brief Check whether the given type can be used as a binding for the given
/// type variable.
///
/// \returns the type to bind to, if the binding is okay.
static Optional<Type> checkTypeOfBinding(ConstraintSystem &cs, 
                                         TypeVariableType *typeVar, Type type) {
  if (!type)
    return None;

  // Simplify the type.
  type = cs.simplifyType(type);

  // If the type references the type variable, don't permit the binding.
  SmallVector<TypeVariableType *, 4> referencedTypeVars;
  type->getTypeVariables(referencedTypeVars);
  if (count(referencedTypeVars, typeVar))
    return None;

  // If the type is a type variable itself, don't permit the binding.
  // FIXME: This is a hack. We need to be smarter about whether there's enough
  // structure in the type to produce an interesting binding, or not.
  if (type->getRValueType()->is<TypeVariableType>())
    return None;

  // Okay, allow the binding (with the simplified type).
  return type;
}

/// Reconstitute type sugar, e.g., for array types, dictionary
/// types, optionals, etc.
static Type reconstituteSugar(Type type) {
  if (auto boundGeneric = dyn_cast<BoundGenericType>(type.getPointer())) {
    auto &ctx = type->getASTContext();
    if (boundGeneric->getDecl() == ctx.getArrayDecl())
      return ArraySliceType::get(boundGeneric->getGenericArgs()[0]);
    if (boundGeneric->getDecl() == ctx.getDictionaryDecl())
      return DictionaryType::get(boundGeneric->getGenericArgs()[0],
                                 boundGeneric->getGenericArgs()[1]);
    if (boundGeneric->getDecl() == ctx.getOptionalDecl())
      return OptionalType::get(boundGeneric->getGenericArgs()[0]);
    if (boundGeneric->getDecl() == ctx.getImplicitlyUnwrappedOptionalDecl())
      return ImplicitlyUnwrappedOptionalType::get(
               boundGeneric->getGenericArgs()[0]);
  }

  return type;
}

Solution ConstraintSystem::finalize(
           FreeTypeVariableBinding allowFreeTypeVariables) {
  // Create the solution.
  Solution solution(*this, CurrentScore);

  // Update the best score we've seen so far.
  if (solverState) {
    assert(!solverState->BestScore || CurrentScore <= *solverState->BestScore);
    solverState->BestScore = CurrentScore;
  }

  // For any of the type variables that has no associated fixed type, assign a
  // fresh generic type parameters.
  // FIXME: We could gather the requirements on these as well.
  unsigned index = 0;
  for (auto tv : TypeVariables) {
    if (getFixedType(tv))
      continue;

    switch (allowFreeTypeVariables) {
    case FreeTypeVariableBinding::Disallow:
      llvm_unreachable("Solver left free type variables");

    case FreeTypeVariableBinding::Allow:
      break;

    case FreeTypeVariableBinding::GenericParameters:
      assignFixedType(tv, GenericTypeParamType::get(0, index++, TC.Context));
      break;
        
    case FreeTypeVariableBinding::UnresolvedType:
      assignFixedType(tv, TC.Context.TheUnresolvedType);
      break;
    }
  }

  // For each of the type variables, get its fixed type.
  for (auto tv : TypeVariables) {
    solution.typeBindings[tv] = reconstituteSugar(simplifyType(tv));
  }

  // For each of the overload sets, get its overload choice.
  for (auto resolved = resolvedOverloadSets;
       resolved; resolved = resolved->Previous) {
    solution.overloadChoices[resolved->Locator]
      = { resolved->Choice, resolved->OpenedFullType, resolved->ImpliedType };
  }

  // For each of the constraint restrictions, record it with simplified,
  // canonical types.
  if (solverState) {
    for (auto &restriction : ConstraintRestrictions) {
      using std::get;
      CanType first = simplifyType(get<0>(restriction))->getCanonicalType();
      CanType second = simplifyType(get<1>(restriction))->getCanonicalType();
      solution.ConstraintRestrictions[{first, second}] = get<2>(restriction);
    }
  }

  // For each of the fixes, record it as an operation on the affected
  // expression.
  unsigned firstFixIndex = 0;
  if (solverState && solverState->PartialSolutionScope) {
    firstFixIndex = solverState->PartialSolutionScope->numFixes;
  }
  solution.Fixes.append(Fixes.begin() + firstFixIndex, Fixes.end());

  // Remember all the disjunction choices we made.
  for (auto &choice : DisjunctionChoices) {
    // We shouldn't ever register disjunction choices multiple times,
    // but saving and re-applying solutions can cause us to get
    // multiple entries.  We should use an optimized PartialSolution
    // structure for that use case, which would optimize a lot of
    // stuff here.
    assert(!solution.DisjunctionChoices.count(choice.first) ||
           solution.DisjunctionChoices[choice.first] == choice.second);
    solution.DisjunctionChoices.insert(choice);
  }

  // Remember the opened types.
  for (const auto &opened : OpenedTypes) {
    // We shouldn't ever register opened types multiple times,
    // but saving and re-applying solutions can cause us to get
    // multiple entries.  We should use an optimized PartialSolution
    // structure for that use case, which would optimize a lot of
    // stuff here.
    assert((solution.OpenedTypes.count(opened.first) == 0 ||
            solution.OpenedTypes[opened.first] == opened.second)
            && "Already recorded");
    solution.OpenedTypes.insert(opened);
  }

  // Remember the opened existential types.
  for (const auto &openedExistential : OpenedExistentialTypes) {
    assert(solution.OpenedExistentialTypes.count(openedExistential.first) == 0||
           solution.OpenedExistentialTypes[openedExistential.first]
             == openedExistential.second &&
           "Already recorded");
    solution.OpenedExistentialTypes.insert(openedExistential);
  }

  return solution;
}

void ConstraintSystem::applySolution(const Solution &solution) {
  // Update the score.
  CurrentScore += solution.getFixedScore();

  // Assign fixed types to the type variables solved by this solution.
  llvm::SmallPtrSet<TypeVariableType *, 4> 
    knownTypeVariables(TypeVariables.begin(), TypeVariables.end());
  for (auto binding : solution.typeBindings) {
    // If we haven't seen this type variable before, record it now.
    if (knownTypeVariables.insert(binding.first).second)
      TypeVariables.push_back(binding.first);

    // If we don't already have a fixed type for this type variable,
    // assign the fixed type from the solution.
    if (!getFixedType(binding.first) && !binding.second->hasTypeVariable())
      assignFixedType(binding.first, binding.second, /*updateScore=*/false);
  }

  // Register overload choices.
  // FIXME: Copy these directly into some kind of partial solution?
  for (auto overload : solution.overloadChoices) {
    resolvedOverloadSets
      = new (*this) ResolvedOverloadSetListItem{resolvedOverloadSets,
                                                Type(),
                                                overload.second.choice,
                                                overload.first,
                                                overload.second.openedFullType,
                                                overload.second.openedType};    
  }

  // Register constraint restrictions.
  // FIXME: Copy these directly into some kind of partial solution?
  for (auto restriction : solution.ConstraintRestrictions) {
    ConstraintRestrictions.push_back(
        std::make_tuple(restriction.first.first, restriction.first.second,
                        restriction.second));
  }

  // Register the solution's disjunction choices.
  for (auto &choice : solution.DisjunctionChoices) {
    DisjunctionChoices.push_back(choice);
  }

  // Register the solution's opened types.
  for (const auto &opened : solution.OpenedTypes) {
    OpenedTypes.push_back(opened);
  }

  // Register the solution's opened existential types.
  for (const auto &openedExistential : solution.OpenedExistentialTypes) {
    OpenedExistentialTypes.push_back(openedExistential);
  }

  // Register any fixes produced along this path.
  Fixes.append(solution.Fixes.begin(), solution.Fixes.end());
}

/// \brief Restore the type variable bindings to what they were before
/// we attempted to solve this constraint system.
void ConstraintSystem::restoreTypeVariableBindings(unsigned numBindings) {
  auto &savedBindings = *getSavedBindings();
  std::for_each(savedBindings.rbegin(), savedBindings.rbegin() + numBindings,
                [](SavedTypeVariableBinding &saved) {
                  saved.restore();
                });
  savedBindings.erase(savedBindings.end() - numBindings,
                      savedBindings.end());
}

/// \brief Enumerates all of the 'direct' supertypes of the given type.
///
/// The direct supertype S of a type T is a supertype of T (e.g., T < S)
/// such that there is no type U where T < U and U < S.
static SmallVector<Type, 4> 
enumerateDirectSupertypes(TypeChecker &tc, Type type) {
  SmallVector<Type, 4> result;

  if (auto tupleTy = type->getAs<TupleType>()) {
    // A tuple that can be constructed from a scalar has a value of that
    // scalar type as its supertype.
    // FIXME: There is a way more general property here, where we can drop
    // one label from the tuple, maintaining the rest.
    int scalarIdx = tupleTy->getElementForScalarInit();
    if (scalarIdx >= 0) {
      auto &elt = tupleTy->getElement(scalarIdx);
      if (elt.isVararg()) // FIXME: Should we keep the name?
        result.push_back(elt.getVarargBaseTy());
      else if (elt.hasName())
        result.push_back(elt.getType());
    }
  }

  if (auto functionTy = type->getAs<FunctionType>()) {
    // FIXME: Can weaken input type, but we really don't want to get in the
    // business of strengthening the result type.

    // An @autoclosure function type can be viewed as scalar of the result
    // type.
    if (functionTy->isAutoClosure())
      result.push_back(functionTy->getResult());
  }

  if (type->mayHaveSuperclass()) {
    // FIXME: Can also weaken to the set of protocol constraints, but only
    // if there are any protocols that the type conforms to but the superclass
    // does not.

    // If there is a superclass, it is a direct supertype.
    if (auto superclass = tc.getSuperClassOf(type))
      result.push_back(superclass);
  }

  if (auto lvalue = type->getAs<LValueType>())
    result.push_back(lvalue->getObjectType());
  if (auto iot = type->getAs<InOutType>())
    result.push_back(iot->getObjectType());

  // Try to unwrap implicitly unwrapped optional types.
  if (auto objectType = type->getImplicitlyUnwrappedOptionalObjectType())
    result.push_back(objectType);

  // FIXME: lots of other cases to consider!
  return result;
}

bool ConstraintSystem::simplify(bool ContinueAfterFailures) {
  // While we have a constraint in the worklist, process it.
  while (!ActiveConstraints.empty()) {
    // Grab the next constraint from the worklist.
    auto *constraint = &ActiveConstraints.front();
    ActiveConstraints.pop_front();
    assert(constraint->isActive() && "Worklist constraint is not active?");

    // Simplify this constraint.
    switch (simplifyConstraint(*constraint)) {
    case SolutionKind::Error:
      if (!failedConstraint) {
        failedConstraint = constraint;
      }

      if (solverState)
        solverState->retiredConstraints.push_front(constraint);
      else
        CG.removeConstraint(constraint);

      break;

    case SolutionKind::Solved:
      if (solverState) {
        ++solverState->NumSimplifiedConstraints;

        // This constraint has already been solved; retire it.
        solverState->retiredConstraints.push_front(constraint);
      }

      // Remove the constraint from the constraint graph.
      CG.removeConstraint(constraint);
      break;

    case SolutionKind::Unsolved:
      if (solverState)
        ++solverState->NumUnsimplifiedConstraints;

      InactiveConstraints.push_back(constraint);
      break;
    }

    // This constraint is not active. We delay this operation until
    // after simplification to avoid re-insertion.
    constraint->setActive(false);

    // Check whether a constraint failed. If so, we're done.
    if (failedConstraint && !ContinueAfterFailures) {
      return true;
    }

    // If the current score is worse than the best score we've seen so far,
    // there's no point in continuing. So don't.
    if (worseThanBestSolution()) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

namespace {

/// \brief Truncate the given small vector to the given new size.
template<typename T>
void truncate(SmallVectorImpl<T> &vec, unsigned newSize) {
  assert(newSize <= vec.size() && "Not a truncation!");
  vec.erase(vec.begin() + newSize, vec.end());
}

} // end anonymous namespace

ConstraintSystem::SolverState::SolverState(ConstraintSystem &cs) : CS(cs) {
  ++NumSolutionAttempts;
  SolutionAttempt = NumSolutionAttempts;

  // If we're supposed to debug a specific constraint solver attempt,
  // turn on debugging now.
  ASTContext &ctx = CS.getTypeChecker().Context;
  LangOptions &langOpts = ctx.LangOpts;
  OldDebugConstraintSolver = langOpts.DebugConstraintSolver;
  if (langOpts.DebugConstraintSolverAttempt &&
      langOpts.DebugConstraintSolverAttempt == SolutionAttempt) {
    langOpts.DebugConstraintSolver = true;
    llvm::raw_ostream &dbgOut = ctx.TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
    dbgOut << "---Constraint system #" << SolutionAttempt << "---\n";
    CS.print(dbgOut);
  }
}

ConstraintSystem::SolverState::~SolverState() {
  // Restore debugging state.
  LangOptions &langOpts = CS.getTypeChecker().Context.LangOpts;
  langOpts.DebugConstraintSolver = OldDebugConstraintSolver;

  // Write our local statistics back to the overall statistics.
  #define CS_STATISTIC(Name, Description) JOIN2(Overall,Name) += Name;
  #include "ConstraintSolverStats.def"

  // Update the "largest" statistics if this system is larger than the
  // previous one.  
  // FIXME: This is not at all thread-safe.
  if (NumStatesExplored > LargestNumStatesExplored.Value) {
    LargestSolutionAttemptNumber.Value = SolutionAttempt-1;
    ++LargestSolutionAttemptNumber;
    #define CS_STATISTIC(Name, Description) \
      JOIN2(Largest,Name).Value = Name-1; \
      ++JOIN2(Largest,Name);
    #include "ConstraintSolverStats.def"
  }
}

ConstraintSystem::SolverScope::SolverScope(ConstraintSystem &cs)
  : cs(cs), CGScope(cs.CG)
{
  ++cs.solverState->depth;

  resolvedOverloadSets = cs.resolvedOverloadSets;
  numTypeVariables = cs.TypeVariables.size();
  numSavedBindings = cs.solverState->savedBindings.size();
  firstRetired = cs.solverState->retiredConstraints.begin();
  numConstraintRestrictions = cs.ConstraintRestrictions.size();
  numFixes = cs.Fixes.size();
  numDisjunctionChoices = cs.DisjunctionChoices.size();
  numOpenedTypes = cs.OpenedTypes.size();
  numOpenedExistentialTypes = cs.OpenedExistentialTypes.size();
  numGeneratedConstraints = cs.solverState->generatedConstraints.size();
  PreviousScore = cs.CurrentScore;

  ++cs.solverState->NumStatesExplored;
}

ConstraintSystem::SolverScope::~SolverScope() {
  --cs.solverState->depth;

  // Erase the end of various lists.
  cs.resolvedOverloadSets = resolvedOverloadSets;
  truncate(cs.TypeVariables, numTypeVariables);

  // Restore bindings.
  cs.restoreTypeVariableBindings(cs.solverState->savedBindings.size() -
                                   numSavedBindings);

  // Move any remaining active constraints into the inactive list.
  while (!cs.ActiveConstraints.empty()) {
    for (auto &constraint : cs.ActiveConstraints) {
      constraint.setActive(false);
    }
    cs.InactiveConstraints.splice(cs.InactiveConstraints.end(),
                                  cs.ActiveConstraints);
  }

  // Add the retired constraints back into circulation.
  cs.InactiveConstraints.splice(cs.InactiveConstraints.end(), 
                                cs.solverState->retiredConstraints,
                                cs.solverState->retiredConstraints.begin(),
                                firstRetired);

  // Remove any constraints that were generated here.
  auto &generatedConstraints = cs.solverState->generatedConstraints;
  auto genStart = generatedConstraints.begin() + numGeneratedConstraints,
       genEnd = generatedConstraints.end();
  for (auto genI = genStart; genI != genEnd; ++genI) {
    cs.InactiveConstraints.erase(ConstraintList::iterator(*genI));
  }
  generatedConstraints.erase(genStart, genEnd);

  // Remove any constraint restrictions.
  truncate(cs.ConstraintRestrictions, numConstraintRestrictions);

  // Remove any fixes.
  truncate(cs.Fixes, numFixes);

  // Remove any disjunction choices.
  truncate(cs.DisjunctionChoices, numDisjunctionChoices);

  // Remove any opened types.
  truncate(cs.OpenedTypes, numOpenedTypes);

  // Remove any opened existential types.
  truncate(cs.OpenedExistentialTypes, numOpenedExistentialTypes);

  // Reset the previous score.
  cs.CurrentScore = PreviousScore;

  // Clear out other "failed" state.
  cs.failedConstraint = nullptr;
}

namespace {
  /// The kind of bindings that are permitted.
  enum class AllowedBindingKind : unsigned char {
    /// Only the exact type.
    Exact,
    /// Supertypes of the specified type.
    Supertypes,
    /// Subtypes of the specified type.
    Subtypes
  };

  /// The kind of literal binding found.
  enum class LiteralBindingKind : unsigned char {
    None,
    Collection,
    Atom,
  };

  /// A potential binding from the type variable to a particular type,
  /// along with information that can be used to construct related
  /// bindings, e.g., the supertypes of a given type.
  struct PotentialBinding {
    /// The type to which the type variable can be bound.
    Type BindingType;

    /// The kind of bindings permitted.
    AllowedBindingKind Kind;

    /// The defaulted protocol associated with this binding.
    Optional<ProtocolDecl *> DefaultedProtocol;    
  };

  struct PotentialBindings {
    /// The set of potential bindings.
    SmallVector<PotentialBinding, 4> Bindings;

    /// Whether this type variable is fully bound by one of its constraints.
    bool FullyBound = false;

    /// Whether the bindings of this type involve other type variables.
    bool InvolvesTypeVariables = false;

    /// Whether this type variable has literal bindings.
    LiteralBindingKind LiteralBinding = LiteralBindingKind::None;

    /// Whether this type variable is only bound above by existential types.
    bool SubtypeOfExistentialType = false;

    /// Determine whether the set of bindings is non-empty.
    explicit operator bool() const {
      return !Bindings.empty();
    }

    /// Compare two sets of bindings, where \c x < y indicates that
    /// \c x is a better set of bindings that \c y.
    friend bool operator<(const PotentialBindings &x, 
                          const PotentialBindings &y) {
      return std::make_tuple(x.FullyBound,
                             x.SubtypeOfExistentialType,
                             static_cast<unsigned char>(x.LiteralBinding),
                             x.InvolvesTypeVariables,
                             -x.Bindings.size())
        < std::make_tuple(y.FullyBound,
                          y.SubtypeOfExistentialType,
                          static_cast<unsigned char>(y.LiteralBinding),
                          y.InvolvesTypeVariables,
                          -y.Bindings.size());
    }

    void foundLiteralBinding(ProtocolDecl *proto) {
      switch (*proto->getKnownProtocolKind()) {
      case KnownProtocolKind::ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral:
      case KnownProtocolKind::ExpressibleByArrayLiteral:
      case KnownProtocolKind::ExpressibleByStringInterpolation:
        LiteralBinding = LiteralBindingKind::Collection;
        break;

      default:
        if (LiteralBinding != LiteralBindingKind::Collection)
          LiteralBinding = LiteralBindingKind::Atom;
        break;
      }
    }
  };
}

/// Determine whether the given type variables occurs in the given type.
static bool typeVarOccursInType(ConstraintSystem &cs, TypeVariableType *typeVar,
                                Type type, bool &involvesOtherTypeVariables) {
  SmallVector<TypeVariableType *, 4> typeVars;
  type->getTypeVariables(typeVars);
  bool result = false;
  for (auto referencedTypeVar : typeVars) {
    if (cs.getRepresentative(referencedTypeVar) == typeVar) {
      result = true;
      if (involvesOtherTypeVariables)
        break;

      continue;
    }

    involvesOtherTypeVariables = true;
  }

  return result;
}

/// \brief Return whether a relational constraint between a type variable and a
/// trivial wrapper type (autoclosure, unary tuple) should result in the type
/// variable being potentially bound to the value type, as opposed to the
/// wrapper type.
static bool shouldBindToValueType(Constraint *constraint)
{
  switch (constraint->getKind()) {
  case ConstraintKind::OperatorArgumentConversion:
  case ConstraintKind::OperatorArgumentTupleConversion:
  case ConstraintKind::ArgumentConversion:
  case ConstraintKind::ArgumentTupleConversion:
  case ConstraintKind::Conversion:
  case ConstraintKind::ExplicitConversion:
  case ConstraintKind::Subtype:
    return true;
  case ConstraintKind::Bind:
  case ConstraintKind::Equal:
  case ConstraintKind::BindParam:
  case ConstraintKind::ConformsTo:
  case ConstraintKind::CheckedCast:
  case ConstraintKind::SelfObjectOfProtocol:
  case ConstraintKind::ApplicableFunction:
  case ConstraintKind::BindOverload:
  case ConstraintKind::OptionalObject:
    return false;
  case ConstraintKind::DynamicTypeOf:
  case ConstraintKind::ValueMember:
  case ConstraintKind::UnresolvedValueMember:
  case ConstraintKind::TypeMember:
  case ConstraintKind::Archetype:
  case ConstraintKind::Class:
  case ConstraintKind::BridgedToObjectiveC:
  case ConstraintKind::Defaultable:
  case ConstraintKind::Disjunction:
    llvm_unreachable("shouldBindToValueType() may only be called on "
                     "relational constraints");
  }
}

/// \brief Retrieve the set of potential type bindings for the given
/// representative type variable, along with flags indicating whether
/// those types should be opened.
static PotentialBindings getPotentialBindings(ConstraintSystem &cs,
                                              TypeVariableType *typeVar) {
  assert(typeVar->getImpl().getRepresentative(nullptr) == typeVar &&
         "not a representative");
  assert(!typeVar->getImpl().getFixedType(nullptr) && "has a fixed type");

  // Gather the constraints associated with this type variable.
  SmallVector<Constraint *, 8> constraints;
  llvm::SmallPtrSet<Constraint *, 4> visitedConstraints;
  cs.getConstraintGraph().gatherConstraints(typeVar, constraints);

  // Consider each of the constraints related to this type variable.
  PotentialBindings result;
  llvm::SmallPtrSet<CanType, 4> exactTypes;
  llvm::SmallPtrSet<ProtocolDecl *, 4> literalProtocols;
  bool hasDefaultableConstraint = false;
  auto &tc = cs.getTypeChecker();
  for (auto constraint : constraints) {
    // Only visit each constraint once.
    if (!visitedConstraints.insert(constraint).second)
      continue;

    switch (constraint->getKind()) {
    case ConstraintKind::Bind:
    case ConstraintKind::Equal:
    case ConstraintKind::BindParam:
    case ConstraintKind::Subtype:
    case ConstraintKind::Conversion:
    case ConstraintKind::ExplicitConversion:
    case ConstraintKind::ArgumentConversion:
    case ConstraintKind::ArgumentTupleConversion:
    case ConstraintKind::OperatorArgumentTupleConversion:
    case ConstraintKind::OperatorArgumentConversion:
    case ConstraintKind::OptionalObject:
      // Relational constraints: break out to look for types above/below.
      break;

    case ConstraintKind::CheckedCast:
      // FIXME: Relational constraints for which we could perhaps do better
      // than the default.
      break;

    case ConstraintKind::DynamicTypeOf:
    case ConstraintKind::Archetype:
    case ConstraintKind::Class:
    case ConstraintKind::BridgedToObjectiveC:
      // Constraints from which we can't do anything.
      // FIXME: Record this somehow?
      continue;

    case ConstraintKind::Defaultable:
      // Do these in a separate pass.
      hasDefaultableConstraint = true;
      continue;

    case ConstraintKind::Disjunction:
      // FIXME: Recurse into these constraints to see whether this
      // type variable is fully bound by any of them.
      result.InvolvesTypeVariables = true;
      continue;

    case ConstraintKind::ConformsTo: 
    case ConstraintKind::SelfObjectOfProtocol: {
      // FIXME: Can we always assume that the type variable is the lower bound?
      TypeVariableType *lowerTypeVar = nullptr;
      cs.getFixedTypeRecursive(constraint->getFirstType(), lowerTypeVar,
                               /*wantRValue=*/false);
      if (lowerTypeVar != typeVar) {
        continue;
      }

      // If there is a default literal type for this protocol, it's a
      // potential binding.
      auto defaultType = tc.getDefaultType(constraint->getProtocol(), cs.DC);
      if (!defaultType)
        continue;

      // Note that we have a literal constraint with this protocol.
      literalProtocols.insert(constraint->getProtocol());

      // Handle unspecialized types directly.
      if (!defaultType->isUnspecializedGeneric()) {
        if (!exactTypes.insert(defaultType->getCanonicalType()).second)
          continue;

        result.foundLiteralBinding(constraint->getProtocol());
        result.Bindings.push_back({defaultType, AllowedBindingKind::Subtypes,
                                   constraint->getProtocol()});
        continue;
      }

      // For generic literal types, check whether we already have a
      // specialization of this generic within our list.
      // FIXME: This assumes that, e.g., the default literal
      // int/float/char/string types are never generic.
      auto nominal = defaultType->getAnyNominal();
      if (!nominal)
        continue;

      bool matched = false;
      for (auto exactType : exactTypes) {
        if (auto exactNominal = exactType->getAnyNominal()) {
          // FIXME: Check parents?
          if (nominal == exactNominal) {
            matched = true;
            break;
          }
        }
      }

      if (!matched) {
        result.foundLiteralBinding(constraint->getProtocol());
        exactTypes.insert(defaultType->getCanonicalType());
        result.Bindings.push_back({defaultType, AllowedBindingKind::Subtypes,
                                   constraint->getProtocol()});
      }

      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintKind::ApplicableFunction:
    case ConstraintKind::BindOverload: {
      // If this variable is in the left-hand side, it is fully bound.
      // FIXME: Can we avoid simplification here by walking the graph? Is it
      // worthwhile?
      if (typeVarOccursInType(cs, typeVar,
                              cs.simplifyType(constraint->getFirstType()),
                              result.InvolvesTypeVariables)) {
        result.FullyBound = true;
      }
      continue;
    }

    case ConstraintKind::ValueMember:
    case ConstraintKind::UnresolvedValueMember:
    case ConstraintKind::TypeMember:
      // If our type variable shows up in the base type, there's
      // nothing to do.
      // FIXME: Can we avoid simplification here?
      if (typeVarOccursInType(cs, typeVar, 
                              cs.simplifyType(constraint->getFirstType()),
                              result.InvolvesTypeVariables)) {
        continue;
      }
      
      // If the type variable is in the list of member type
      // variables, it is fully bound.
      // FIXME: Can we avoid simplification here?
      if (typeVarOccursInType(cs, typeVar, 
                              cs.simplifyType(constraint->getSecondType()),
                              result.InvolvesTypeVariables)) {
        result.FullyBound = true;
      }
      continue;
    }

    // Handle relational constraints.
    assert(constraint->getClassification() 
             == ConstraintClassification::Relational && 
           "only relational constraints handled here");
    
    auto first = cs.simplifyType(constraint->getFirstType());
    auto second = cs.simplifyType(constraint->getSecondType());

    if (auto firstTyvar = first->getAs<TypeVariableType>()) {
      if (auto secondTyvar = second->getAs<TypeVariableType>()) {
        if (cs.getRepresentative(firstTyvar) ==
            cs.getRepresentative(secondTyvar)) {
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    Type type;
    AllowedBindingKind kind;
    if (first->getAs<TypeVariableType>() == typeVar) {
      // Upper bound for this type variable.
      type = second;
      kind = AllowedBindingKind::Subtypes;
    } else if (second->getAs<TypeVariableType>() == typeVar) {
      // Lower bound for this type variable.
      type = first;
      kind = AllowedBindingKind::Supertypes;
    } else {
      // Can't infer anything.
      if (!result.InvolvesTypeVariables)
        typeVarOccursInType(cs, typeVar, first, result.InvolvesTypeVariables);
      if (!result.InvolvesTypeVariables)
        typeVarOccursInType(cs, typeVar, second, result.InvolvesTypeVariables);
      continue;
    }

    // Check whether we can perform this binding.
    // FIXME: this has a super-inefficient extraneous simplifyType() in it.
    if (auto boundType = checkTypeOfBinding(cs, typeVar, type)) {
      type = *boundType;
      if (type->hasTypeVariable())
        result.InvolvesTypeVariables = true;
    } else {
      result.InvolvesTypeVariables = true;
      continue;
    }

    // Don't deduce autoclosure types or single-element, non-variadic
    // tuples.
    if (shouldBindToValueType(constraint)) {
      if (auto funcTy = type->getAs<FunctionType>()) {
        if (funcTy->isAutoClosure())
          type = funcTy->getResult();
      }

      if (auto tupleTy = type->getAs<TupleType>()) {
        if (tupleTy->getNumElements() == 1 &&
            !tupleTy->getElement(0).isVararg())
          type = tupleTy->getElementType(0);
      }
    }

    // Don't deduce IUO types.
    Type alternateType;
    if (kind == AllowedBindingKind::Supertypes &&
        constraint->getKind() >= ConstraintKind::Conversion &&
        constraint->getKind() <= ConstraintKind::OperatorArgumentConversion) {
      auto innerType = type->getLValueOrInOutObjectType();
      if (auto objectType =
          cs.lookThroughImplicitlyUnwrappedOptionalType(innerType)) {
        type = OptionalType::get(objectType);
        alternateType = objectType;
      }
    }

    // Make sure we aren't trying to equate type variables with different
    // lvalue-binding rules.
    if (auto otherTypeVar = type->getAs<TypeVariableType>()) {
      if (typeVar->getImpl().canBindToLValue() !=
            otherTypeVar->getImpl().canBindToLValue())
        continue;
    }

    // BindParam constraints are not reflexive and must be treated specially.
    if (constraint->getKind() == ConstraintKind::BindParam) {
      if (kind == AllowedBindingKind::Subtypes) {
        if (auto *lvt = type->getAs<LValueType>()) {
          type = InOutType::get(lvt->getObjectType());
        }
      } else if (kind == AllowedBindingKind::Supertypes) {
        if (auto *iot = type->getAs<InOutType>()) {
          type = LValueType::get(iot->getObjectType());
        }
      }
      kind = AllowedBindingKind::Exact;
    }

    if (exactTypes.insert(type->getCanonicalType()).second)
      result.Bindings.push_back({type, kind, None});
    if (alternateType &&
        exactTypes.insert(alternateType->getCanonicalType()).second)
      result.Bindings.push_back({alternateType, kind, None});
  }

  // If we have any literal constraints, check whether there is already a
  // binding that provides a type that conforms to that literal protocol. In
  // such cases, remove the default binding suggestion because the existing
  // suggestion is better.
  if (!literalProtocols.empty()) {
    SmallPtrSet<ProtocolDecl *, 5> coveredLiteralProtocols;
    for (auto &binding : result.Bindings) {
      // Skip defaulted-protocol constraints.
      if (binding.DefaultedProtocol)
        continue;

      Type testType;
      switch (binding.Kind) {
      case AllowedBindingKind::Exact:
        testType = binding.BindingType;
        break;

      case AllowedBindingKind::Subtypes:
      case AllowedBindingKind::Supertypes:
        testType = binding.BindingType->getRValueType();
        break;
      }

      // Check each non-covered literal protocol to determine which ones
      bool updatedBindingType = false;
      for (auto proto : literalProtocols) {
        do {
          // If the type conforms to this protocol, we're covered.
          if (tc.conformsToProtocol(testType, proto, cs.DC,
                                    ConformanceCheckFlags::InExpression)) {
            coveredLiteralProtocols.insert(proto);
            break;
          }

          // If we're allowed to bind to subtypes, look through optionals.
          // FIXME: This is really crappy special case of computing a reasonable
          // result based on the given constraints.
          if (binding.Kind == AllowedBindingKind::Subtypes) {
            if (auto objTy = testType->getAnyOptionalObjectType()) {
              updatedBindingType = true;
              testType = objTy;
              continue;
            }
          }

          updatedBindingType = false;
          break;
        } while (true);
      }

      if (updatedBindingType)
        binding.BindingType = testType;
    }

    // For any literal type that has been covered, remove the default literal
    // type.
    if (!coveredLiteralProtocols.empty()) {
      result.Bindings.erase(
        std::remove_if(result.Bindings.begin(),
                       result.Bindings.end(),
                       [&](PotentialBinding &binding) {
                         return binding.DefaultedProtocol &&
                         coveredLiteralProtocols.count(*binding.DefaultedProtocol) > 0;
                       }),
        result.Bindings.end());
    }
  }

  // If we haven't found any other bindings yet, go ahead and consider
  // the defaulting constraints.
  if (result.Bindings.empty() && hasDefaultableConstraint) {
    for (Constraint *constraint : constraints) {
      if (constraint->getKind() != ConstraintKind::Defaultable)
        continue;

      result.Bindings.push_back({constraint->getSecondType(),
                                 AllowedBindingKind::Exact,
                                 None});
    }
  }

  // Determine if the bindings only constrain the type variable from above with
  // an existential type; such a binding is not very helpful because it's
  // impossible to enumerate the existential type's subtypes.
  result.SubtypeOfExistentialType =
    std::all_of(result.Bindings.begin(), result.Bindings.end(),
                [](const PotentialBinding &binding) {
                  return binding.BindingType->isExistentialType() &&
                         binding.Kind == AllowedBindingKind::Subtypes;
                });

  return result;
}

void ConstraintSystem::getComputedBindings(TypeVariableType *tvt,
                                               SmallVectorImpl<Type> &bindings) {
  // If the type variable is fixed, look no further.
  if (auto fixedType = tvt->getImpl().getFixedType(nullptr)) {
    bindings.push_back(fixedType);
    return;
  }
  
  PotentialBindings potentialBindings = getPotentialBindings(*this, tvt);
  
  for (auto binding : potentialBindings.Bindings) {
    bindings.push_back(binding.BindingType);
  }
}

/// \brief Try each of the given type variable bindings to find solutions
/// to the given constraint system.
///
/// \param cs The constraint system we're solving in.
/// \param depth The depth of the solution stack.
/// \param typeVar The type variable we're binding.
/// \param bindings The initial set of bindings to explore.
/// \param solutions The set of solutions.
///
/// \returns true if there are no solutions.
static bool tryTypeVariableBindings(
              ConstraintSystem &cs,
              unsigned depth,
              TypeVariableType *typeVar,
              ArrayRef<PotentialBinding> bindings,
              SmallVectorImpl<Solution> &solutions,
              FreeTypeVariableBinding allowFreeTypeVariables) {
  bool anySolved = false;
  llvm::SmallPtrSet<CanType, 4> exploredTypes;
  llvm::SmallPtrSet<TypeBase *, 4> boundTypes;

  SmallVector<PotentialBinding, 4> storedBindings;
  auto &tc = cs.getTypeChecker();
  ++cs.solverState->NumTypeVariablesBound;
  
  // If the solver has allocated an excessive amount of memory when solving for
  // this expression, short-circuit the binding operation and mark the parent
  // expression as "too complex".
  if (cs.TC.Context.getSolverMemory() >
        cs.TC.Context.LangOpts.SolverMemoryThreshold) {
    cs.setExpressionTooComplex(true);
    return true;
  }

  for (unsigned tryCount = 0; !anySolved && !bindings.empty(); ++tryCount) {
    // Try each of the bindings in turn.
    ++cs.solverState->NumTypeVariableBindings;
    bool sawFirstLiteralConstraint = false;

    if (tc.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
      auto &log = cs.getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
      log.indent(depth * 2) << "Active bindings: ";

      for (auto binding : bindings) {
        log << typeVar->getString() << " := "
            << binding.BindingType->getString() << " ";
      }

      log <<"\n";
    }

    for (auto binding : bindings) {
      auto type = binding.BindingType;

      // If the type variable can't bind to an lvalue, make sure the
      // type we pick isn't an lvalue.
      if (!typeVar->getImpl().canBindToLValue())
        type = type->getRValueType();

      // Remove parentheses. They're insignificant here.
      type = type->getWithoutParens();

      // If we've already tried this binding, move on.
      if (!boundTypes.insert(type.getPointer()).second)
        continue;

      // Prevent against checking against the same bound generic type
      // over and over again. Doing so means redundant work in the best
      // case. In the worst case, we'll produce lots of duplicate solutions
      // for this constraint system, which is problematic for overload
      // resolution.
      if (type->hasTypeVariable()) {
        auto triedBinding = false;
        if (auto BGT = type->getAs<BoundGenericType>()) {
          for (auto bt : boundTypes) {
            if (auto BBGT = bt->getAs<BoundGenericType>()) {
              if (BGT != BBGT &&
                  BGT->getDecl() == BBGT->getDecl()) {
                triedBinding = true;
                break;
              }
            }
          }
        }

        if (triedBinding)
          continue;
      }

      if (tc.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
        auto &log = cs.getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
        log.indent(depth * 2)
          << "(trying " << typeVar->getString() << " := " << type->getString()
          << "\n";
      }

      // Try to solve the system with typeVar := type
      ConstraintSystem::SolverScope scope(cs);
      if (binding.DefaultedProtocol) {
        // If we were able to solve this without considering
        // default literals, don't bother looking at default literals.
        if (!sawFirstLiteralConstraint) {
          sawFirstLiteralConstraint = true;
          if (anySolved)
            break;
        }
        type = cs.openBindingType(type, typeVar->getImpl().getLocator());
      }

      // FIXME: We want the locator that indicates where the binding came
      // from.
      cs.addConstraint(ConstraintKind::Bind,
                       typeVar,
                       type,
                       typeVar->getImpl().getLocator());
      if (!cs.solveRec(solutions, allowFreeTypeVariables))
        anySolved = true;

      if (tc.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
        auto &log = cs.getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
        log.indent(depth * 2) << ")\n";
      }
    }

    // If we found any solution, we're done.
    if (anySolved)
      break;

    // None of the children had solutions, enumerate supertypes and
    // try again.
    SmallVector<PotentialBinding, 4> newBindings;

    // Enumerate the supertypes of each of the types we tried.
    for (auto binding : bindings) {
      const auto type = binding.BindingType;
      if (type->is<ErrorType>())
        continue;

      // After our first pass, note that we've explored these
      // types.
      if (tryCount == 0)
        exploredTypes.insert(type->getCanonicalType());

      // If we have a protocol with a default type, look for alternative
      // types to the default.
      if (tryCount == 0 && binding.DefaultedProtocol) {
        KnownProtocolKind knownKind 
          = *((*binding.DefaultedProtocol)->getKnownProtocolKind());
        for (auto altType : cs.getAlternativeLiteralTypes(knownKind)) {
          if (exploredTypes.insert(altType->getCanonicalType()).second)
            newBindings.push_back({altType, AllowedBindingKind::Subtypes, 
                                   binding.DefaultedProtocol});
        }
      }

      // Handle simple subtype bindings.
      if (binding.Kind == AllowedBindingKind::Subtypes &&
          typeVar->getImpl().canBindToLValue() &&
          !type->isLValueType() &&
          !type->is<InOutType>()) {
        // Try lvalue qualification in addition to rvalue qualification.
        auto subtype = LValueType::get(type);
        if (exploredTypes.insert(subtype->getCanonicalType()).second)
          newBindings.push_back({subtype, binding.Kind, None});
      }

      if (binding.Kind == AllowedBindingKind::Subtypes) {
        if (auto tupleTy = type->getAs<TupleType>()) {
          int scalarIdx = tupleTy->getElementForScalarInit();
          if (scalarIdx >= 0) {
            auto eltType = tupleTy->getElementType(scalarIdx);
            if (exploredTypes.insert(eltType->getCanonicalType()).second)
              newBindings.push_back({eltType, binding.Kind, None});
          }
        }
      }

      if (binding.Kind != AllowedBindingKind::Supertypes)
        continue;

      for (auto supertype : enumerateDirectSupertypes(cs.getTypeChecker(),
                                                      type)) {
        // If we're not allowed to try this binding, skip it.
        auto simpleSuper = checkTypeOfBinding(cs, typeVar, supertype);
        if (!simpleSuper)
          continue;

        // If we haven't seen this supertype, add it.
        if (exploredTypes.insert((*simpleSuper)->getCanonicalType()).second)
          newBindings.push_back({*simpleSuper, binding.Kind, None});
      }
    }

    // If we didn't compute any new bindings, we're done.
    if (newBindings.empty())
      break;

    // We have a new set of bindings; use them for our next loop.
    storedBindings = std::move(newBindings);
    bindings = storedBindings;
  }

  return !anySolved;
}

/// \brief Solve the system of constraints.
///
/// \param allowFreeTypeVariables How to bind free type variables in
/// the solution.
///
/// \returns a solution if a single unambiguous one could be found, or None if
/// ambiguous or unsolvable.
Optional<Solution>
ConstraintSystem::solveSingle(FreeTypeVariableBinding allowFreeTypeVariables) {
  SmallVector<Solution, 4> solutions;
  if (solve(solutions, allowFreeTypeVariables) ||
      solutions.size() != 1)
    return Optional<Solution>();

  return std::move(solutions[0]);
}

bool ConstraintSystem::solve(SmallVectorImpl<Solution> &solutions,
                             FreeTypeVariableBinding allowFreeTypeVariables) {
  assert(!solverState && "use solveRec for recursive calls");
  // Set up solver state.
  SolverState state(*this);
  this->solverState = &state;

  // Solve the system.
  solveRec(solutions, allowFreeTypeVariables);

  // If there is more than one viable system, attempt to pick the best
  // solution.
  auto size = solutions.size();
  if (size > 1) {
    if (auto best = findBestSolution(solutions, /*minimize=*/false)) {
      if (*best != 0)
        solutions[0] = std::move(solutions[*best]);
      solutions.erase(solutions.begin() + 1, solutions.end());
    }
  }

  // Remove the solver state.
  this->solverState = nullptr;
  
  // We fail if there is no solution.
  return solutions.empty();
}

bool ConstraintSystem::solveRec(SmallVectorImpl<Solution> &solutions,
                                FreeTypeVariableBinding allowFreeTypeVariables){
  // If we already failed, or simplification fails, we're done.
  if (failedConstraint || simplify()) {
    return true;
  } else {
    assert(ActiveConstraints.empty() && "Active constraints remain?");
  }

  // If there are no constraints remaining, we're done. Save this solution.
  if (InactiveConstraints.empty()) {
    // If this solution is worse than the best solution we've seen so far,
    // skip it.
    if (worseThanBestSolution())
      return true;

    // If any free type variables remain and we're not allowed to have them,
    // fail.
    if (allowFreeTypeVariables == FreeTypeVariableBinding::Disallow &&
        hasFreeTypeVariables())
      return true;

    auto solution = finalize(allowFreeTypeVariables);
    if (TC.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
      auto &log = getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
      log.indent(solverState->depth * 2)
        << "(found solution " << CurrentScore << ")\n";
    }

    solutions.push_back(std::move(solution));
    return false;
  }

  // Contract the edges of the constraint graph.
  CG.optimize();

  // Compute the connected components of the constraint graph.
  // FIXME: We're seeding typeVars with TypeVariables so that the
  // connected-components algorithm only considers those type variables within
  // our component. There are clearly better ways to do this.
  SmallVector<TypeVariableType *, 16> typeVars(TypeVariables);
  SmallVector<unsigned, 16> components;
  unsigned numComponents = CG.computeConnectedComponents(typeVars, components);

  // If we don't have more than one component, just solve the whole
  // system.
  if (numComponents < 2) {
    return solveSimplified(solutions, allowFreeTypeVariables);
  }

  if (TC.Context.LangOpts.DebugConstraintSolver) {
    auto &log = getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();

    // Verify that the constraint graph is valid.
    CG.verify();

    log << "---Constraint graph---\n";
    CG.print(log);

    log << "---Connected components---\n";
    CG.printConnectedComponents(log);
  }

  // Construct a mapping from type variables and constraints to their
  // owning component.
  llvm::DenseMap<TypeVariableType *, unsigned> typeVarComponent;
  llvm::DenseMap<Constraint *, unsigned> constraintComponent;
  for (unsigned i = 0, n = typeVars.size(); i != n; ++i) {
    // Record the component of this type variable.
    typeVarComponent[typeVars[i]] = components[i];

    // Record the component of each of the constraints.
    for (auto constraint : CG[typeVars[i]].getConstraints())
      constraintComponent[constraint] = components[i];
  }

  // Sort the constraints into buckets based on component number.
  std::unique_ptr<ConstraintList[]> constraintBuckets(
                                      new ConstraintList[numComponents]);
  while (!InactiveConstraints.empty()) {
    auto *constraint = &InactiveConstraints.front();
    InactiveConstraints.pop_front();
    constraintBuckets[constraintComponent[constraint]].push_back(constraint);
  }

  // Function object that returns all constraints placed into buckets
  // back to the list of constraints.
  auto returnAllConstraints = [&] {
    assert(InactiveConstraints.empty() && "Already have constraints?");
    for (unsigned component = 0; component != numComponents; ++component) {
      InactiveConstraints.splice(InactiveConstraints.end(), 
                                 constraintBuckets[component]);
    }
  };

  // Compute the partial solutions produced for each connected component.
  std::unique_ptr<SmallVector<Solution, 4>[]> 
    partialSolutions(new SmallVector<Solution, 4>[numComponents]);
  Optional<Score> PreviousBestScore = solverState->BestScore;
  for (unsigned component = 0; component != numComponents; ++component) {
    assert(InactiveConstraints.empty() && 
           "Some constraints were not transferred?");
    ++solverState->NumComponentsSplit;

    // Collect the constraints for this component.
    InactiveConstraints.splice(InactiveConstraints.end(), 
                               constraintBuckets[component]);

    // Collect the type variables that are not part of a different
    // component; this includes type variables that are part of the
    // component as well as already-resolved type variables.
    // FIXME: The latter could be avoided if we had already
    // substituted all of those other type variables through.
    llvm::SmallVector<TypeVariableType *, 16> allTypeVariables 
      = std::move(TypeVariables);
    for (auto typeVar : allTypeVariables) {
      auto known = typeVarComponent.find(typeVar);
      if (known != typeVarComponent.end() && known->second != component)
        continue;

      TypeVariables.push_back(typeVar);
    }
    
    // Solve for this component. If it fails, we're done.
    bool failed;
    if (TC.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
      auto &log = getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
      log.indent(solverState->depth * 2) << "(solving component #" 
                                         << component << "\n";
    }
    {
      // Introduce a scope for this partial solution.
      SolverScope scope(*this);
      llvm::SaveAndRestore<SolverScope *> 
        partialSolutionScope(solverState->PartialSolutionScope, &scope);

      failed = solveSimplified(partialSolutions[component], 
                               allowFreeTypeVariables);
    }

    // Put the constraints back into their original bucket.
    auto &bucket = constraintBuckets[component];
    bucket.splice(bucket.end(), InactiveConstraints);
    
    if (failed) {
      if (TC.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
        auto &log = getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
        log.indent(solverState->depth * 2) << "failed component #" 
                                           << component << ")\n";
      }
      
      TypeVariables = std::move(allTypeVariables);
      returnAllConstraints();
      return true;
    }

    if (TC.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
      auto &log = getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
      log.indent(solverState->depth * 2) << "finished component #" 
                                         << component << ")\n";
    }
    
    assert(!partialSolutions[component].empty() &&" No solutions?");

    // Move the type variables back, clear out constraints; we're
    // ready for the next component.
    TypeVariables = std::move(allTypeVariables);

    // For each of the partial solutions, subtract off the current score.
    // It doesn't contribute.
    for (auto &solution : partialSolutions[component])
      solution.getFixedScore() -= CurrentScore;

    // Restore the previous best score.
    solverState->BestScore = PreviousBestScore;
  }

  // Move the constraints back. The system is back in a normal state.
  returnAllConstraints();

  // When there are multiple partial solutions for a given connected component,
  // rank those solutions to pick the best ones. This limits the number of
  // combinations we need to produce; in the common case, down to a single
  // combination.
  for (unsigned component = 0; component != numComponents; ++component) {
    auto &solutions = partialSolutions[component];
    // If there's a single best solution, keep only that one.
    // Otherwise, the set of solutions will at least have been minimized.
    if (auto best = findBestSolution(solutions, /*minimize=*/true)) {
      if (*best > 0)
        solutions[0] = std::move(solutions[*best]);
      solutions.erase(solutions.begin() + 1, solutions.end());
    }
  }

  // Produce all combinations of partial solutions.
  SmallVector<unsigned, 2> indices(numComponents, 0);
  bool done = false;
  bool anySolutions = false;
  do {
    // Create a new solver scope in which we apply all of the partial
    // solutions.
    SolverScope scope(*this);
    for (unsigned i = 0; i != numComponents; ++i)
      applySolution(partialSolutions[i][indices[i]]);

    // This solution might be worse than the best solution found so far. If so,
    // skip it.
    if (!worseThanBestSolution()) {
      // Finalize this solution.
      auto solution = finalize(allowFreeTypeVariables);
      if (TC.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
        auto &log = getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
        log.indent(solverState->depth * 2)
          << "(composed solution " << CurrentScore << ")\n";
      }

      // Save this solution.
      solutions.push_back(std::move(solution));

      anySolutions = true;
    }
    
    // Find the next combination.
    for (unsigned n = numComponents; n > 0; --n) {
      ++indices[n-1];

      // If we haven't run out of solutions yet, we're done.
      if (indices[n-1] < partialSolutions[n-1].size())
        break;

      // If we ran out of solutions at the first position, we're done.
      if (n == 1) {
        done = true;
        break;
      } 

      // Zero out the indices from here to the end.
      for (unsigned i = n-1; i != numComponents; ++i)
        indices[i] = 0;
    }
  } while (!done);

  return !anySolutions;
}

/// Whether we should short-circuit a disjunction that already has a
/// solution when we encounter the given constraint.
static bool shortCircuitDisjunctionAt(Constraint *constraint,
                                      Constraint *successfulConstraint) {
  
  // If the successfully applied constraint is favored, we'll consider that to
  // be the "best".
  if (successfulConstraint->isFavored() && !constraint->isFavored()) {
    return true;
  }
  
  // Anything without a fix is better than anything with a fix.
  if (constraint->getFix() && !successfulConstraint->getFix())
    return true;

  if (auto restriction = constraint->getRestriction()) {
    // Non-optional conversions are better than optional-to-optional
    // conversions.
    if (*restriction == ConversionRestrictionKind::OptionalToOptional ||
        *restriction
          == ConversionRestrictionKind::ImplicitlyUnwrappedOptionalToOptional ||
        *restriction
          == ConversionRestrictionKind::OptionalToImplicitlyUnwrappedOptional)
      return true;
    
    // Array-to-pointer conversions are better than inout-to-pointer conversions.
    if (auto successfulRestriction = successfulConstraint->getRestriction()) {
      if (*successfulRestriction == ConversionRestrictionKind::ArrayToPointer
          && *restriction == ConversionRestrictionKind::InoutToPointer)
        return true;
    }
  }

  // Implicit conversions are better than checked casts.
  if (constraint->getKind() == ConstraintKind::CheckedCast)
    return true;

  // Binding an operator overloading to a generic operator is weaker than
  // binding to a non-generic operator, always.
  // Note: this is a hack to improve performance when we're dealing with
  // overloaded operators.
  if (constraint->getKind() == ConstraintKind::BindOverload &&
      constraint->getOverloadChoice().getKind() == OverloadChoiceKind::Decl &&
      constraint->getOverloadChoice().getDecl()->getName().isOperator() &&
      successfulConstraint->getKind() == ConstraintKind::BindOverload &&
      successfulConstraint->getOverloadChoice().getKind()
        == OverloadChoiceKind::Decl &&
      successfulConstraint->getOverloadChoice().getDecl()->getName()
        .isOperator() &&
      constraint->getOverloadChoice().getDecl()->getInterfaceType()
        ->is<GenericFunctionType>() &&
      !successfulConstraint->getOverloadChoice().getDecl()->getInterfaceType()
         ->is<GenericFunctionType>()) {
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool ConstraintSystem::solveSimplified(
       SmallVectorImpl<Solution> &solutions,
       FreeTypeVariableBinding allowFreeTypeVariables) {
  // Collect disjunctions.
  SmallVector<Constraint *, 4> disjunctions;
  for (auto &constraint : InactiveConstraints) {
    if (constraint.getKind() == ConstraintKind::Disjunction)
      disjunctions.push_back(&constraint);
  }

  // Look for potential type variable bindings.
  TypeVariableType *bestTypeVar = nullptr;
  PotentialBindings bestBindings;
  for (auto typeVar : TypeVariables) {
    // Skip any type variables that are bound.
    if (typeVar->getImpl().hasRepresentativeOrFixed())
      continue;

    // Get potential bindings.
    auto bindings = getPotentialBindings(*this, typeVar);
    if (!bindings)
      continue;

    // If these are the first bindings, or they are better than what
    // we saw before, use them instead.
    if (!bestTypeVar || bindings < bestBindings) {
      bestBindings = std::move(bindings);
      bestTypeVar = typeVar;
    }
  }

  // If we have a binding that does not involve type variables, or we have
  // no other option, go ahead and try the bindings for this type variable.
  if (bestBindings && 
      (disjunctions.empty() ||
       (!bestBindings.InvolvesTypeVariables && !bestBindings.FullyBound &&
        bestBindings.LiteralBinding == LiteralBindingKind::None))) {
    return tryTypeVariableBindings(*this, solverState->depth, bestTypeVar,
                                   bestBindings.Bindings, solutions,
                                   allowFreeTypeVariables);
  }

  // If there are no disjunctions, we can't solve this system.
  if (disjunctions.empty()) {
    // If the only remaining constraints are conformance constraints
    // or member equality constraints, and we're allowed to have free
    // variables, we still have a solution.  FIXME: It seems like this
    // should be easier to detect. Aren't there other kinds of
    // constraints that could show up here?
    if (allowFreeTypeVariables != FreeTypeVariableBinding::Disallow &&
        hasFreeTypeVariables()) {

      // If this solution is worse than the best solution we've seen so far,
      // skip it.
      if (worseThanBestSolution())
        return true;

      bool anyNonConformanceConstraints = false;
      for (auto &constraint : InactiveConstraints) {
        switch (constraint.getClassification()) {
        case ConstraintClassification::Relational:
        case ConstraintClassification::Member:
          continue;
        default:
          break;
        }

        anyNonConformanceConstraints = true;
        break;
      }

      if (!anyNonConformanceConstraints) {
        auto solution = finalize(allowFreeTypeVariables);
        if (TC.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
          auto &log = getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
          log.indent(solverState->depth * 2) << "(found solution)\n";
        }
        
        solutions.push_back(std::move(solution));
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }

  // Pick the smallest disjunction.
  // FIXME: This heuristic isn't great, but it helped somewhat for
  // overload sets.
  auto disjunction = disjunctions[0];
  auto bestSize = disjunction->getNestedConstraints().size();
  if (bestSize > 2) {
    for (auto contender : llvm::makeArrayRef(disjunctions).slice(1)) {
      unsigned newSize = contender->getNestedConstraints().size();
      if (newSize < bestSize) {
        bestSize = newSize;
        disjunction = contender;

        if (bestSize == 2)
          break;
      }
    }
  }

  // Remove this disjunction constraint from the list.
  auto afterDisjunction = InactiveConstraints.erase(disjunction);
  CG.removeConstraint(disjunction);

  // Try each of the constraints within the disjunction.
  Constraint *firstSolvedConstraint = nullptr;
  ++solverState->NumDisjunctions;
  auto constraints = disjunction->getNestedConstraints();
  for (auto index : indices(constraints)) {
    auto constraint = constraints[index];

    // We already have a solution; check whether we should
    // short-circuit the disjunction.
    if (firstSolvedConstraint &&
        shortCircuitDisjunctionAt(constraint, firstSolvedConstraint))
      break;
    
    // If the expression was deemed "too complex", stop now and salvage.
    if (getExpressionTooComplex())
      break;

    // Try to solve the system with this option in the disjunction.
    SolverScope scope(*this);
    ++solverState->NumDisjunctionTerms;
    if (TC.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
      auto &log = getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
      log.indent(solverState->depth)
        << "(assuming ";
      constraint->print(log, &TC.Context.SourceMgr);
      log << '\n';
    }

    // If the disjunction requested us to, remember which choice we
    // took for it.
    if (disjunction->shouldRememberChoice()) {
      auto locator = disjunction->getLocator();
      assert(locator && "remembered disjunction doesn't have a locator?");
      DisjunctionChoices.push_back({locator, index});
    }

    // Determine whether we're handling a favored constraint in subsystem.
    const bool willBeHandlingFavoredConstraint
      = constraint->isFavored() || HandlingFavoredConstraint;
    llvm::SaveAndRestore<bool> handlingFavoredConstraint(
                                 HandlingFavoredConstraint,
                                 willBeHandlingFavoredConstraint);

    // Simplify this term in the disjunction.
    switch (simplifyConstraint(*constraint)) {
    case SolutionKind::Error:
      if (!failedConstraint)
        failedConstraint = constraint;
      solverState->retiredConstraints.push_back(constraint);
      break;

    case SolutionKind::Solved:
      solverState->retiredConstraints.push_back(constraint);
      break;

    case SolutionKind::Unsolved:
      InactiveConstraints.push_back(constraint);
      CG.addConstraint(constraint);
      break;
    }

    // Record this as a generated constraint.
    solverState->generatedConstraints.push_back(constraint);

    if (!solveRec(solutions, allowFreeTypeVariables)) {
      firstSolvedConstraint = constraint;

      // If we see a tuple-to-tuple conversion that succeeded, we're done.
      // FIXME: This should be more general.
      if (auto restriction = constraint->getRestriction()) {
        if (*restriction == ConversionRestrictionKind::TupleToTuple)
          break;
      }

      // Or, if we see a conversion successfully applied to a string
      // interpolation argument, we're done.
      // FIXME: Probably should be more general, as mentioned above.
      if (auto locator = disjunction->getLocator()) {
        if (!locator->getPath().empty() &&
            locator->getPath().back().getKind()
              == ConstraintLocator::InterpolationArgument &&
            constraint->getKind() == ConstraintKind::Conversion)
          break;
      }
    }

    if (TC.getLangOpts().DebugConstraintSolver) {
      auto &log = getASTContext().TypeCheckerDebug->getStream();
      log.indent(solverState->depth) << ")\n";
    }
  }

  // Put the disjunction constraint back in its place.
  InactiveConstraints.insert(afterDisjunction, disjunction);
  CG.addConstraint(disjunction);

  return !firstSolvedConstraint;
}