TypeCheckConcurrency.cpp

//===--- TypeCheckConcurrency.cpp - Concurrency ---------------------------===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2020 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file implements type checking support for Swift's concurrency model.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#include "TypeCheckConcurrency.h"
#include "TypeCheckDistributed.h"
#include "TypeChecker.h"
#include "TypeCheckType.h"
#include "swift/Strings.h"
#include "swift/AST/ASTWalker.h"
#include "swift/AST/GenericEnvironment.h"
#include "swift/AST/ImportCache.h"
#include "swift/AST/Initializer.h"
#include "swift/AST/ParameterList.h"
#include "swift/AST/ProtocolConformance.h"
#include "swift/AST/NameLookupRequests.h"
#include "swift/AST/TypeCheckRequests.h"
#include "swift/AST/ExistentialLayout.h"
#include "swift/Sema/IDETypeChecking.h"

using namespace swift;

/// Determine whether it makes sense to infer an attribute in the given
/// context.
static bool shouldInferAttributeInContext(const DeclContext *dc) {
  if (auto *file = dyn_cast<FileUnit>(dc->getModuleScopeContext())) {
    switch (file->getKind()) {
    case FileUnitKind::Source:
      // Check what kind of source file we have.
      if (auto sourceFile = dc->getParentSourceFile()) {
        switch (sourceFile->Kind) {
        case SourceFileKind::Interface:
          // Interfaces have explicitly called-out Sendable conformances.
          return false;

        case SourceFileKind::Library:
        case SourceFileKind::MacroExpansion:
        case SourceFileKind::Main:
        case SourceFileKind::SIL:
          return true;
        }
      }
      break;

    case FileUnitKind::Builtin:
    case FileUnitKind::SerializedAST:
    case FileUnitKind::Synthesized:
      return false;

    case FileUnitKind::ClangModule:
    case FileUnitKind::DWARFModule:
      return true;
    }

    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

void swift::addAsyncNotes(AbstractFunctionDecl const* func) {
  assert(func);
  if (!isa<DestructorDecl>(func) && !isa<AccessorDecl>(func)) {
    auto note =
        func->diagnose(diag::note_add_async_to_function, func->getName());

    if (func->hasThrows()) {
      auto replacement = func->getAttrs().hasAttribute<RethrowsAttr>()
                        ? "async rethrows"
                        : "async throws";

      note.fixItReplace(SourceRange(func->getThrowsLoc()), replacement);
    } else if (func->getParameters()->getRParenLoc().isValid()) {
      note.fixItInsert(func->getParameters()->getRParenLoc().getAdvancedLoc(1),
                       " async");
    }
  }
}

static bool requiresFlowIsolation(ActorIsolation typeIso,
                                  ConstructorDecl const *ctor) {
  assert(ctor->isDesignatedInit());

  auto ctorIso = getActorIsolation(const_cast<ConstructorDecl *>(ctor));

  // Regardless of async-ness, a mismatch in isolation means we need to be
  // flow-sensitive.
  if (typeIso != ctorIso)
    return true;

  // Otherwise, if it's an actor instance, then it depends on async-ness.
  switch (typeIso.getKind()) {
    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
    case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
    case ActorIsolation::Independent:
      return false;

    case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
      return !(ctor->hasAsync()); // need flow-isolation for non-async.
  };
}

bool swift::usesFlowSensitiveIsolation(AbstractFunctionDecl const *fn) {
  if (!fn)
    return false;

  // Only designated constructors or destructors use this kind of isolation.
  if (auto const* ctor = dyn_cast<ConstructorDecl>(fn)) {
    if (!ctor->isDesignatedInit())
      return false;
  } else if (!isa<DestructorDecl>(fn)) {
    return false;
  }

  auto *dc = fn->getDeclContext();
  if (!dc)
    return false;

  // Must be part of a nominal type.
  auto *nominal = dc->getSelfNominalTypeDecl();
  if (!nominal)
    return false;

  // If it's part of an actor type, then its deinit and some of its inits use
  // flow-isolation.
  if (nominal->isAnyActor()) {
    if (isa<DestructorDecl>(fn))
      return true;

    // construct an isolation corresponding to the type.
    auto actorTypeIso = ActorIsolation::forActorInstanceSelf(nominal);

    return requiresFlowIsolation(actorTypeIso, cast<ConstructorDecl>(fn));
  }

  // Otherwise, the type must be isolated to a global actor.
  auto nominalIso = getActorIsolation(nominal);
  if (!nominalIso.isGlobalActor())
    return false;

  // if it's a deinit, then it's flow-isolated.
  if (isa<DestructorDecl>(fn))
    return true;

  return requiresFlowIsolation(nominalIso, cast<ConstructorDecl>(fn));
}

bool IsActorRequest::evaluate(
    Evaluator &evaluator, NominalTypeDecl *nominal) const {
  // Protocols are actors if they inherit from `Actor`.
  if (auto protocol = dyn_cast<ProtocolDecl>(nominal)) {
    auto &ctx = protocol->getASTContext();
    auto *actorProtocol = ctx.getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Actor);
    return (protocol == actorProtocol ||
            protocol->inheritsFrom(actorProtocol));
  }

  // Class declarations are actors if they were declared with "actor".
  auto classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(nominal);
  if (!classDecl)
    return false;

  return classDecl->isExplicitActor();
}

bool IsDefaultActorRequest::evaluate(
    Evaluator &evaluator, ClassDecl *classDecl, ModuleDecl *M,
    ResilienceExpansion expansion) const {
  // If the class isn't an actor, it's not a default actor.
  if (!classDecl->isActor())
    return false;

  // If the class is resilient from the perspective of the module
  // module, it's not a default actor.
  if (classDecl->isForeign() || classDecl->isResilient(M, expansion))
    return false;

  // Check whether the class has explicit custom-actor methods.

  // If we synthesized the unownedExecutor property, we should've
  // added a semantics attribute to it (if it was actually a default
  // actor).
  if (auto executorProperty = classDecl->getUnownedExecutorProperty()) {
    bool isDefaultActor =
        executorProperty->getAttrs().hasSemanticsAttr(SEMANTICS_DEFAULT_ACTOR);
    if (!isDefaultActor &&
        classDecl->getASTContext().LangOpts.isConcurrencyModelTaskToThread() &&
        !AvailableAttr::isUnavailable(classDecl)) {
      classDecl->diagnose(
          diag::concurrency_task_to_thread_model_custom_executor,
          "task-to-thread concurrency model");
    }
    return isDefaultActor;
  }

  return true;
}

VarDecl *GlobalActorInstanceRequest::evaluate(
    Evaluator &evaluator, NominalTypeDecl *nominal) const {
  auto globalActorAttr = nominal->getAttrs().getAttribute<GlobalActorAttr>();
  if (!globalActorAttr)
    return nullptr;

  // Ensure that the actor protocol has been loaded.
  ASTContext &ctx = nominal->getASTContext();
  auto actorProto = ctx.getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Actor);
  if (!actorProto) {
    nominal->diagnose(diag::concurrency_lib_missing, "Actor");
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Non-final classes cannot be global actors.
  if (auto classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(nominal)) {
    if (!classDecl->isSemanticallyFinal()) {
      nominal->diagnose(diag::global_actor_non_final_class, nominal->getName())
        .highlight(globalActorAttr->getRangeWithAt());
    }
  }

  // Global actors have a static property "shared" that provides an actor
  // instance. The value must be of Actor type, which is validated by
  // conformance to the 'GlobalActor' protocol.
  SmallVector<ValueDecl *, 4> decls;
  nominal->lookupQualified(
      nominal, DeclNameRef(ctx.Id_shared), NL_QualifiedDefault, decls);
  for (auto decl : decls) {
    auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(decl);
    if (!var)
      continue;

    if (var->getDeclContext() == nominal && var->isStatic())
      return var;
  }

  return nullptr;
}

Optional<std::pair<CustomAttr *, NominalTypeDecl *>>
swift::checkGlobalActorAttributes(
    SourceLoc loc, DeclContext *dc, ArrayRef<CustomAttr *> attrs) {
  ASTContext &ctx = dc->getASTContext();

  CustomAttr *globalActorAttr = nullptr;
  NominalTypeDecl *globalActorNominal = nullptr;
  for (auto attr : attrs) {
    // Figure out which nominal declaration this custom attribute refers to.
    auto *nominal = evaluateOrDefault(ctx.evaluator,
                                      CustomAttrNominalRequest{attr, dc},
                                      nullptr);

    if (!nominal)
      continue;

    // We are only interested in global actor types.
    if (!nominal->isGlobalActor())
      continue;

    // Only a single global actor can be applied to a given entity.
    if (globalActorAttr) {
      ctx.Diags.diagnose(
          loc, diag::multiple_global_actors, globalActorNominal->getName(),
          nominal->getName());
      continue;
    }

    globalActorAttr = const_cast<CustomAttr *>(attr);
    globalActorNominal = nominal;
  }

  if (!globalActorAttr)
    return None;

  return std::make_pair(globalActorAttr, globalActorNominal);
}

Optional<std::pair<CustomAttr *, NominalTypeDecl *>>
GlobalActorAttributeRequest::evaluate(
    Evaluator &evaluator,
    llvm::PointerUnion<Decl *, ClosureExpr *> subject) const {
  DeclContext *dc;
  DeclAttributes *declAttrs;
  SourceLoc loc;
  if (auto decl = subject.dyn_cast<Decl *>()) {
    dc = decl->getDeclContext();
    declAttrs = &decl->getAttrs();
    // HACK: `getLoc`, when querying the attr from  a serialized decl,
    // depending on deserialization order, may launch into arbitrary
    // type-checking when querying interface types of such decls. Which,
    // in turn, may do things like query (to print) USRs. This ends up being
    // prone to request evaluator cycles.
    //
    // Because this only applies to serialized decls, we can be confident
    // that they already went through this type-checking as primaries, so,
    // for now, to avoid cycles, we simply ignore the locs on serialized decls
    // only.
    // This is a workaround for rdar://79563942
    loc = decl->getLoc(/* SerializedOK */ false);
  } else {
    auto closure = subject.get<ClosureExpr *>();
    dc = closure;
    declAttrs = &closure->getAttrs();
    loc = closure->getLoc();
  }

  // Collect the attributes.
  SmallVector<CustomAttr *, 2> attrs;
  for (auto attr : declAttrs->getAttributes<CustomAttr>()) {
    auto mutableAttr = const_cast<CustomAttr *>(attr);
    attrs.push_back(mutableAttr);
  }

  // Look for a global actor attribute.
  auto result = checkGlobalActorAttributes(loc, dc, attrs);
  if (!result)
    return None;

  // Closures can always have a global actor attached.
  if (auto closure = subject.dyn_cast<ClosureExpr *>()) {
    return result;
  }

  // Check that a global actor attribute makes sense on this kind of
  // declaration.
  auto decl = subject.get<Decl *>();

  // no further checking required if it's from a serialized module.
  if (decl->getDeclContext()->getParentSourceFile() == nullptr)
    return result;

  auto globalActorAttr = result->first;
  if (auto nominal = dyn_cast<NominalTypeDecl>(decl)) {
    // Nominal types are okay...
    if (auto classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(nominal)){
      if (classDecl->isActor()) {
        // ... except for actors.
        nominal->diagnose(diag::global_actor_on_actor_class, nominal->getName())
            .highlight(globalActorAttr->getRangeWithAt());
        return None;
      }
    }
  } else if (auto storage = dyn_cast<AbstractStorageDecl>(decl)) {
    // Subscripts and properties are fine...
    if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(storage)) {

      // ... but not if it's an async-context top-level global
      if (var->isTopLevelGlobal() &&
          (var->getDeclContext()->isAsyncContext() ||
           var->getASTContext().LangOpts.StrictConcurrencyLevel >=
             StrictConcurrency::Complete)) {
        var->diagnose(diag::global_actor_top_level_var)
            .highlight(globalActorAttr->getRangeWithAt());
        return None;
      }

      // ... and not if it's local property
      if (var->getDeclContext()->isLocalContext()) {
        var->diagnose(diag::global_actor_on_local_variable, var->getName())
            .highlight(globalActorAttr->getRangeWithAt());
        return None;
      }

      // ... and not if it's the instance storage of a struct
      if (!var->isStatic() && var->isOrdinaryStoredProperty()) {
        if (auto *nominal = var->getDeclContext()->getSelfNominalTypeDecl()) {
          if (isa<StructDecl>(nominal) && !isWrappedValueOfPropWrapper(var)) {

            var->diagnose(diag::global_actor_on_storage_of_value_type,
                          var->getName())
              .highlight(globalActorAttr->getRangeWithAt())
              .warnUntilSwiftVersion(6);

            // In Swift 6, once the diag above is an error, it is disallowed.
            if (var->getASTContext().isSwiftVersionAtLeast(6))
              return None;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  } else if (isa<ExtensionDecl>(decl)) {
    // Extensions are okay.
  } else if (isa<ConstructorDecl>(decl) || isa<FuncDecl>(decl)) {
    // Functions are okay.
  } else {
    // Everything else is disallowed.
    decl->diagnose(diag::global_actor_disallowed, decl->getDescriptiveKind());
    return None;
  }

  return result;
}

Type swift::getExplicitGlobalActor(ClosureExpr *closure) {
  // Look at the explicit attribute.
  auto globalActorAttr = evaluateOrDefault(
      closure->getASTContext().evaluator,
      GlobalActorAttributeRequest{closure}, None);
  if (!globalActorAttr)
    return Type();

  Type globalActor = evaluateOrDefault(
      closure->getASTContext().evaluator,
      CustomAttrTypeRequest{
        globalActorAttr->first, closure, CustomAttrTypeKind::GlobalActor},
        Type());
  if (!globalActor || globalActor->hasError())
    return Type();

  return globalActor;
}

/// A 'let' declaration is safe across actors if it is either
/// nonisolated or it is accessed from within the same module.
static bool varIsSafeAcrossActors(const ModuleDecl *fromModule,
                                  VarDecl *var,
                                  const ActorIsolation &varIsolation) {
  // must be immutable
  if (!var->isLet())
    return false;

  switch (varIsolation) {
  case ActorIsolation::Independent:
  case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
    // if nonisolated, it's OK
    return true;

  case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
  case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
  case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
    // If it's explicitly 'nonisolated', it's okay.
    if (var->getAttrs().hasAttribute<NonisolatedAttr>())
      return true;

    // If it's distributed, generally variable access is not okay...
    if (auto nominalParent = var->getDeclContext()->getSelfNominalTypeDecl()) {
      if (nominalParent->isDistributedActor())
        return false;
    }

    // If it's actor-isolated but in the same module, then it's OK too.
    return (fromModule == var->getDeclContext()->getParentModule());
  }
}

bool swift::isLetAccessibleAnywhere(const ModuleDecl *fromModule,
                                    VarDecl *let) {
  auto isolation = getActorIsolation(let);
  return varIsSafeAcrossActors(fromModule, let, isolation);
}

namespace {
  /// Describes the important parts of a partial apply thunk.
  struct PartialApplyThunkInfo {
    Expr *base;
    Expr *fn;
    bool isEscaping;
  };
}

/// Try to decompose a call that might be an invocation of a partial apply
/// thunk.
static Optional<PartialApplyThunkInfo> decomposePartialApplyThunk(
    ApplyExpr *apply, Expr *parent) {
  // Check for a call to the outer closure in the thunk.
  auto outerAutoclosure = dyn_cast<AutoClosureExpr>(apply->getFn());
  if (!outerAutoclosure ||
      outerAutoclosure->getThunkKind()
        != AutoClosureExpr::Kind::DoubleCurryThunk)
    return None;

  auto *unarySelfArg = apply->getArgs()->getUnlabeledUnaryExpr();
  assert(unarySelfArg &&
         "Double curry should start with a unary (Self) -> ... arg");

  auto memberFn = outerAutoclosure->getUnwrappedCurryThunkExpr();
  if (!memberFn)
    return None;

  // Determine whether the partial apply thunk was immediately converted to
  // noescape.
  bool isEscaping = true;
  if (auto conversion = dyn_cast_or_null<FunctionConversionExpr>(parent)) {
    auto fnType = conversion->getType()->getAs<FunctionType>();
    isEscaping = fnType && !fnType->isNoEscape();
  }

  return PartialApplyThunkInfo{unarySelfArg, memberFn, isEscaping};
}

/// Find the immediate member reference in the given expression.
static Optional<std::pair<ConcreteDeclRef, SourceLoc>>
findReference(Expr *expr) {
  // Look through a function conversion.
  if (auto fnConv = dyn_cast<FunctionConversionExpr>(expr))
    expr = fnConv->getSubExpr();

  if (auto declRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(expr))
    return std::make_pair(declRef->getDeclRef(), declRef->getLoc());

  if (auto otherCtor = dyn_cast<OtherConstructorDeclRefExpr>(expr)) {
    return std::make_pair(otherCtor->getDeclRef(), otherCtor->getLoc());
  }

  Expr *inner = expr->getValueProvidingExpr();
  if (inner != expr)
    return findReference(inner);

  return None;
}

/// Return true if the callee of an ApplyExpr is async
///
/// Note that this must be called after the implicitlyAsync flag has been set,
/// or implicitly async calls will not return the correct value.
static bool isAsyncCall(const ApplyExpr *call) {
  if (call->isImplicitlyAsync())
    return true;

  // Effectively the same as doing a
  // `cast_or_null<FunctionType>(call->getFn()->getType())`, check the
  // result of that and then checking `isAsync` if it's defined.
  Type funcTypeType = call->getFn()->getType();
  if (!funcTypeType)
    return false;
  AnyFunctionType *funcType = funcTypeType->getAs<AnyFunctionType>();
  if (!funcType)
    return false;
  return funcType->isAsync();
}

/// Determine whether we should diagnose data races within the current context.
///
/// By default, we do this only in code that makes use of concurrency
/// features.
static bool shouldDiagnoseExistingDataRaces(const DeclContext *dc);

/// Determine whether this closure should be treated as Sendable.
///
/// \param forActorIsolation Whether this check is for the purposes of
/// determining whether the closure must be non-isolated.
static bool isSendableClosure(
    const AbstractClosureExpr *closure, bool forActorIsolation) {
  if (auto explicitClosure = dyn_cast<ClosureExpr>(closure)) {
    if (forActorIsolation && explicitClosure->inheritsActorContext()) {
      return false;
    }

    if (explicitClosure->isIsolatedByPreconcurrency() &&
        !shouldDiagnoseExistingDataRaces(closure->getParent()))
      return false;
  }

  if (auto type = closure->getType()) {
    if (auto fnType = type->getAs<AnyFunctionType>())
      if (fnType->isSendable())
        return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/// Determine whether the given type is suitable as a concurrent value type.
bool swift::isSendableType(ModuleDecl *module, Type type) {
  auto proto = module->getASTContext().getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Sendable);
  if (!proto)
    return true;

  auto conformance = TypeChecker::conformsToProtocol(type, proto, module);
  if (conformance.isInvalid())
    return false;

  // Look for missing Sendable conformances.
  return !conformance.forEachMissingConformance(module,
      [](BuiltinProtocolConformance *missing) {
        return missing->getProtocol()->isSpecificProtocol(
            KnownProtocolKind::Sendable);
      });
}

/// Add Fix-It text for the given nominal type to adopt Sendable.
static void addSendableFixIt(
    const NominalTypeDecl *nominal, InFlightDiagnostic &diag, bool unchecked) {
  if (nominal->getInherited().empty()) {
    SourceLoc fixItLoc = nominal->getBraces().Start;
    diag.fixItInsert(fixItLoc,
                     unchecked ? ": @unchecked Sendable" : ": Sendable");
  } else {
    auto fixItLoc = nominal->getInherited().back().getLoc();
    diag.fixItInsertAfter(fixItLoc,
                          unchecked ? ", @unchecked Sendable" : ", Sendable");
  }
}

/// Add Fix-It text for the given generic param declaration type to adopt
/// Sendable.
static void addSendableFixIt(const GenericTypeParamDecl *genericArgument,
                             InFlightDiagnostic &diag, bool unchecked) {
  if (genericArgument->getInherited().empty()) {
    auto fixItLoc = genericArgument->getLoc();
    diag.fixItInsertAfter(fixItLoc,
                          unchecked ? ": @unchecked Sendable" : ": Sendable");
  } else {
    auto fixItLoc = genericArgument->getInherited().back().getLoc();
    diag.fixItInsertAfter(fixItLoc,
                          unchecked ? ", @unchecked Sendable" : ", Sendable");
  }
}

static bool shouldDiagnoseExistingDataRaces(const DeclContext *dc) {
  return contextRequiresStrictConcurrencyChecking(dc, [](const AbstractClosureExpr *) {
    return Type();
  },
  [](const ClosureExpr *closure) {
    return closure->isIsolatedByPreconcurrency();
  });
}

/// Determine the default diagnostic behavior for this language mode.
static DiagnosticBehavior defaultSendableDiagnosticBehavior(
    const LangOptions &langOpts) {
  // Prior to Swift 6, all Sendable-related diagnostics are warnings at most.
  if (!langOpts.isSwiftVersionAtLeast(6))
    return DiagnosticBehavior::Warning;

  return DiagnosticBehavior::Unspecified;
}

bool SendableCheckContext::isExplicitSendableConformance() const {
  if (!conformanceCheck)
    return false;

  switch (*conformanceCheck) {
  case SendableCheck::Explicit:
    return true;

  case SendableCheck::ImpliedByStandardProtocol:
  case SendableCheck::Implicit:
  case SendableCheck::ImplicitForExternallyVisible:
    return false;
  }
}

DiagnosticBehavior SendableCheckContext::defaultDiagnosticBehavior() const {
  // If we're not supposed to diagnose existing data races from this context,
  // ignore the diagnostic entirely.
  if (!isExplicitSendableConformance() &&
      !shouldDiagnoseExistingDataRaces(fromDC))
    return DiagnosticBehavior::Ignore;

  return defaultSendableDiagnosticBehavior(fromDC->getASTContext().LangOpts);
}

DiagnosticBehavior
SendableCheckContext::implicitSendableDiagnosticBehavior() const {
  switch (fromDC->getASTContext().LangOpts.StrictConcurrencyLevel) {
  case StrictConcurrency::Targeted:
    // Limited checking only diagnoses implicit Sendable within contexts that
    // have adopted concurrency.
    if (shouldDiagnoseExistingDataRaces(fromDC))
      return DiagnosticBehavior::Warning;

    LLVM_FALLTHROUGH;

  case StrictConcurrency::Minimal:
    // Explicit Sendable conformances always diagnose, even when strict
    // strict checking is disabled.
    if (isExplicitSendableConformance())
      return DiagnosticBehavior::Warning;

    return DiagnosticBehavior::Ignore;

  case StrictConcurrency::Complete:
    return defaultDiagnosticBehavior();
  }
}

/// Determine whether the given nominal type has an explicit Sendable
/// conformance (regardless of its availability).
static bool hasExplicitSendableConformance(NominalTypeDecl *nominal,
                                           bool applyModuleDefault = true) {
  ASTContext &ctx = nominal->getASTContext();
  auto nominalModule = nominal->getParentModule();

  // In a concurrency-checked module, a missing conformance is equivalent to
  // an explicitly unavailable one. If we want to apply this rule, do so now.
  if (applyModuleDefault && nominalModule->isConcurrencyChecked())
    return true;

  // Look for any conformance to `Sendable`.
  auto proto = ctx.getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Sendable);
  if (!proto)
    return false;

  // Look for a conformance. If it's present and not (directly) missing,
  // we're done.
  auto conformance = nominalModule->lookupConformance(
      nominal->getDeclaredInterfaceType(), proto, /*allowMissing=*/true);
  return conformance &&
      !(isa<BuiltinProtocolConformance>(conformance.getConcrete()) &&
        cast<BuiltinProtocolConformance>(
          conformance.getConcrete())->isMissing());
}

/// Find the import that makes the given nominal declaration available.
static Optional<AttributedImport<ImportedModule>> findImportFor(
    NominalTypeDecl *nominal, const DeclContext *fromDC) {
  // If the nominal type is from the current module, there's no import.
  auto nominalModule = nominal->getParentModule();
  if (nominalModule == fromDC->getParentModule())
    return None;

  auto fromSourceFile = fromDC->getParentSourceFile();
  if (!fromSourceFile)
    return None;

  // Look to see if the owning module was directly imported.
  for (const auto &import : fromSourceFile->getImports()) {
    if (import.module.importedModule == nominalModule)
      return import;
  }

  // Now look for transitive imports.
  auto &importCache = nominal->getASTContext().getImportCache();
  for (const auto &import : fromSourceFile->getImports()) {
    auto &importSet = importCache.getImportSet(import.module.importedModule);
    for (const auto &transitive : importSet.getTransitiveImports()) {
      if (transitive.importedModule == nominalModule) {
        return import;
      }
    }
  }

  return None;
}

/// Determine the diagnostic behavior for a Sendable reference to the given
/// nominal type.
DiagnosticBehavior SendableCheckContext::diagnosticBehavior(
    NominalTypeDecl *nominal) const {
  // Determine whether this nominal type is visible via a @preconcurrency
  // import.
  auto import = findImportFor(nominal, fromDC);
  auto sourceFile = fromDC->getParentSourceFile();

  // When the type is explicitly non-Sendable...
  if (hasExplicitSendableConformance(nominal)) {
    // @preconcurrency imports downgrade the diagnostic to a warning in Swift 6,
    if (import && import->options.contains(ImportFlags::Preconcurrency)) {
      if (sourceFile)
        sourceFile->setImportUsedPreconcurrency(*import);

      return DiagnosticBehavior::Warning;
    }

    return defaultSendableDiagnosticBehavior(fromDC->getASTContext().LangOpts);
  }

  // When the type is implicitly non-Sendable...

  // @preconcurrency suppresses the diagnostic in Swift 5.x, and
  // downgrades it to a warning in Swift 6 and later.
  if (import && import->options.contains(ImportFlags::Preconcurrency)) {
    if (sourceFile)
      sourceFile->setImportUsedPreconcurrency(*import);

    return nominal->getASTContext().LangOpts.isSwiftVersionAtLeast(6)
        ? DiagnosticBehavior::Warning
        : DiagnosticBehavior::Ignore;
  }

  DiagnosticBehavior defaultBehavior = implicitSendableDiagnosticBehavior();

  // If we are checking an implicit Sendable conformance, don't suppress
  // diagnostics for declarations in the same module. We want them to make
  // enclosing inferred types non-Sendable.
  if (defaultBehavior == DiagnosticBehavior::Ignore &&
      nominal->getParentSourceFile() &&
      conformanceCheck && isImplicitSendableCheck(*conformanceCheck))
    return DiagnosticBehavior::Warning;

  return defaultBehavior;
}

bool swift::diagnoseSendabilityErrorBasedOn(
    NominalTypeDecl *nominal, SendableCheckContext fromContext,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(DiagnosticBehavior)> diagnose) {
  auto behavior = DiagnosticBehavior::Unspecified;

  if (nominal) {
    behavior = fromContext.diagnosticBehavior(nominal);
  } else {
    behavior = fromContext.implicitSendableDiagnosticBehavior();
  }

  bool wasSuppressed = diagnose(behavior);

  bool emittedDiagnostics =
      behavior != DiagnosticBehavior::Ignore && !wasSuppressed;

  // When the type is explicitly Sendable *or* explicitly non-Sendable, we
  // assume it has been audited and `@preconcurrency` is not recommended even
  // though it would actually affect the diagnostic.
  bool nominalIsImportedAndHasImplicitSendability =
      nominal &&
      nominal->getParentModule() != fromContext.fromDC->getParentModule() &&
      !hasExplicitSendableConformance(nominal);

  if (emittedDiagnostics && nominalIsImportedAndHasImplicitSendability) {
    // This type was imported from another module; try to find the
    // corresponding import.
    Optional<AttributedImport<swift::ImportedModule>> import;
    SourceFile *sourceFile = fromContext.fromDC->getParentSourceFile();
    if (sourceFile) {
      import = findImportFor(nominal, fromContext.fromDC);
    }

    // If we found the import that makes this nominal type visible, remark
    // that it can be @preconcurrency import.
    // Only emit this remark once per source file, because it can happen a
    // lot.
    if (import && !import->options.contains(ImportFlags::Preconcurrency) &&
        import->importLoc.isValid() && sourceFile &&
        !sourceFile->hasImportUsedPreconcurrency(*import)) {
      SourceLoc importLoc = import->importLoc;
      ASTContext &ctx = nominal->getASTContext();

      ctx.Diags.diagnose(
          importLoc, diag::add_predates_concurrency_import,
          ctx.LangOpts.isSwiftVersionAtLeast(6),
          nominal->getParentModule()->getName())
        .fixItInsert(importLoc, "@preconcurrency ");

      sourceFile->setImportUsedPreconcurrency(*import);
    }
  }

  return behavior == DiagnosticBehavior::Unspecified && !wasSuppressed;
}

/// Produce a diagnostic for a single instance of a non-Sendable type where
/// a Sendable type is required.
static bool diagnoseSingleNonSendableType(
    Type type, SendableCheckContext fromContext, SourceLoc loc,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(Type, DiagnosticBehavior)> diagnose) {

  auto module = fromContext.fromDC->getParentModule();
  auto nominal = type->getAnyNominal();

  return diagnoseSendabilityErrorBasedOn(nominal, fromContext,
                                         [&](DiagnosticBehavior behavior) {
    bool wasSuppressed = diagnose(type, behavior);

    // Don't emit the following notes if we didn't have any diagnostics to
    // attach them to.
    if (wasSuppressed || behavior == DiagnosticBehavior::Ignore)
      return true;

    if (type->is<FunctionType>()) {
      module->getASTContext().Diags
          .diagnose(loc, diag::nonsendable_function_type);
    } else if (nominal && nominal->getParentModule() == module) {
      // If the nominal type is in the current module, suggest adding
      // `Sendable` if it might make sense. Otherwise, just complain.
      if (isa<StructDecl>(nominal) || isa<EnumDecl>(nominal)) {
        auto note = nominal->diagnose(
            diag::add_nominal_sendable_conformance,
            nominal->getDescriptiveKind(), nominal->getName());
        addSendableFixIt(nominal, note, /*unchecked=*/false);
      } else {
        nominal->diagnose(
            diag::non_sendable_nominal, nominal->getDescriptiveKind(),
            nominal->getName());
      }
    } else if (nominal) {
      // Note which nominal type does not conform to `Sendable`.
      nominal->diagnose(
          diag::non_sendable_nominal, nominal->getDescriptiveKind(),
          nominal->getName());
    } else if (auto genericArchetype = type->getAs<ArchetypeType>()) {
      auto interfaceType = genericArchetype->getInterfaceType();
      if (auto genericParamType =
              interfaceType->getAs<GenericTypeParamType>()) {
        auto *genericParamTypeDecl = genericParamType->getDecl();
        if (genericParamTypeDecl &&
            genericParamTypeDecl->getModuleContext() == module) {
          auto diag = genericParamTypeDecl->diagnose(
              diag::add_generic_parameter_sendable_conformance, type);
          addSendableFixIt(genericParamTypeDecl, diag, /*unchecked=*/false);
        }
      }
    }

    return false;
  });
}

bool swift::diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
    Type type, SendableCheckContext fromContext, SourceLoc loc,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(Type, DiagnosticBehavior)> diagnose) {
  auto module = fromContext.fromDC->getParentModule();

  // If the Sendable protocol is missing, do nothing.
  auto proto = module->getASTContext().getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Sendable);
  if (!proto)
    return false;

  // FIXME: More detail for unavailable conformances.
  auto conformance = TypeChecker::conformsToProtocol(type, proto, module);
  if (conformance.isInvalid() || conformance.hasUnavailableConformance()) {
    return diagnoseSingleNonSendableType(type, fromContext, loc, diagnose);
  }

  // Walk the conformance, diagnosing any missing Sendable conformances.
  bool anyMissing = false;
  conformance.forEachMissingConformance(module,
      [&](BuiltinProtocolConformance *missing) {
        if (diagnoseSingleNonSendableType(
                missing->getType(), fromContext, loc, diagnose)) {
          anyMissing = true;
        }

        return false;
      });

  return anyMissing;
}

bool swift::diagnoseNonSendableTypesInReference(
    ConcreteDeclRef declRef, const DeclContext *fromDC, SourceLoc loc,
    SendableCheckReason reason, Optional<ActorIsolation> knownIsolation) {

  // Retrieve the actor isolation to use in diagnostics.
  auto getActorIsolation = [&] {
    if (knownIsolation)
      return *knownIsolation;

    return swift::getActorIsolation(declRef.getDecl());
  };

  // For functions, check the parameter and result types.
  SubstitutionMap subs = declRef.getSubstitutions();
  if (auto function = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(declRef.getDecl())) {
    for (auto param : *function->getParameters()) {
      Type paramType = param->getInterfaceType().subst(subs);
      if (diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
              paramType, fromDC, loc, diag::non_sendable_param_type,
              (unsigned)reason, function->getDescriptiveKind(),
              function->getName(), getActorIsolation()))
        return true;
    }

    // Check the result type of a function.
    if (auto func = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(function)) {
      Type resultType = func->getResultInterfaceType().subst(subs);
      if (diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
              resultType, fromDC, loc, diag::non_sendable_result_type,
              (unsigned)reason, func->getDescriptiveKind(), func->getName(),
              getActorIsolation()))
        return true;
    }

    return false;
  }

  if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(declRef.getDecl())) {
    Type propertyType = var->isLocalCapture()
        ? var->getType()
        : var->getValueInterfaceType().subst(subs);
    if (diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
            propertyType, fromDC, loc,
            diag::non_sendable_property_type,
            var->getDescriptiveKind(), var->getName(),
            var->isLocalCapture(),
            (unsigned)reason,
            getActorIsolation()))
      return true;
  }

  if (auto subscript = dyn_cast<SubscriptDecl>(declRef.getDecl())) {
    for (auto param : *subscript->getIndices()) {
      Type paramType = param->getInterfaceType().subst(subs);
      if (diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
              paramType, fromDC, loc, diag::non_sendable_param_type,
              (unsigned)reason, subscript->getDescriptiveKind(),
              subscript->getName(), getActorIsolation()))
        return true;
    }

    // Check the element type of a subscript.
    Type resultType = subscript->getElementInterfaceType().subst(subs);
    if (diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
            resultType, fromDC, loc, diag::non_sendable_result_type,
            (unsigned)reason, subscript->getDescriptiveKind(),
            subscript->getName(), getActorIsolation()))
      return true;

    return false;
  }

  return false;
}

void swift::diagnoseMissingSendableConformance(
    SourceLoc loc, Type type, const DeclContext *fromDC) {
  diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
      type, fromDC, loc, diag::non_sendable_type);
}

namespace {
  template<typename Visitor>
  bool visitInstanceStorage(
      NominalTypeDecl *nominal, DeclContext *dc, Visitor &visitor);

  /// Infer Sendable from the instance storage of the given nominal type.
  /// \returns \c None if there is no way to make the type \c Sendable,
  /// \c true if \c Sendable needs to be @unchecked, \c false if it can be
  /// \c Sendable without the @unchecked.
  Optional<bool> inferSendableFromInstanceStorage(
      NominalTypeDecl *nominal, SmallVectorImpl<Requirement> &requirements) {
    struct Visitor {
      NominalTypeDecl *nominal;
      SmallVectorImpl<Requirement> &requirements;
      bool isUnchecked = false;
      ProtocolDecl *sendableProto = nullptr;

      Visitor(
          NominalTypeDecl *nominal, SmallVectorImpl<Requirement> &requirements
      ) : nominal(nominal), requirements(requirements) {
        ASTContext &ctx = nominal->getASTContext();
        sendableProto = ctx.getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Sendable);
      }

      bool operator()(VarDecl *var, Type propertyType) {
        // If we have a class with mutable state, only an @unchecked
        // conformance will work.
        if (isa<ClassDecl>(nominal) && var->supportsMutation())
          isUnchecked = true;

        return checkType(propertyType);
      }

      bool operator()(EnumElementDecl *element, Type elementType) {
        return checkType(elementType);
      }

      /// Check sendability of the given type, recording any requirements.
      bool checkType(Type type) {
        if (!sendableProto)
          return true;

        auto module = nominal->getParentModule();
        auto conformance = TypeChecker::conformsToProtocol(
            type, sendableProto, module);
        if (conformance.isInvalid())
          return true;

        // If there is an unavailable conformance here, fail.
        if (conformance.hasUnavailableConformance())
          return true;

        // Look for missing Sendable conformances.
        return conformance.forEachMissingConformance(module,
            [&](BuiltinProtocolConformance *missing) {
              // For anything other than Sendable, fail.
              if (missing->getProtocol() != sendableProto)
                return true;

              // If we have an archetype, capture the requirement
              // to make this type Sendable.
              if (missing->getType()->is<ArchetypeType>()) {
                requirements.push_back(
                    Requirement(
                      RequirementKind::Conformance,
                      missing->getType()->mapTypeOutOfContext(),
                      sendableProto->getDeclaredType()));
                return false;
              }

              return true;
            });
      }
    } visitor(nominal, requirements);

    return visitInstanceStorage(nominal, nominal, visitor);
  }
}

static bool checkSendableInstanceStorage(
    NominalTypeDecl *nominal, DeclContext *dc, SendableCheck check);

void swift::diagnoseMissingExplicitSendable(NominalTypeDecl *nominal) {
  // Only diagnose when explicitly requested.
  ASTContext &ctx = nominal->getASTContext();
  if (!ctx.LangOpts.RequireExplicitSendable)
    return;

  if (nominal->getLoc().isInvalid())
    return;

  // Protocols aren't checked.
  if (isa<ProtocolDecl>(nominal))
    return;

  // Actors are always Sendable.
  if (auto classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(nominal))
    if (classDecl->isActor())
      return;

  // Only public/open types have this check.
  if (!nominal->getFormalAccessScope(
        /*useDC=*/nullptr,
        /*treatUsableFromInlineAsPublic=*/true).isPublic())
    return;

  // If the conformance is explicitly stated, do nothing.
  if (hasExplicitSendableConformance(nominal, /*applyModuleDefault=*/false))
    return;

  // Diagnose it.
  nominal->diagnose(
      diag::public_decl_needs_sendable, nominal->getDescriptiveKind(),
      nominal->getName());

  // Note to add a Sendable conformance, possibly an unchecked one.
  {
    llvm::SmallVector<Requirement, 2> requirements;
    auto canMakeSendable = inferSendableFromInstanceStorage(
        nominal, requirements);

    // Non-final classes can only have @unchecked.
    bool isUnchecked = !canMakeSendable || *canMakeSendable;
    if (auto classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(nominal)) {
      if (!classDecl->isFinal())
        isUnchecked = true;
    }

    auto note = nominal->diagnose(
        isUnchecked ? diag::explicit_unchecked_sendable
                    : diag::add_nominal_sendable_conformance,
        nominal->getDescriptiveKind(), nominal->getName());
    if (canMakeSendable && !requirements.empty()) {
      // Produce a Fix-It containing a conditional conformance to Sendable,
      // based on the requirements harvested from instance storage.

      // Form the where clause containing all of the requirements.
      std::string whereClause;
      {
        llvm::raw_string_ostream out(whereClause);
        llvm::interleaveComma(
            requirements, out,
            [&](const Requirement &req) {
              out << req.getFirstType().getString() << ": "
                  << req.getSecondType().getString();
            });
      }

      // Add a Fix-It containing the conditional extension text itself.
      auto insertionLoc = nominal->getBraces().End;
      note.fixItInsertAfter(
          insertionLoc,
          ("\n\nextension " + nominal->getName().str() + ": "
           + (isUnchecked? "@unchecked " : "") + "Sendable where " +
           whereClause + " { }\n").str());
    } else {
      addSendableFixIt(nominal, note, isUnchecked);
    }
  }

  // Note to disable the warning.
  {
    auto note = nominal->diagnose(
        diag::explicit_disable_sendable, nominal->getDescriptiveKind(),
        nominal->getName());
    auto insertionLoc = nominal->getBraces().End;
    note.fixItInsertAfter(
        insertionLoc,
        ("\n\n@available(*, unavailable)\nextension " + nominal->getName().str()
         + ": Sendable { }\n").str());
  }
}

/// Determine whether this is the main actor type.
/// FIXME: the diagnostics engine has a copy of this.
static bool isMainActor(Type type) {
  if (auto nominal = type->getAnyNominal()) {
    if (nominal->getName().is("MainActor") &&
        nominal->getParentModule()->getName() ==
          nominal->getASTContext().Id_Concurrency)
      return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/// If this DeclContext is an actor, or an extension on an actor, return the
/// NominalTypeDecl, otherwise return null.
static NominalTypeDecl *getSelfActorDecl(const DeclContext *dc) {
  auto nominal = dc->getSelfNominalTypeDecl();
  return nominal && nominal->isActor() ? nominal : nullptr;
}

ReferencedActor ReferencedActor::forGlobalActor(VarDecl *actor,
                                                bool isPotentiallyIsolated,
                                                Type globalActor) {
  Kind kind = isMainActor(globalActor) ? MainActor : GlobalActor;
  return ReferencedActor(actor, isPotentiallyIsolated, kind, globalActor);
}

static ActorIsolation getActorIsolationForReference(
    ValueDecl *decl, const DeclContext *fromDC);

bool ReferencedActor::isKnownToBeLocal() const {
  switch (kind) {
  case GlobalActor:
  case AsyncLet:
  case MainActor:
  case NonIsolatedAutoclosure:
  case NonIsolatedContext:
  case NonIsolatedParameter:
  case SendableFunction:
  case SendableClosure:
    if (isPotentiallyIsolated)
      return true;

    return actor && actor->isKnownToBeLocal();

  case Isolated:
    return true;
  }
}

static AbstractFunctionDecl const *
isActorInitOrDeInitContext(const DeclContext *dc) {
  return swift::isActorInitOrDeInitContext(
      dc, [](const AbstractClosureExpr *closure) {
        return isSendableClosure(closure, /*forActorIsolation=*/false);
      });
}

static bool isStoredProperty(ValueDecl const *member) {
  if (auto *var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(member))
    if (var->hasStorage() && var->isInstanceMember())
      return true;
  return false;
}

/// Based on the former escaping-use restriction, which was replaced by
/// flow-isolation. We need this to support backwards compatability in the
/// type-checker for programs prior to Swift 6.
/// \param fn either a constructor or destructor of an actor.
static bool wasLegacyEscapingUseRestriction(AbstractFunctionDecl *fn) {
  assert(fn->getDeclContext()->getSelfClassDecl()->isAnyActor());
  assert(isa<ConstructorDecl>(fn) || isa<DestructorDecl>(fn));

  // according to today's isolation, determine whether it use to have the
  // escaping-use restriction
  switch (getActorIsolation(fn).getKind()) {
    case ActorIsolation::Independent:
    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
      // convenience inits did not have the restriction.
      if (auto *ctor = dyn_cast<ConstructorDecl>(fn))
        if (ctor->isConvenienceInit())
          return false;

      break; // goto basic case

    case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
      // none of these had the restriction affect them.
      assert(fn->hasAsync());
      return false;

    case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
      // this is basically just objc-marked inits.
      break;
  };

  return !(fn->hasAsync()); // basic case: not async = had restriction.
}

/// Note that the given actor member is isolated.
static void noteIsolatedActorMember(
    ValueDecl const* decl, Optional<VarRefUseEnv> useKind) {
  // detect if it is a distributed actor, to provide better isolation notes

  auto nominal = decl->getDeclContext()->getSelfNominalTypeDecl();
  bool isDistributedActor = false;
  if (nominal) isDistributedActor = nominal->isDistributedActor();

  // FIXME: Make this diagnostic more sensitive to the isolation context of
  // the declaration.
  if (isDistributedActor) {
    if (auto varDecl = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(decl)) {
      if (varDecl->isDistributed()) {
        // This is an attempt to access a `distributed var` synchronously, so offer a more detailed error
        decl->diagnose(diag::distributed_actor_synchronous_access_distributed_computed_property,
                       decl->getDescriptiveKind(), decl->getName(),
                       nominal->getName());
      } else {
        // Distributed actor properties are never accessible externally.
        decl->diagnose(diag::distributed_actor_isolated_property,
                       decl->getDescriptiveKind(), decl->getName(),
                       nominal->getName());
      }

    } else {
      // it's a function or subscript
      decl->diagnose(diag::note_distributed_actor_isolated_method,
                     decl->getDescriptiveKind(),
                     decl->getName());
    }
  } else if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)) {
    func->diagnose(diag::actor_isolated_sync_func,
      decl->getDescriptiveKind(),
      decl->getName());

    // was it an attempt to mutate an actor instance's isolated state?
  } else if (useKind) {
    if (*useKind == VarRefUseEnv::Read)
      decl->diagnose(diag::kind_declared_here, decl->getDescriptiveKind());
    else
      decl->diagnose(diag::actor_mutable_state, decl->getDescriptiveKind());

  } else {
    decl->diagnose(diag::kind_declared_here, decl->getDescriptiveKind());
  }
}

/// An ad-hoc check specific to member isolation checking. assumed to be
/// queried when a self-member is being accessed in a context which is not
/// isolated to self. The "special permission" is part of a backwards
/// compatability with actor inits and deinits that maintains the
/// permissive nature of the escaping-use restriction, which was only
/// staged in as a warning. See implementation for more details.
///
/// \returns true if this access in the given context should be allowed
/// in Sema, with the side-effect of emitting a warning as needed.
/// If false is returned, then the "special permission" was not granted.
static bool memberAccessHasSpecialPermissionInSwift5(DeclContext const *refCxt,
                                    ReferencedActor &baseActor,
                                    ValueDecl const *member,
                                    SourceLoc memberLoc,
                                    Optional<VarRefUseEnv> useKind) {
  // no need for this in Swift 6+
  if (refCxt->getASTContext().isSwiftVersionAtLeast(6))
    return false;

  // must be an access to an instance member.
  if (!member->isInstanceMember())
    return false;

  // In the history of actor initializers prior to Swift 6, self-isolated
  // members could be referenced from any init or deinit, even a synchronous
  // one, with no diagnostics at all.
  //
  // When the escaping-use restriction came into place for the release of
  // 5.5, it was implemented as a warning and only applied to initializers,
  // which stated that it would become an error in Swift 6.
  //
  // Once 5.6 was released, we also added restrictions in the deinits of
  // actors, at least for accessing members other than stored properties.
  //
  // Later on, for 5.7 we introduced flow-isolation as part of SE-327 for
  // both inits and deinits. This meant that stored property accesses now
  // are only sometimes going to be problematic. This change also brought
  // official changes in isolation for the inits and deinits to handle the
  // the non-stored-property members. Since those isolation changes are
  // currently in place, the purpose of the code below is to override the
  // isolation checking, so that the now-mismatched isolation on member
  // access is still permitted, but with a warning stating that it will
  // be rejected in Swift 6.
  //
  // In the checking below, we let stored-property accesses go ignored,
  // so that flow-isolation can warn about them only if needed. This helps
  // prevent needless warnings on property accesses that will actually be OK
  // with flow-isolation in the future.
  if (auto oldFn = isActorInitOrDeInitContext(refCxt)) {
    auto oldFnMut = const_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl*>(oldFn);

    // If function did not have the escaping-use restriction, then it gets
    // no special permissions here.
    if (!wasLegacyEscapingUseRestriction(oldFnMut))
      return false;

    // At this point, the special permission will be granted. But, we
    // need to warn now about this permission being taken away in Swift 6
    // for specific kinds of non-stored-property member accesses:

    // If the context in which we consider the access matches between the
    // old (escaping-use restriction) and new (flow-isolation) contexts,
    // and it is a stored property, then permit it here without any warning.
    // Later, flow-isolation pass will check and emit a warning if needed.
    if (refCxt == oldFn && isStoredProperty(member))
      return true;

    // Otherwise, it's definitely going to be illegal, so warn and permit.
    auto &diags = refCxt->getASTContext().Diags;
    auto useKindInt = static_cast<unsigned>(
        useKind.value_or(VarRefUseEnv::Read));

    diags.diagnose(
        memberLoc, diag::actor_isolated_non_self_reference,
        member->getDescriptiveKind(),
        member->getName(),
        useKindInt,
        baseActor.kind + 1,
        baseActor.globalActor,
        getActorIsolation(const_cast<ValueDecl *>(member)))
    .warnUntilSwiftVersion(6);

    noteIsolatedActorMember(member, useKind);
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/// To support flow-isolation, some member accesses in inits / deinits
/// must be permitted, despite the isolation of 'self' not being
/// correct in Sema.
///
/// \param refCxt the context in which the member reference happens.
/// \param baseActor the actor referenced in the base of the member access.
/// \param member the declaration corresponding to the accessed member.
/// \param memberLoc the source location of the reference to the member.
///
/// \returns true iff the member access is permitted in Sema because it will
/// be verified later by flow-isolation.
static bool checkedByFlowIsolation(DeclContext const *refCxt,
                                   ReferencedActor &baseActor,
                                   ValueDecl const *member,
                                   SourceLoc memberLoc,
                                   Optional<VarRefUseEnv> useKind) {

  // base of member reference must be `self`
  if (!baseActor.isSelf())
    return false;

  // Must be directly in an init/deinit that uses flow-isolation,
  // or a defer within such a functions.
  //
  // NOTE: once flow-isolation can analyze calls to arbitrary local
  // functions, we should be using isActorInitOrDeInitContext instead
  // of this ugly loop.
  AbstractFunctionDecl const* fnDecl = nullptr;
  while (true) {
    fnDecl = dyn_cast_or_null<AbstractFunctionDecl>(refCxt->getAsDecl());
    if (!fnDecl)
      break;

    // go up one level if this context is a defer.
    if (auto *d = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(fnDecl)) {
      if (d->isDeferBody()) {
        refCxt = refCxt->getParent();
        continue;
      }
    }
    break;
  }

  if (memberAccessHasSpecialPermissionInSwift5(refCxt, baseActor, member,
                                               memberLoc, useKind))
    return true; // then permit it now.

  if (!usesFlowSensitiveIsolation(fnDecl))
    return false;

  // Stored properties are definitely OK.
  if (isStoredProperty(member))
    return true;

  return false;
}

/// Get the actor isolation of the innermost relevant context.
static ActorIsolation getInnermostIsolatedContext(
    const DeclContext *dc,
    llvm::function_ref<ClosureActorIsolation(AbstractClosureExpr *)>
        getClosureActorIsolation) {
  // Retrieve the actor isolation of the context.
  auto mutableDC = const_cast<DeclContext *>(dc);
  switch (auto isolation =
              getActorIsolationOfContext(mutableDC, getClosureActorIsolation)) {
  case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
  case ActorIsolation::Independent:
  case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
    return isolation;

  case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
  case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
    return ActorIsolation::forGlobalActor(
        dc->mapTypeIntoContext(isolation.getGlobalActor()),
        isolation == ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe)
          .withPreconcurrency(isolation.preconcurrency());
  }
}

/// Determine whether this declaration is always accessed asynchronously.
bool swift::isAsyncDecl(ConcreteDeclRef declRef) {
  auto decl = declRef.getDecl();

  // An async function is asynchronously accessed.
  if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl))
    return func->hasAsync();

  // A computed property or subscript that has an 'async' getter
  // is asynchronously accessed.
  if (auto storageDecl = dyn_cast<AbstractStorageDecl>(decl)) {
    if (auto effectfulGetter = storageDecl->getEffectfulGetAccessor())
      return effectfulGetter->hasAsync();
  }

  return false;
}

bool swift::safeToDropGlobalActor(
    DeclContext *dc, Type globalActor, Type ty,
    llvm::function_ref<ClosureActorIsolation(AbstractClosureExpr *)>
        getClosureActorIsolation) {
  auto funcTy = ty->getAs<AnyFunctionType>();
  if (!funcTy)
    return false;

  // can't add a different global actor
  if (auto otherGA = funcTy->getGlobalActor()) {
    assert(otherGA->getCanonicalType() != globalActor->getCanonicalType()
           && "not even dropping the actor?");
    return false;
  }

  // We currently allow unconditional dropping of global actors from
  // async function types, despite this confusing Sendable checking
  // in light of SE-338.
  if (funcTy->isAsync())
    return true;

  // fundamentally cannot be sendable if we want to drop isolation info
  if (funcTy->isSendable())
    return false;

  // finally, must be in a context with matching isolation.
  auto dcIsolation = getActorIsolationOfContext(dc, getClosureActorIsolation);
  if (dcIsolation.isGlobalActor())
    if (dcIsolation.getGlobalActor()->getCanonicalType()
        == globalActor->getCanonicalType())
      return true;

  return false;
}

static FuncDecl *findAnnotatableFunction(DeclContext *dc) {
  auto fn = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(dc);
  if (!fn) return nullptr;
  if (fn->isDeferBody())
    return findAnnotatableFunction(fn->getDeclContext());
  return fn;
}

/// Note when the enclosing context could be put on a global actor.
// FIXME: This should handle closures too.
static void noteGlobalActorOnContext(DeclContext *dc, Type globalActor) {
  // If we are in a synchronous function on the global actor,
  // suggest annotating with the global actor itself.
  if (auto fn = findAnnotatableFunction(dc)) {
    // Suppress this for accessories because you can't change the
    // actor isolation of an individual accessor.  Arguably we could
    // add this to the entire storage declaration, though.
    // Suppress this for async functions out of caution; but don't
    // suppress it if we looked through a defer.
    if (!isa<AccessorDecl>(fn) &&
        (!fn->isAsyncContext() || fn != dc)) {
      switch (getActorIsolation(fn)) {
      case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
      case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
      case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
      case ActorIsolation::Independent:
        return;

      case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
        fn->diagnose(diag::note_add_globalactor_to_function,
            globalActor->getWithoutParens().getString(),
            fn->getDescriptiveKind(),
            fn->getName(),
            globalActor)
          .fixItInsert(fn->getAttributeInsertionLoc(false),
            diag::insert_globalactor_attr, globalActor);
          return;
      }
    }
  }
}

namespace {
  /// Check for adherence to the actor isolation rules, emitting errors
  /// when actor-isolated declarations are used in an unsafe manner.
  class ActorIsolationChecker : public ASTWalker {
    ASTContext &ctx;
    SmallVector<const DeclContext *, 4> contextStack;
    SmallVector<ApplyExpr*, 4> applyStack;
    SmallVector<std::pair<OpaqueValueExpr *, Expr *>, 4> opaqueValues;
    SmallVector<const PatternBindingDecl *, 2> patternBindingStack;
    llvm::function_ref<Type(Expr *)> getType;
    llvm::function_ref<ClosureActorIsolation(AbstractClosureExpr *)>
        getClosureActorIsolation;

    /// Keeps track of the capture context of variables that have been
    /// explicitly captured in closures.
    llvm::SmallDenseMap<VarDecl *, TinyPtrVector<const DeclContext *>>
      captureContexts;

    using MutableVarSource
        = llvm::PointerUnion<DeclRefExpr *, InOutExpr *, LookupExpr *>;

    using MutableVarParent
        = llvm::PointerUnion<InOutExpr *, LoadExpr *, AssignExpr *>;

    const PatternBindingDecl *getTopPatternBindingDecl() const {
      return patternBindingStack.empty() ? nullptr : patternBindingStack.back();
    }

    /// Mapping from mutable variable reference exprs, or inout expressions,
    /// to the parent expression, when that parent is either a load or
    /// an inout expr.
    llvm::SmallDenseMap<MutableVarSource, MutableVarParent, 4>
      mutableLocalVarParent;

    static bool isPropOrSubscript(ValueDecl const* decl) {
      return isa<VarDecl>(decl) || isa<SubscriptDecl>(decl);
    }

    /// In the given expression \c use that refers to the decl, this
    /// function finds the kind of environment tracked by
    /// \c mutableLocalVarParent that corresponds to that \c use.
    ///
    /// Note that an InoutExpr is not considered a use of the decl!
    ///
    /// @returns None if the context expression is either an InOutExpr,
    ///               not tracked, or if the decl is not a property or subscript
    Optional<VarRefUseEnv> kindOfUsage(ValueDecl const* decl, Expr *use) const {
      // we need a use for lookup.
      if (!use)
        return None;

      // must be a property or subscript
      if (!isPropOrSubscript(decl))
        return None;

      if (auto lookup = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(use))
        return usageEnv(lookup);
      else if (auto lookup = dyn_cast<LookupExpr>(use))
        return usageEnv(lookup);

      return None;
    }

    /// @returns the kind of environment in which this expression appears, as
    ///          tracked by \c mutableLocalVarParent
    VarRefUseEnv usageEnv(MutableVarSource src) const {
      auto result = mutableLocalVarParent.find(src);
      if (result != mutableLocalVarParent.end()) {
        MutableVarParent parent = result->second;
        assert(!parent.isNull());
        if (parent.is<LoadExpr*>())
          return VarRefUseEnv::Read;
        else if (parent.is<AssignExpr*>())
          return VarRefUseEnv::Mutating;
        else if (auto inout = parent.dyn_cast<InOutExpr*>())
          return inout->isImplicit() ? VarRefUseEnv::Mutating
                                     : VarRefUseEnv::Inout;
        else
          llvm_unreachable("non-exhaustive case match");
      }
      return VarRefUseEnv::Read; // assume if it's not tracked, it's only read.
    }

    const DeclContext *getDeclContext() const {
      return contextStack.back();
    }

    ModuleDecl *getParentModule() const {
      return getDeclContext()->getParentModule();
    }

    /// Determine whether code in the given use context might execute
    /// concurrently with code in the definition context.
    bool mayExecuteConcurrentlyWith(
        const DeclContext *useContext, const DeclContext *defContext);

    /// If the subexpression is a reference to a mutable local variable from a
    /// different context, record its parent. We'll query this as part of
    /// capture semantics in concurrent functions.
    ///
    /// \returns true if we recorded anything, false otherwise.
    bool recordMutableVarParent(MutableVarParent parent, Expr *subExpr) {
      subExpr = subExpr->getValueProvidingExpr();

      if (auto declRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(subExpr)) {
        auto var = dyn_cast_or_null<VarDecl>(declRef->getDecl());
        if (!var)
          return false;

        // Only mutable variables matter.
        if (!var->supportsMutation())
          return false;

        // Only mutable variables outside of the current context. This is an
        // optimization, because the parent map won't be queried in this case,
        // and it is the most common case for variables to be referenced in
        // their own context.
        if (var->getDeclContext() == getDeclContext())
          return false;

        assert(mutableLocalVarParent[declRef].isNull());
        mutableLocalVarParent[declRef] = parent;
        return true;
      }

      // For a member reference, try to record a parent for the base expression.
      if (auto memberRef = dyn_cast<MemberRefExpr>(subExpr)) {
        // Record the parent of this LookupExpr too.
        mutableLocalVarParent[memberRef] = parent;
        return recordMutableVarParent(parent, memberRef->getBase());
      }

      // For a subscript, try to record a parent for the base expression.
      if (auto subscript = dyn_cast<SubscriptExpr>(subExpr)) {
        // Record the parent of this LookupExpr too.
        mutableLocalVarParent[subscript] = parent;
        return recordMutableVarParent(parent, subscript->getBase());
      }

      // Look through postfix '!'.
      if (auto force = dyn_cast<ForceValueExpr>(subExpr)) {
        return recordMutableVarParent(parent, force->getSubExpr());
      }

      // Look through postfix '?'.
      if (auto bindOpt = dyn_cast<BindOptionalExpr>(subExpr)) {
        return recordMutableVarParent(parent, bindOpt->getSubExpr());
      }

      if (auto optEval = dyn_cast<OptionalEvaluationExpr>(subExpr)) {
        return recordMutableVarParent(parent, optEval->getSubExpr());
      }

      // & expressions can be embedded for references to mutable variables
      // or subscribes inside a struct/enum.
      if (auto inout = dyn_cast<InOutExpr>(subExpr)) {
        // Record the parent of the inout so we don't look at it again later.
        mutableLocalVarParent[inout] = parent;
        return recordMutableVarParent(parent, inout->getSubExpr());
      }

      // Look through an expression that opens an existential
      if (auto openExist = dyn_cast<OpenExistentialExpr>(subExpr)) {
        return recordMutableVarParent(parent, openExist->getSubExpr());
      }

      return false;
    }

    /// Some function conversions synthesized by the constraint solver may not
    /// be correct AND the solver doesn't know, so we must emit a diagnostic.
    void checkFunctionConversion(FunctionConversionExpr *funcConv) {
      auto subExprType = funcConv->getSubExpr()->getType();
      if (auto fromType = subExprType->getAs<FunctionType>()) {
        if (auto fromActor = fromType->getGlobalActor()) {
          if (auto toType = funcConv->getType()->getAs<FunctionType>()) {

            // ignore some kinds of casts, as they're diagnosed elsewhere.
            if (toType->hasGlobalActor() || toType->isAsync())
              return;

            auto dc = const_cast<DeclContext*>(getDeclContext());
            if (!safeToDropGlobalActor(dc, fromActor, toType)) {
            // FIXME: this diagnostic is sometimes a duplicate of one emitted
            // by the constraint solver. Difference is the solver doesn't use
            // warnUntilSwiftVersion, which appends extra text on the end.
            // So, I'm making the messages exactly the same so IDEs will
            // hopefully ignore the second diagnostic!

            // otherwise, it's not a safe cast.
            dc->getASTContext()
                .Diags
                .diagnose(funcConv->getLoc(),
                          diag::converting_func_loses_global_actor, fromType,
                          toType, fromActor)
                .limitBehavior(dc->getASTContext().isSwiftVersionAtLeast(6)
                                   ? DiagnosticBehavior::Error
                                   : DiagnosticBehavior::Warning);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }

    /// Check closure captures for Sendable violations.
    void checkClosureCaptures(AbstractClosureExpr *closure) {
      SmallVector<CapturedValue, 2> captures;
      closure->getCaptureInfo().getLocalCaptures(captures);
      for (const auto &capture : captures) {
        if (capture.isDynamicSelfMetadata())
          continue;
        if (capture.isOpaqueValue())
          continue;

        // If the closure won't execute concurrently with the context in
        // which the declaration occurred, it's okay.
        auto decl = capture.getDecl();
        if (!mayExecuteConcurrentlyWith(closure, decl->getDeclContext()))
          continue;

        Type type = getDeclContext()
            ->mapTypeIntoContext(decl->getInterfaceType())
            ->getReferenceStorageReferent();

        if (closure->isImplicit()) {
          auto *patternBindingDecl = getTopPatternBindingDecl();
          if (patternBindingDecl && patternBindingDecl->isAsyncLet()) {
            diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
                type, getDeclContext(), capture.getLoc(),
                diag::implicit_async_let_non_sendable_capture, decl->getName());
          } else {
            // Fallback to a generic implicit capture missing sendable
            // conformance diagnostic.
            diagnoseNonSendableTypes(type, getDeclContext(), capture.getLoc(),
                                     diag::implicit_non_sendable_capture,
                                     decl->getName());
          }
        } else {
          diagnoseNonSendableTypes(type, getDeclContext(), capture.getLoc(),
                                   diag::non_sendable_capture, decl->getName());
        }
      }
    }

  public:
    ActorIsolationChecker(
        const DeclContext *dc,
        llvm::function_ref<Type(Expr *)> getType = __Expr_getType,
        llvm::function_ref<ClosureActorIsolation(AbstractClosureExpr *)>
            getClosureActorIsolation = __AbstractClosureExpr_getActorIsolation)
        : ctx(dc->getASTContext()), getType(getType),
          getClosureActorIsolation(getClosureActorIsolation) {
      contextStack.push_back(dc);
    }

    /// Searches the applyStack from back to front for the inner-most CallExpr
    /// and marks that CallExpr as implicitly async.
    ///
    /// NOTE: Crashes if no CallExpr was found.
    ///
    /// For example, for global actor function `curryAdd`, if we have:
    ///     ((curryAdd 1) 2)
    /// then we want to mark the inner-most CallExpr, `(curryAdd 1)`.
    ///
    /// The same goes for calls to member functions, such as calc.add(1, 2),
    /// aka ((add calc) 1 2), looks like this:
    ///
    ///  (call_expr
    ///    (dot_syntax_call_expr
    ///      (declref_expr add)
    ///      (declref_expr calc))
    ///    (tuple_expr
    ///      ...))
    ///
    /// and we reach up to mark the CallExpr.
    void markNearestCallAsImplicitly(
        Optional<ActorIsolation> setAsync,
        bool setThrows = false,
        bool setDistributedThunk = false) {
      assert(applyStack.size() > 0 && "not contained within an Apply?");

      const auto End = applyStack.rend();
      for (auto I = applyStack.rbegin(); I != End; ++I)
        if (auto call = dyn_cast<CallExpr>(*I)) {
          if (setAsync) {
            call->setImplicitlyAsync(*setAsync);
          }
          if (setThrows) {
            call->setImplicitlyThrows(true);
          }else {
            call->setImplicitlyThrows(false);
          }
          if (setDistributedThunk) {
            call->setShouldApplyDistributedThunk(true);
          }
          return;
        }
      llvm_unreachable("expected a CallExpr in applyStack!");
    }

    bool shouldWalkCaptureInitializerExpressions() override { return true; }

    bool shouldWalkIntoTapExpression() override { return true; }

    PreWalkAction walkToDeclPre(Decl *decl) override {
      if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)) {
        contextStack.push_back(func);
      }

      if (auto *PBD = dyn_cast<PatternBindingDecl>(decl)) {
        patternBindingStack.push_back(PBD);
      }

      return Action::Continue();
    }

    PostWalkAction walkToDeclPost(Decl *decl) override {
      if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)) {
        assert(contextStack.back() == func);
        contextStack.pop_back();
      }

      if (auto *PBD = dyn_cast<PatternBindingDecl>(decl)) {
        assert(patternBindingStack.back() == PBD);
        patternBindingStack.pop_back();
      }

      return Action::Continue();
    }

    PreWalkResult<Expr *> walkToExprPre(Expr *expr) override {
      if (auto *openExistential = dyn_cast<OpenExistentialExpr>(expr)) {
        opaqueValues.push_back({
            openExistential->getOpaqueValue(),
            openExistential->getExistentialValue()});
        return Action::Continue(expr);
      }

      if (auto *closure = dyn_cast<AbstractClosureExpr>(expr)) {
        closure->setActorIsolation(determineClosureIsolation(closure));
        checkClosureCaptures(closure);
        contextStack.push_back(closure);
        return Action::Continue(expr);
      }

      if (auto inout = dyn_cast<InOutExpr>(expr)) {
        if (!applyStack.empty())
          diagnoseInOutArg(applyStack.back(), inout, false);

        if (mutableLocalVarParent.count(inout) == 0)
          recordMutableVarParent(inout, inout->getSubExpr());
      }

      if (auto assign = dyn_cast<AssignExpr>(expr)) {
        // mark vars in the destination expr as being part of the Assign.
        if (auto destExpr = assign->getDest())
          recordMutableVarParent(assign, destExpr);

        return Action::Continue(expr);
      }

      if (auto load = dyn_cast<LoadExpr>(expr))
        recordMutableVarParent(load, load->getSubExpr());

      if (auto lookup = dyn_cast<LookupExpr>(expr)) {
        checkReference(lookup->getBase(), lookup->getMember(),
                             lookup->getLoc(),
                             /*partialApply*/None,
                             lookup);
        return Action::Continue(expr);
      }

      if (auto declRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(expr)) {
        auto valueRef = declRef->getDeclRef();
        auto value = valueRef.getDecl();
        auto loc = declRef->getLoc();

        //FIXME: Should this be subsumed in reference checking?
        if (value->isLocalCapture())
          checkLocalCapture(valueRef, loc, declRef);
        else
          checkReference(nullptr, valueRef, loc, None, declRef);
        return Action::Continue(expr);
      }

      if (auto apply = dyn_cast<ApplyExpr>(expr)) {
        applyStack.push_back(apply);  // record this encounter

        // Check the call itself.
        (void)checkApply(apply);

        // If this is a call to a partial apply thunk, decompose it to check it
        // like based on the original written syntax, e.g., "self.method".
        if (auto partialApply = decomposePartialApplyThunk(
                apply, Parent.getAsExpr())) {
          if (auto memberRef = findReference(partialApply->fn)) {
            // NOTE: partially-applied thunks are never annotated as
            // implicitly async, regardless of whether they are escaping.
            checkReference(
                partialApply->base, memberRef->first, memberRef->second,
                partialApply);

            partialApply->base->walk(*this);

            // manual clean-up since normal traversal is skipped
            assert(applyStack.back() == apply);
            applyStack.pop_back();

            return Action::SkipChildren(expr);
          }
        }
      }

      // NOTE: SelfApplyExpr is a subtype of ApplyExpr
      if (auto call = dyn_cast<SelfApplyExpr>(expr)) {
        Expr *fn = call->getFn()->getValueProvidingExpr();
        if (auto memberRef = findReference(fn)) {
          checkReference(
              call->getBase(), memberRef->first, memberRef->second,
              /*partialApply=*/None, call);

          call->getBase()->walk(*this);

          if (applyStack.size() >= 2) {
            ApplyExpr *outerCall = applyStack[applyStack.size() - 2];
            if (isAsyncCall(outerCall)) {
              // This call is a partial application within an async call.
              // If the partial application take a value inout, it is bad.
              if (InOutExpr *inoutArg = dyn_cast<InOutExpr>(
                      call->getBase()->getSemanticsProvidingExpr()))
                diagnoseInOutArg(outerCall, inoutArg, true);
            }
          }

          // manual clean-up since normal traversal is skipped
          assert(applyStack.back() == dyn_cast<ApplyExpr>(expr));
          applyStack.pop_back();

          return Action::SkipChildren(expr);
        }
      }


      if (auto keyPath = dyn_cast<KeyPathExpr>(expr))
        checkKeyPathExpr(keyPath);

      // The children of #selector expressions are not evaluated, so we do not
      // need to do isolation checking there. This is convenient because such
      // expressions tend to violate restrictions on the use of instance
      // methods.
      if (isa<ObjCSelectorExpr>(expr))
        return Action::SkipChildren(expr);

      // Track the capture contexts for variables.
      if (auto captureList = dyn_cast<CaptureListExpr>(expr)) {
        auto *closure = captureList->getClosureBody();
        for (const auto &entry : captureList->getCaptureList()) {
          captureContexts[entry.getVar()].push_back(closure);
        }
      }

      // The constraint solver may not have chosen legal casts.
      if (auto funcConv = dyn_cast<FunctionConversionExpr>(expr)) {
        checkFunctionConversion(funcConv);
      }

      return Action::Continue(expr);
    }

    PostWalkResult<Expr *> walkToExprPost(Expr *expr) override {
      if (auto *openExistential = dyn_cast<OpenExistentialExpr>(expr)) {
        assert(opaqueValues.back().first == openExistential->getOpaqueValue());
        opaqueValues.pop_back();
        return Action::Continue(expr);
      }

      if (auto *closure = dyn_cast<AbstractClosureExpr>(expr)) {
        assert(contextStack.back() == closure);
        contextStack.pop_back();
      }

      if (auto *apply = dyn_cast<ApplyExpr>(expr)) {
        assert(applyStack.back() == apply);
        applyStack.pop_back();
      }

      // Clear out the mutable local variable parent map on the way out.
      if (auto *declRefExpr = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(expr))
        mutableLocalVarParent.erase(declRefExpr);
      else if (auto *lookupExpr = dyn_cast<LookupExpr>(expr))
        mutableLocalVarParent.erase(lookupExpr);
      else if (auto *inoutExpr = dyn_cast<InOutExpr>(expr))
        mutableLocalVarParent.erase(inoutExpr);

      // Remove the tracked capture contexts.
      if (auto captureList = dyn_cast<CaptureListExpr>(expr)) {
        for (const auto &entry : captureList->getCaptureList()) {
          auto &contexts = captureContexts[entry.getVar()];
          assert(contexts.back() == captureList->getClosureBody());
          contexts.pop_back();
          if (contexts.empty())
            captureContexts.erase(entry.getVar());
        }
      }

      return Action::Continue(expr);
    }

  private:
    /// Find the directly-referenced parameter or capture of a parameter for
    /// for the given expression.
    VarDecl *getReferencedParamOrCapture(Expr *expr) {
      return ::getReferencedParamOrCapture(
          expr, [&](OpaqueValueExpr *opaqueValue) -> Expr * {
            for (const auto &known : opaqueValues) {
              if (known.first == opaqueValue) {
                return known.second;
              }
            }
            return nullptr;
          });
    }

    /// Find the isolated actor instance to which the given expression refers.
    ReferencedActor getIsolatedActor(Expr *expr) {
      // Check whether this expression is an isolated parameter or a reference
      // to a capture thereof.
      auto var = getReferencedParamOrCapture(expr);
      bool isPotentiallyIsolated = isPotentiallyIsolatedActor(var);

      // helps aid in giving more informative diagnostics for autoclosure args.
      auto specificNonIsoClosureKind =
        [](DeclContext const* dc) -> ReferencedActor::Kind {
          if (auto autoClos = dyn_cast<AutoClosureExpr>(dc))
            if (autoClos->getThunkKind() == AutoClosureExpr::Kind::None)
              return ReferencedActor::NonIsolatedAutoclosure;

          return ReferencedActor::NonIsolatedContext;
      };

      // Walk the scopes between the variable reference and the variable
      // declaration to determine whether it is still isolated.
      auto dc = const_cast<DeclContext *>(getDeclContext());
      for (; dc; dc = dc->getParent()) {
        // If we hit the context in which the parameter is declared, we're done.
        if (var && dc == var->getDeclContext()) {
          if (isPotentiallyIsolated) {
            return ReferencedActor(var, isPotentiallyIsolated, ReferencedActor::Isolated);
          }
        }

        // If we've hit a module or type boundary, we're done.
        if (dc->isModuleScopeContext() || dc->isTypeContext())
          break;

        if (auto closure = dyn_cast<AbstractClosureExpr>(dc)) {
          auto isolation = getClosureActorIsolation(closure);
          switch (isolation) {
          case ClosureActorIsolation::Independent:
            if (isSendableClosure(closure, /*forActorIsolation=*/true)) {
              return ReferencedActor(var, isPotentiallyIsolated, ReferencedActor::SendableClosure);
            }

            return ReferencedActor(var, isPotentiallyIsolated, specificNonIsoClosureKind(dc));

          case ClosureActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
            // If the closure is isolated to the same variable, we're all set.
            if (isPotentiallyIsolated &&
                (var == isolation.getActorInstance() ||
                 (var->isSelfParamCapture() &&
                  (isolation.getActorInstance()->isSelfParameter() ||
                   isolation.getActorInstance()->isSelfParamCapture())))) {
              return ReferencedActor(var, isPotentiallyIsolated, ReferencedActor::Isolated);
            }

            return ReferencedActor(var, isPotentiallyIsolated, specificNonIsoClosureKind(dc));

          case ClosureActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
            return ReferencedActor::forGlobalActor(
                var, isPotentiallyIsolated, isolation.getGlobalActor());
          }
        }

        // Check for an 'async let' autoclosure.
        if (auto autoclosure = dyn_cast<AutoClosureExpr>(dc)) {
          switch (autoclosure->getThunkKind()) {
          case AutoClosureExpr::Kind::AsyncLet:
            return ReferencedActor(var, isPotentiallyIsolated, ReferencedActor::AsyncLet);

          case AutoClosureExpr::Kind::DoubleCurryThunk:
          case AutoClosureExpr::Kind::SingleCurryThunk:
          case AutoClosureExpr::Kind::None:
            break;
          }
        }

        // Look through defers.
        // FIXME: should this be covered automatically by the logic below?
        if (auto func = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(dc))
          if (func->isDeferBody())
            continue;

        if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(dc)) {
          // @Sendable functions are nonisolated.
          if (func->isSendable())
            return ReferencedActor(var, isPotentiallyIsolated, ReferencedActor::SendableFunction);
        }

        // Check isolation of the context itself. We do this separately
        // from the closure check because closures capture specific variables
        // while general isolation is declaration-based.
        switch (auto isolation =
                    getActorIsolationOfContext(dc, getClosureActorIsolation)) {
        case ActorIsolation::Independent:
        case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
          // Local functions can capture an isolated parameter.
          // FIXME: This really should be modeled by getActorIsolationOfContext.
          if (isa<FuncDecl>(dc) && cast<FuncDecl>(dc)->isLocalCapture()) {
            // FIXME: Local functions could presumably capture an isolated
            // parameter that isn't 'self'.
            if (isPotentiallyIsolated &&
                (var->isSelfParameter() || var->isSelfParamCapture()))
              continue;
          }

          return ReferencedActor(var, isPotentiallyIsolated, ReferencedActor::NonIsolatedContext);

        case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
        case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
          return ReferencedActor::forGlobalActor(
              var, isPotentiallyIsolated, isolation.getGlobalActor());

        case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
          break;
        }
      }

      if (isPotentiallyIsolated)
        return ReferencedActor(var, isPotentiallyIsolated, ReferencedActor::NonIsolatedContext);

      return ReferencedActor(var, isPotentiallyIsolated, ReferencedActor::NonIsolatedParameter);
    }

    VarDecl *findReferencedBaseSelf(Expr *expr) {
      if (auto selfVar = getReferencedParamOrCapture(expr))
        if (selfVar->isSelfParameter() || selfVar->isSelfParamCapture())
          return selfVar;

      // Look through identity expressions and implicit conversions.
      Expr *prior;
      do {
        prior = expr;

        expr = expr->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();

        if (auto conversion = dyn_cast<ImplicitConversionExpr>(expr))
          expr = conversion->getSubExpr();
        if (auto fnConv = dyn_cast<FunctionConversionExpr>(expr))
          expr = fnConv->getSubExpr();
      } while (prior != expr);

      if (auto call = dyn_cast<DotSyntaxCallExpr>(expr)) {
        for (auto arg : *call->getArgs()) {
          if (auto declRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(arg.getExpr())) {
            if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(declRef->getDecl())) {
              if (var->isSelfParameter()) {
                return var;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }


      // Not a self reference.
      return nullptr;
    }

    /// Note that the given actor member is isolated.
    /// @param context is allowed to be null if no context is appropriate.
    void noteIsolatedActorMember(ValueDecl const* decl, Expr *context) {
      ::noteIsolatedActorMember(decl, kindOfUsage(decl, context));
    }

    // Retrieve the nearest enclosing actor context.
    static NominalTypeDecl *getNearestEnclosingActorContext(
        const DeclContext *dc) {
      while (!dc->isModuleScopeContext()) {
        if (dc->isTypeContext()) {
          // FIXME: Protocol extensions need specific handling here.
          if (auto nominal = dc->getSelfNominalTypeDecl()) {
            if (nominal->isActor())
              return nominal;
          }
        }

        dc = dc->getParent();
      }

      return nullptr;
    }

    /// Diagnose a reference to an unsafe entity.
    ///
    /// \returns true if we diagnosed the entity, \c false otherwise.
    bool diagnoseReferenceToUnsafeGlobal(ValueDecl *value, SourceLoc loc) {
      switch (value->getASTContext().LangOpts.StrictConcurrencyLevel) {
      case StrictConcurrency::Minimal:
      case StrictConcurrency::Targeted:
        // Never diagnose.
        return false;

      case StrictConcurrency::Complete:
        break;
      }

      // Only diagnose direct references to mutable global state.
      auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(value);
      if (!var || var->isLet())
        return false;

      if (!var->getDeclContext()->isModuleScopeContext() &&
          !(var->getDeclContext()->isTypeContext() && !var->isInstanceMember()))
        return false;

      if (!var->hasStorage())
        return false;

      // If it's actor-isolated, it's already been dealt with.
      if (getActorIsolation(value).isActorIsolated())
        return false;

      ctx.Diags.diagnose(
          loc, diag::shared_mutable_state_access,
          value->getDescriptiveKind(), value->getName());
      value->diagnose(diag::kind_declared_here, value->getDescriptiveKind());
      return true;
    }

    /// Diagnose an inout argument passed into an async call
    ///
    /// \returns true if we diagnosed the entity, \c false otherwise.
    bool diagnoseInOutArg(const ApplyExpr *call, const InOutExpr *arg,
                          bool isPartialApply) {
      // check that the call is actually async
      if (!isAsyncCall(call))
        return false;

      bool result = false;
      auto checkDiagnostic = [this, call, isPartialApply, &result](
          ConcreteDeclRef declRef, SourceLoc argLoc) {
        auto decl = declRef.getDecl();
        auto isolation = getActorIsolationForReference(decl, getDeclContext());
        if (!isolation.isActorIsolated())
          return;

        if (isPartialApply) {
          // The partially applied InoutArg is a property of actor. This
          // can really only happen when the property is a struct with a
          // mutating async method.
          if (auto partialApply = dyn_cast<ApplyExpr>(call->getFn())) {
            if (auto declRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(partialApply->getFn())) {
              ValueDecl *fnDecl = declRef->getDecl();
              ctx.Diags.diagnose(call->getLoc(),
                                 diag::actor_isolated_mutating_func,
                                 fnDecl->getName(), decl->getDescriptiveKind(),
                                 decl->getName());
              result = true;
              return;
            }
          }
        }

        ctx.Diags.diagnose(argLoc, diag::actor_isolated_inout_state,
                           decl->getDescriptiveKind(), decl->getName(),
                           call->isImplicitlyAsync().has_value());
        decl->diagnose(diag::kind_declared_here, decl->getDescriptiveKind());
        result = true;
        return;
      };
      auto expressionWalker = [baseArg = arg->getSubExpr(),
                               checkDiagnostic](Expr *expr) -> Expr * {
        if (isa<InOutExpr>(expr))
          return nullptr; // AST walker will hit this again
        if (LookupExpr *lookup = dyn_cast<LookupExpr>(expr)) {
          if (isa<DeclRefExpr>(lookup->getBase())) {
            checkDiagnostic(lookup->getMember().getDecl(), baseArg->getLoc());
            return nullptr; // Diagnosed. Don't keep walking
          }
        }
        if (DeclRefExpr *declRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(expr)) {
          checkDiagnostic(declRef->getDecl(), baseArg->getLoc());
          return nullptr; // Diagnosed. Don't keep walking
        }
        return expr;
      };
      arg->getSubExpr()->forEachChildExpr(expressionWalker);
      return result;
    }

    enum class AsyncMarkingResult {
      FoundAsync, // successfully marked an implicitly-async operation
      NotFound,  // fail: no valid implicitly-async operation was found
      SyncContext, // fail: a valid implicitly-async op, but in sync context
      NotSendable,  // fail: valid op and context, but not Sendable
      NotDistributed, // fail: non-distributed declaration in distributed actor
    };

    /// Determine whether we can access the given declaration that is
    /// isolated to a distributed actor from a location that is potentially not
    /// local to this process.
    ///
    /// \returns the (setThrows, isDistributedThunk) bits to implicitly
    /// mark the access/call with on success, or emits an error and returns
    /// \c None.
    Optional<std::pair<bool, bool>>
    checkDistributedAccess(SourceLoc declLoc, ValueDecl *decl,
                           Expr *context) {
      // If base of the call is 'local' we permit skip distributed checks.
      if (auto baseSelf = findReferencedBaseSelf(context)) {
        if (baseSelf->getAttrs().hasAttribute<KnownToBeLocalAttr>()) {
        return std::make_pair(
            /*setThrows=*/false,
            /*isDistributedThunk=*/false);
        }
      }

      // Check that we have a distributed function or computed property.
      if (auto afd = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)) {
        if (!afd->isDistributed()) {
          ctx.Diags.diagnose(declLoc, diag::distributed_actor_isolated_method)
              .fixItInsert(decl->getAttributeInsertionLoc(true),
                           "distributed ");

          noteIsolatedActorMember(decl, context);
          return None;
        }

        return std::make_pair(
            /*setThrows=*/!afd->hasThrows(),
            /*isDistributedThunk=*/true);
      }

      if (auto *var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(decl)) {
        if (var->isDistributed()) {
          bool explicitlyThrowing = false;
          if (auto getter = var->getAccessor(swift::AccessorKind::Get)) {
            explicitlyThrowing = getter->hasThrows();
          }
          return std::make_pair(
              /*setThrows*/ !explicitlyThrowing,
              /*isDistributedThunk=*/true);
        }
      }

      // This is either non-distributed variable, subscript, or something else.
      ctx.Diags.diagnose(declLoc,
                         diag::distributed_actor_isolated_non_self_reference,
                         decl->getDescriptiveKind(), decl->getName());
      noteIsolatedActorMember(decl, context);
      return None;
    }

    /// Attempts to identify and mark a valid cross-actor use of a synchronous
    /// actor-isolated member (e.g., sync function application, property access)
    AsyncMarkingResult tryMarkImplicitlyAsync(SourceLoc declLoc,
                                              ConcreteDeclRef concDeclRef,
                                              Expr* context,
                                              ActorIsolation target,
                                              bool isDistributed) {
      ValueDecl *decl = concDeclRef.getDecl();
      AsyncMarkingResult result = AsyncMarkingResult::NotFound;
      bool isAsyncCall = false;

      // is it an access to a property?
      if (isPropOrSubscript(decl)) {
        // Cannot reference properties or subscripts of distributed actors.
        if (isDistributed) {
          bool setThrows = false;
          bool usesDistributedThunk = false;
          if (auto access = checkDistributedAccess(declLoc, decl, context)) {
            std::tie(setThrows, usesDistributedThunk) = *access;
          } else {
            return AsyncMarkingResult::NotDistributed;
          }

          // distributed computed property access, mark it throws + async
          if (auto lookupExpr = dyn_cast_or_null<LookupExpr>(context)) {
            if (auto memberRef = dyn_cast<MemberRefExpr>(lookupExpr)) {
              memberRef->setImplicitlyThrows(true);
              memberRef->setAccessViaDistributedThunk();
            } else {
              llvm_unreachable("expected distributed prop to be a MemberRef");
            }
          } else {
            llvm_unreachable("expected distributed prop to have LookupExpr");
          }
        }

        if (auto declRef = dyn_cast_or_null<DeclRefExpr>(context)) {
          if (usageEnv(declRef) == VarRefUseEnv::Read) {
            if (!getDeclContext()->isAsyncContext())
              return AsyncMarkingResult::SyncContext;

            declRef->setImplicitlyAsync(target);
            result = AsyncMarkingResult::FoundAsync;
          }
        } else if (auto lookupExpr = dyn_cast_or_null<LookupExpr>(context)) {
          if (usageEnv(lookupExpr) == VarRefUseEnv::Read) {

            if (!getDeclContext()->isAsyncContext())
              return AsyncMarkingResult::SyncContext;

            lookupExpr->setImplicitlyAsync(target);
            result = AsyncMarkingResult::FoundAsync;
          }
        }

      } else if (isa_and_nonnull<SelfApplyExpr>(context) &&
          isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)) {
        // actor-isolated non-isolated-self calls are implicitly async
        // and thus OK.

        if (!getDeclContext()->isAsyncContext())
          return AsyncMarkingResult::SyncContext;

        isAsyncCall = true;
      } else if (!applyStack.empty()) {
        // Check our applyStack metadata from the traversal.
        // Our goal is to identify whether the actor reference appears
        // as the called value of the enclosing ApplyExpr. We cannot simply
        // inspect Parent here because of expressions like (callee)()
        // and the fact that the reference may be just an argument to an apply
        ApplyExpr *apply = applyStack.back();
        Expr *fn = apply->getFn()->getValueProvidingExpr();
        if (auto fnConv = dyn_cast<FunctionConversionExpr>(fn))
          fn = fnConv->getSubExpr()->getValueProvidingExpr();
        if (auto memberRef = findReference(fn)) {
          auto concDecl = memberRef->first;
          if (decl == concDecl.getDecl() && !apply->isImplicitlyAsync()) {

            if (!getDeclContext()->isAsyncContext())
              return AsyncMarkingResult::SyncContext;

            // then this ValueDecl appears as the called value of the ApplyExpr.
            isAsyncCall = true;
          }
        }
      }

      // Set up an implicit async call.
      if (isAsyncCall) {
        // If we're calling to a distributed actor, make sure the function
        // is actually 'distributed'.
        bool setThrows = false;
        bool usesDistributedThunk = false;
        if (isDistributed) {
          if (auto access = checkDistributedAccess(declLoc, decl, context)) {
            std::tie(setThrows, usesDistributedThunk) = *access;
          } else {
            return AsyncMarkingResult::NotDistributed;
          }
        }

        // Mark call as implicitly 'async', and also potentially as
        // throwing and using a distributed thunk.
        markNearestCallAsImplicitly(
            /*setAsync=*/target, setThrows, usesDistributedThunk);
        result = AsyncMarkingResult::FoundAsync;
      }

      if (result == AsyncMarkingResult::FoundAsync) {
        // Check for non-sendable types.
        bool problemFound =
            diagnoseNonSendableTypesInReference(
              concDeclRef, getDeclContext(), declLoc,
              SendableCheckReason::SynchronousAsAsync);
        if (problemFound)
          result = AsyncMarkingResult::NotSendable;
      }

      return result;
    }

    /// Check actor isolation for a particular application.
    bool checkApply(ApplyExpr *apply) {
      auto fnExprType = getType(apply->getFn());
      if (!fnExprType)
        return false;

      auto fnType = fnExprType->getAs<FunctionType>();
      if (!fnType)
        return false;

      // The isolation of the context we're in.
      Optional<ActorIsolation> contextIsolation;
      auto getContextIsolation = [&]() -> ActorIsolation {
        if (contextIsolation)
          return *contextIsolation;

        auto declContext = const_cast<DeclContext *>(getDeclContext());
        contextIsolation =
            getInnermostIsolatedContext(declContext, getClosureActorIsolation);
        return *contextIsolation;
      };

      // If the function type is global-actor-qualified, determine whether
      // we are within that global actor already.
      Optional<ActorIsolation> unsatisfiedIsolation;
      if (Type globalActor = fnType->getGlobalActor()) {
        if (!(getContextIsolation().isGlobalActor() &&
            getContextIsolation().getGlobalActor()->isEqual(globalActor))) {
          unsatisfiedIsolation = ActorIsolation::forGlobalActor(
              globalActor, /*unsafe=*/false);
        }
      }

      if (isa<SelfApplyExpr>(apply) && !unsatisfiedIsolation)
        return false;

      // Check for isolated parameters.
      for (unsigned paramIdx : range(fnType->getNumParams())) {
        // We only care about isolated parameters.
        if (!fnType->getParams()[paramIdx].isIsolated())
          continue;

        auto *args = apply->getArgs();
        if (paramIdx >= args->size())
          continue;

        auto *arg = args->getExpr(paramIdx);
        if (getIsolatedActor(arg))
          continue;

        // An isolated parameter was provided with a non-isolated argument.
        // FIXME: The modeling of unsatisfiedIsolation is not great here.
        // We'd be better off using something more like closure isolation
        // that can talk about specific parameters.
        auto nominal = getType(arg)->getAnyNominal();
        if (!nominal) {
          nominal = getType(arg)->getASTContext().getProtocol(
              KnownProtocolKind::Actor);
        }

        unsatisfiedIsolation =
            ActorIsolation::forActorInstanceParameter(nominal, paramIdx);
        break;
      }

      // If there was no unsatisfied actor isolation, we're done.
      if (!unsatisfiedIsolation)
        return false;

      // If we are not in an asynchronous context, complain.
      if (!getDeclContext()->isAsyncContext()) {
        if (auto calleeDecl = apply->getCalledValue(
                /*skipFunctionConversions=*/true)) {
          ctx.Diags.diagnose(
              apply->getLoc(), diag::actor_isolated_call_decl,
              *unsatisfiedIsolation,
              calleeDecl->getDescriptiveKind(), calleeDecl->getName(),
              getContextIsolation())
            .warnUntilSwiftVersionIf(getContextIsolation().preconcurrency(), 6);
          calleeDecl->diagnose(
              diag::actor_isolated_sync_func, calleeDecl->getDescriptiveKind(),
              calleeDecl->getName());
        } else {
          ctx.Diags.diagnose(
              apply->getLoc(), diag::actor_isolated_call, *unsatisfiedIsolation,
              getContextIsolation())
            .warnUntilSwiftVersionIf(getContextIsolation().preconcurrency(), 6);
        }

        if (unsatisfiedIsolation->isGlobalActor()) {
          noteGlobalActorOnContext(
              const_cast<DeclContext *>(getDeclContext()),
              unsatisfiedIsolation->getGlobalActor());
        }

        return true;
      }

      // Mark as implicitly async.
      if (!fnType->getExtInfo().isAsync() && unsatisfiedIsolation) {
        apply->setImplicitlyAsync(*unsatisfiedIsolation);
      }

      // Check for sendability of the parameter types.
      auto params = fnType->getParams();
      for (unsigned paramIdx : indices(params)) {
        const auto &param = params[paramIdx];

        // Dig out the location of the argument.
        SourceLoc argLoc = apply->getLoc();
        if (auto argList = apply->getArgs()) {
          auto arg = argList->get(paramIdx);
          if (arg.getStartLoc().isValid())
            argLoc = arg.getStartLoc();
        }

        if (diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
                param.getParameterType(), getDeclContext(), argLoc,
                diag::non_sendable_call_param_type,
                apply->isImplicitlyAsync().has_value(),
                *unsatisfiedIsolation))
          return true;
      }

      // Check for sendability of the result type.
      if (diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
             fnType->getResult(), getDeclContext(), apply->getLoc(),
             diag::non_sendable_call_result_type,
             apply->isImplicitlyAsync().has_value(),
             *unsatisfiedIsolation))
        return true;

      return false;
    }

    /// Find the innermost context in which this declaration was explicitly
    /// captured.
    const DeclContext *findCapturedDeclContext(ValueDecl *value) {
      assert(value->isLocalCapture());
      auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(value);
      if (!var)
        return value->getDeclContext();

      auto knownContexts = captureContexts.find(var);
      if (knownContexts == captureContexts.end())
        return value->getDeclContext();

      return knownContexts->second.back();
    }

    /// Check a reference to a local capture.
    bool checkLocalCapture(
        ConcreteDeclRef valueRef, SourceLoc loc, DeclRefExpr *declRefExpr) {
      auto value = valueRef.getDecl();

      // Check whether we are in a context that will not execute concurrently
      // with the context of 'self'. If not, it's safe.
      if (!mayExecuteConcurrentlyWith(
              getDeclContext(), findCapturedDeclContext(value)))
        return false;

      // Check whether this is a local variable, in which case we can
      // determine whether it was safe to access concurrently.
      if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(value)) {
        // Ignore interpolation variables.
        if (var->getBaseName() == ctx.Id_dollarInterpolation)
          return false;

        auto parent = mutableLocalVarParent[declRefExpr];

        // If the variable is immutable, it's fine so long as it involves
        // Sendable types.
        //
        // When flow-sensitive concurrent captures are enabled, we also
        // allow reads, depending on a SIL diagnostic pass to identify the
        // remaining race conditions.
        if (!var->supportsMutation() ||
            (ctx.LangOpts.hasFeature(
                 Feature::FlowSensitiveConcurrencyCaptures) &&
             parent.dyn_cast<LoadExpr *>())) {
          return false;
        }

        if (auto param =  dyn_cast<ParamDecl>(value)){
          if(param->isInOut()){
              ctx.Diags.diagnose(loc, diag::concurrent_access_of_inout_param, param->getName());
              return true;
          }
        }

        // Otherwise, we have concurrent access. Complain.
        bool preconcurrencyContext =
            getActorIsolationOfContext(
              const_cast<DeclContext *>(getDeclContext())).preconcurrency();

        ctx.Diags.diagnose(
            loc, diag::concurrent_access_of_local_capture,
            parent.dyn_cast<LoadExpr *>(),
            var->getDescriptiveKind(), var->getName())
          .warnUntilSwiftVersionIf(preconcurrencyContext, 6);
        return true;
      }

      if (auto func = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(value)) {
        if (func->isSendable())
          return false;

        func->diagnose(
            diag::local_function_executed_concurrently,
            func->getDescriptiveKind(), func->getName())
          .fixItInsert(func->getAttributeInsertionLoc(false), "@Sendable ")
          .warnUntilSwiftVersion(6);

        // Add the @Sendable attribute implicitly, so we don't diagnose
        // again.
        const_cast<FuncDecl *>(func)->getAttrs().add(
            new (ctx) SendableAttr(true));
        return true;
      }

      // Concurrent access to some other local.
      ctx.Diags.diagnose(
          loc, diag::concurrent_access_local,
          value->getDescriptiveKind(), value->getName());
      value->diagnose(
          diag::kind_declared_here, value->getDescriptiveKind());
      return true;
    }

    ///
    /// \return true iff a diagnostic was emitted
    bool checkKeyPathExpr(KeyPathExpr *keyPath) {
      bool diagnosed = false;

      // check the components of the keypath.
      for (const auto &component : keyPath->getComponents()) {
        // The decl referred to by the path component cannot be within an actor.
        if (component.hasDeclRef()) {
          auto concDecl = component.getDeclRef();
          auto decl = concDecl.getDecl();
          auto isolation = getActorIsolationForReference(
              decl, getDeclContext());
          switch (isolation) {
          case ActorIsolation::Independent:
          case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
            break;

          case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
          case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
            // Disable global actor checking for now.
            if (isolation.isGlobalActor() &&
                !ctx.LangOpts.isSwiftVersionAtLeast(6))
              break;

            LLVM_FALLTHROUGH;

          case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
            // If this entity is always accessible across actors, just check
            // Sendable.
            if (isAccessibleAcrossActors(
                    decl, isolation, getDeclContext(), None)) {
              if (diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
                             component.getComponentType(), getDeclContext(),
                             component.getLoc(),
                             diag::non_sendable_keypath_access)) {
                diagnosed = true;
              }
              break;
            }

            ctx.Diags.diagnose(component.getLoc(),
                               diag::actor_isolated_keypath_component,
                               isolation.isDistributedActor(),
                               decl->getDescriptiveKind(), decl->getName());
            diagnosed = true;
            break;
          }
        }

        // Captured values in a path component must conform to Sendable.
        // These captured values appear in Subscript, such as \Type.dict[k]
        // where k is a captured dictionary key.
        if (auto *args = component.getSubscriptArgs()) {
          for (auto arg : *args) {
            auto type = getType(arg.getExpr());
            if (type &&
                shouldDiagnoseExistingDataRaces(getDeclContext()) &&
                diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
                    type, getDeclContext(), component.getLoc(),
                    diag::non_sendable_keypath_capture))
              diagnosed = true;
          }
        }
      }

      return diagnosed;
    }

    /// Check a reference to the given declaration.
    ///
    /// \param base For a reference to a member, the base expression. May be
    /// nullptr for non-member referenced.
    ///
    /// \returns true if the reference is invalid, in which case a diagnostic
    /// has already been emitted.
    bool checkReference(
        Expr *base, ConcreteDeclRef declRef, SourceLoc loc,
        Optional<PartialApplyThunkInfo> partialApply = None,
        Expr *context = nullptr) {
      if (!declRef)
        return false;

      auto decl = declRef.getDecl();
      Optional<ReferencedActor> isolatedActor;
      if (base)
        isolatedActor.emplace(getIsolatedActor(base));
      auto result = ActorReferenceResult::forReference(
          declRef, loc, getDeclContext(), kindOfUsage(decl, context),
          isolatedActor, None, None, getClosureActorIsolation);
      switch (result) {
      case ActorReferenceResult::SameConcurrencyDomain:
        if (diagnoseReferenceToUnsafeGlobal(decl, loc))
          return true;

        return false;

      case ActorReferenceResult::ExitsActorToNonisolated:
        if (diagnoseReferenceToUnsafeGlobal(decl, loc))
          return true;

        return diagnoseNonSendableTypesInReference(
                   declRef, getDeclContext(), loc,
                   SendableCheckReason::ExitingActor,
                   result.isolation);

      case ActorReferenceResult::EntersActor:
        // Handle all of the checking below.
        break;
      }

      // A partial application of a global-actor-isolated member is always
      // okay, because the global actor is part of the resulting function
      // type.
      if (partialApply && result.isolation.isGlobalActor())
        return false;

      // A call to a global-actor-isolated function, or a function with an
      // isolated parameter, is diagnosed elsewhere.
      if (!partialApply &&
          (result.isolation.isGlobalActor() ||
           (result.isolation == ActorIsolation::ActorInstance &&
            result.isolation.getActorInstanceParameter() > 0)) &&
          isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl))
        return false;

      // An escaping partial application of something that is part of
      // the actor's isolated state is never permitted.
      if (partialApply && partialApply->isEscaping && !isAsyncDecl(declRef)) {
        ctx.Diags.diagnose(
            loc, diag::actor_isolated_partial_apply,
            decl->getDescriptiveKind(),
            decl->getName());
        return true;
      }

      // If we do not need any async/throws/distributed checks, just perform
      // Sendable checking and we're done.
      if (!result.options) {
        return diagnoseNonSendableTypesInReference(
                   declRef, getDeclContext(), loc,
                   SendableCheckReason::CrossActor);
      }

      // Some combination of implicit async/throws/distributed is required.
      bool isDistributed = result.options.contains(
          ActorReferenceResult::Flags::Distributed);

      // Determine the actor hop.
      auto implicitAsyncResult = tryMarkImplicitlyAsync(
          loc, declRef, context, result.isolation, isDistributed);
      switch (implicitAsyncResult) {
      case AsyncMarkingResult::FoundAsync:
        // Success! We're done.
        return false;

      case AsyncMarkingResult::NotDistributed:
      case AsyncMarkingResult::NotSendable:
        // Failed, but diagnostics have already been emitted.
        return true;

      case AsyncMarkingResult::SyncContext:
      case AsyncMarkingResult::NotFound:
        // Complain about access outside of the isolation domain.
        auto useKind = static_cast<unsigned>(
            kindOfUsage(decl, context).value_or(VarRefUseEnv::Read));

        ReferencedActor::Kind refKind;
        Type refGlobalActor;
        if (isolatedActor) {
          refKind = isolatedActor->kind;
          refGlobalActor = isolatedActor->globalActor;
        } else {
          auto contextIsolation = getInnermostIsolatedContext(
              getDeclContext(), getClosureActorIsolation);
          switch (contextIsolation) {
          case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
            refKind = ReferencedActor::Isolated;
            break;

          case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
          case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
            refGlobalActor = contextIsolation.getGlobalActor();
            refKind = isMainActor(refGlobalActor)
                ? ReferencedActor::MainActor
                : ReferencedActor::GlobalActor;
            break;

          case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
          case ActorIsolation::Independent:
            refKind = ReferencedActor::NonIsolatedContext;
            break;
          }
        }

        // Does the reference originate from a @preconcurrency context?
        bool preconcurrencyContext =
          result.options.contains(ActorReferenceResult::Flags::Preconcurrency);

        ctx.Diags.diagnose(
            loc, diag::actor_isolated_non_self_reference,
            decl->getDescriptiveKind(),
            decl->getName(),
            useKind,
            refKind + 1, refGlobalActor,
            result.isolation)
          .warnUntilSwiftVersionIf(preconcurrencyContext, 6);

        noteIsolatedActorMember(decl, context);

        if (result.isolation.isGlobalActor()) {
          noteGlobalActorOnContext(
              const_cast<DeclContext *>(getDeclContext()),
              result.isolation.getGlobalActor());
        }

        return true;
      }
    }

    // Attempt to resolve the global actor type of a closure.
    Type resolveGlobalActorType(ClosureExpr *closure) {
      // Check whether the closure's type has a global actor already.
      if (Type closureType = getType(closure)) {
        if (auto closureFnType = closureType->getAs<FunctionType>()) {
          if (Type globalActor = closureFnType->getGlobalActor())
            return globalActor;
        }
      }

      // Look for an explicit attribute.
      return getExplicitGlobalActor(closure);
    }

  public:
    /// Determine the isolation of a particular closure.
    ///
    /// This function assumes that enclosing closures have already had their
    /// isolation checked.
    ClosureActorIsolation determineClosureIsolation(
        AbstractClosureExpr *closure) {
      bool preconcurrency = false;

      if (auto explicitClosure = dyn_cast<ClosureExpr>(closure)) {
        preconcurrency = explicitClosure->isIsolatedByPreconcurrency();

        // If the closure specifies a global actor, use it.
        if (Type globalActorType = resolveGlobalActorType(explicitClosure))
          return ClosureActorIsolation::forGlobalActor(globalActorType,
                                                       preconcurrency);
      }

      // If a closure has an isolated parameter, it is isolated to that
      // parameter.
      for (auto param : *closure->getParameters()) {
        if (param->isIsolated())
          return ClosureActorIsolation::forActorInstance(param, preconcurrency);
      }

      // Sendable closures are actor-independent unless the closure has
      // specifically opted into inheriting actor isolation.
      if (isSendableClosure(closure, /*forActorIsolation=*/true))
        return ClosureActorIsolation::forIndependent(preconcurrency);

      // A non-Sendable closure gets its isolation from its context.
      auto parentIsolation = getActorIsolationOfContext(
          closure->getParent(), getClosureActorIsolation);
      preconcurrency |= parentIsolation.preconcurrency();

      // We must have parent isolation determined to get here.
      switch (parentIsolation) {
      case ActorIsolation::Independent:
      case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
        return ClosureActorIsolation::forIndependent(preconcurrency);

      case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
      case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe: {
        Type globalActorType = closure->mapTypeIntoContext(
            parentIsolation.getGlobalActor()->mapTypeOutOfContext());
        return ClosureActorIsolation::forGlobalActor(globalActorType,
                                                     preconcurrency);
      }

      case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance: {
        if (auto param = closure->getCaptureInfo().getIsolatedParamCapture())
          return ClosureActorIsolation::forActorInstance(param, preconcurrency);

        return ClosureActorIsolation::forIndependent(preconcurrency);
      }
    }
    }

  };
}

bool ActorIsolationChecker::mayExecuteConcurrentlyWith(
    const DeclContext *useContext, const DeclContext *defContext) {
  // Fast path for when the use and definition contexts are the same.
  if (useContext == defContext)
    return false;

  // If both contexts are isolated to the same actor, then they will not
  // execute concurrently.
  auto useIsolation = getActorIsolationOfContext(
      const_cast<DeclContext *>(useContext), getClosureActorIsolation);
  if (useIsolation.isActorIsolated()) {
    auto defIsolation = getActorIsolationOfContext(
        const_cast<DeclContext *>(defContext), getClosureActorIsolation);
    if (useIsolation == defIsolation)
      return false;
  }

  // Walk the context chain from the use to the definition.
  while (useContext != defContext) {
    // If we find a concurrent closure... it can be run concurrently.
    if (auto closure = dyn_cast<AbstractClosureExpr>(useContext)) {
      if (isSendableClosure(closure, /*forActorIsolation=*/false))
        return true;
    }

    if (auto func = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(useContext)) {
      if (func->isLocalCapture()) {
        // If the function is @Sendable... it can be run concurrently.
        if (func->isSendable())
          return true;
      }
    }

    // If we hit a module-scope or type context context, it's not
    // concurrent.
    useContext = useContext->getParent();
    if (useContext->isModuleScopeContext() || useContext->isTypeContext())
      return false;
  }

  // We hit the same context, so it won't execute concurrently.
  return false;
}

void swift::checkTopLevelActorIsolation(TopLevelCodeDecl *decl) {
  ActorIsolationChecker checker(decl);
  if (auto *body = decl->getBody())
    body->walk(checker);
}

void swift::checkFunctionActorIsolation(AbstractFunctionDecl *decl) {
  // Disable this check for @LLDBDebuggerFunction functions.
  if (decl->getAttrs().hasAttribute<LLDBDebuggerFunctionAttr>())
    return;

  ActorIsolationChecker checker(decl);
  if (auto body = decl->getBody()) {
    body->walk(checker);
  }
  if (auto ctor = dyn_cast<ConstructorDecl>(decl)) {
    if (auto superInit = ctor->getSuperInitCall())
      superInit->walk(checker);
  }

  if (decl->getAttrs().hasAttribute<DistributedActorAttr>()) {
    if (auto func = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(decl)) {
      checkDistributedFunction(func);
    }
  }
}

void swift::checkInitializerActorIsolation(Initializer *init, Expr *expr) {
  ActorIsolationChecker checker(init);
  expr->walk(checker);
}

void swift::checkEnumElementActorIsolation(
    EnumElementDecl *element, Expr *expr) {
  ActorIsolationChecker checker(element);
  expr->walk(checker);
}

void swift::checkPropertyWrapperActorIsolation(
    VarDecl *wrappedVar, Expr *expr) {
  ActorIsolationChecker checker(wrappedVar->getDeclContext());
  expr->walk(checker);
}

ClosureActorIsolation swift::determineClosureActorIsolation(
    AbstractClosureExpr *closure, llvm::function_ref<Type(Expr *)> getType,
    llvm::function_ref<ClosureActorIsolation(AbstractClosureExpr *)>
        getClosureActorIsolation) {
  ActorIsolationChecker checker(closure->getParent(), getType,
                                getClosureActorIsolation);
  return checker.determineClosureIsolation(closure);
}

/// Determine whethere there is an explicit isolation attribute
/// of any kind.
static bool hasExplicitIsolationAttribute(const Decl *decl) {
  if (auto nonisolatedAttr =
      decl->getAttrs().getAttribute<NonisolatedAttr>()) {
    if (!nonisolatedAttr->isImplicit())
      return true;
  }

  if (auto globalActorAttr = decl->getGlobalActorAttr()) {
    if (!globalActorAttr->first->isImplicit())
      return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/// Determine actor isolation solely from attributes.
///
/// \returns the actor isolation determined from attributes alone (with no
/// inference rules). Returns \c None if there were no attributes on this
/// declaration.
static Optional<ActorIsolation> getIsolationFromAttributes(
    const Decl *decl, bool shouldDiagnose = true, bool onlyExplicit = false) {
  // Look up attributes on the declaration that can affect its actor isolation.
  // If any of them are present, use that attribute.
  auto nonisolatedAttr = decl->getAttrs().getAttribute<NonisolatedAttr>();
  auto globalActorAttr = decl->getGlobalActorAttr();

  // Remove implicit attributes if we only care about explicit ones.
  if (onlyExplicit) {
    if (nonisolatedAttr && nonisolatedAttr->isImplicit())
      nonisolatedAttr = nullptr;
    if (globalActorAttr && globalActorAttr->first->isImplicit())
      globalActorAttr = None;
  }

  unsigned numIsolationAttrs =
    (nonisolatedAttr ? 1 : 0) + (globalActorAttr ? 1 : 0);
  if (numIsolationAttrs == 0)
    return None;

  // Only one such attribute is valid, but we only actually care of one of
  // them is a global actor.
  if (numIsolationAttrs > 1) {
    DeclName name;
    if (auto value = dyn_cast<ValueDecl>(decl)) {
      name = value->getName();
    } else if (auto ext = dyn_cast<ExtensionDecl>(decl)) {
      if (auto selfTypeDecl = ext->getSelfNominalTypeDecl())
        name = selfTypeDecl->getName();
    }

    if (globalActorAttr) {
      if (shouldDiagnose) {
        decl->diagnose(
            diag::actor_isolation_multiple_attr, decl->getDescriptiveKind(),
            name, nonisolatedAttr->getAttrName(),
            globalActorAttr->second->getName().str())
          .highlight(nonisolatedAttr->getRangeWithAt())
          .highlight(globalActorAttr->first->getRangeWithAt());
      }
    }
  }

  // If the declaration is explicitly marked 'nonisolated', report it as
  // independent.
  if (nonisolatedAttr) {
    return ActorIsolation::forIndependent();
  }

  // If the declaration is marked with a global actor, report it as being
  // part of that global actor.
  if (globalActorAttr) {
    ASTContext &ctx = decl->getASTContext();
    auto dc = decl->getInnermostDeclContext();
    Type globalActorType = evaluateOrDefault(
        ctx.evaluator,
        CustomAttrTypeRequest{
          globalActorAttr->first, dc, CustomAttrTypeKind::GlobalActor},
        Type());
    if (!globalActorType || globalActorType->hasError())
      return ActorIsolation::forUnspecified();

    // Handle @<global attribute type>(unsafe).
    bool isUnsafe = globalActorAttr->first->isArgUnsafe();
    if (globalActorAttr->first->hasArgs() && !isUnsafe) {
      ctx.Diags.diagnose(
          globalActorAttr->first->getLocation(),
          diag::global_actor_non_unsafe_init, globalActorType);
    }

    // If the declaration predates concurrency, it has unsafe actor isolation.
    if (decl->preconcurrency())
      isUnsafe = true;

    return ActorIsolation::forGlobalActor(
        globalActorType->mapTypeOutOfContext(), isUnsafe);
  }

  llvm_unreachable("Forgot about an attribute?");
}

/// Infer isolation from witnessed protocol requirements.
static Optional<ActorIsolation> getIsolationFromWitnessedRequirements(
    ValueDecl *value) {
  auto dc = value->getDeclContext();
  auto idc = dyn_cast_or_null<IterableDeclContext>(dc->getAsDecl());
  if (!idc)
    return None;

  if (dc->getSelfProtocolDecl())
    return None;

  // Walk through each of the conformances in this context, collecting any
  // requirements that have actor isolation.
  auto conformances = idc->getLocalConformances(
      ConformanceLookupKind::NonStructural);
  using IsolatedRequirement =
      std::tuple<ProtocolConformance *, ActorIsolation, ValueDecl *>;
  SmallVector<IsolatedRequirement, 2> isolatedRequirements;
  for (auto conformance : conformances) {
    auto protocol = conformance->getProtocol();
    for (auto found : protocol->lookupDirect(value->getName())) {
      if (!isa<ProtocolDecl>(found->getDeclContext()))
        continue;

      auto requirement = dyn_cast<ValueDecl>(found);
      if (!requirement || isa<TypeDecl>(requirement))
        continue;

      auto requirementIsolation = getActorIsolation(requirement);
      switch (requirementIsolation) {
      case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
      case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
        continue;

      case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
      case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
      case ActorIsolation::Independent:
        break;
      }

      auto witness = conformance->getWitnessDecl(requirement);
      if (witness != value)
        continue;

      isolatedRequirements.push_back(
          IsolatedRequirement{conformance, requirementIsolation, requirement});
    }
  }

  // Filter out duplicate actors.
  SmallPtrSet<CanType, 2> globalActorTypes;
  bool sawActorIndependent = false;
  isolatedRequirements.erase(
      std::remove_if(isolatedRequirements.begin(), isolatedRequirements.end(),
                     [&](IsolatedRequirement &isolated) {
    auto isolation = std::get<1>(isolated);
    switch (isolation) {
      case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
        llvm_unreachable("protocol requirements cannot be actor instances");

      case ActorIsolation::Independent:
        // We only need one nonisolated.
        if (sawActorIndependent)
          return true;

        sawActorIndependent = true;
        return false;

      case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
        return true;

      case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
      case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe: {
        // Substitute into the global actor type.
        auto conformance = std::get<0>(isolated);
        auto requirementSubs = SubstitutionMap::getProtocolSubstitutions(
            conformance->getProtocol(), dc->getSelfTypeInContext(),
            ProtocolConformanceRef(conformance));
        Type globalActor = isolation.getGlobalActor().subst(requirementSubs);
        if (!globalActorTypes.insert(globalActor->getCanonicalType()).second)
          return true;

        // Update the global actor type, now that we've done this substitution.
        std::get<1>(isolated) = ActorIsolation::forGlobalActor(
            globalActor, isolation == ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe);
        return false;
      }
      }
      }),
      isolatedRequirements.end());

  if (isolatedRequirements.size() != 1)
    return None;

  return std::get<1>(isolatedRequirements.front());
}

/// Compute the isolation of a nominal type from the conformances that
/// are directly specified on the type.
static Optional<ActorIsolation> getIsolationFromConformances(
    NominalTypeDecl *nominal) {
  if (isa<ProtocolDecl>(nominal))
    return None;

  Optional<ActorIsolation> foundIsolation;
  for (auto proto :
       nominal->getLocalProtocols(ConformanceLookupKind::NonStructural)) {
    switch (auto protoIsolation = getActorIsolation(proto)) {
    case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
    case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
    case ActorIsolation::Independent:
      break;

    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
      if (!foundIsolation) {
        foundIsolation = protoIsolation;
        continue;
      }

      if (*foundIsolation != protoIsolation)
        return None;

      break;
    }
  }

  return foundIsolation;
}

/// Compute the isolation of a nominal type from the property wrappers on
/// any stored properties.
static Optional<ActorIsolation> getIsolationFromWrappers(
    NominalTypeDecl *nominal) {
  if (!isa<StructDecl>(nominal) && !isa<ClassDecl>(nominal))
    return None;

  if (!nominal->getParentSourceFile())
    return None;
  
  Optional<ActorIsolation> foundIsolation;
  for (auto member : nominal->getMembers()) {
    auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(member);
    if (!var || !var->isInstanceMember())
      continue;

    auto info = var->getAttachedPropertyWrapperTypeInfo(0);
    if (!info)
      continue;

    auto isolation = getActorIsolation(info.valueVar);

    // Inconsistent wrappedValue/projectedValue isolation disables inference.
    if (info.projectedValueVar &&
        getActorIsolation(info.projectedValueVar) != isolation)
      continue;

    switch (isolation) {
    case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
    case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
    case ActorIsolation::Independent:
      break;

    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
      if (!foundIsolation) {
        foundIsolation = isolation;
        continue;
      }

      if (*foundIsolation != isolation)
        return None;

      break;
    }
  }

  return foundIsolation;
}

namespace {

/// Describes how actor isolation is propagated to a member, if at all.
enum class MemberIsolationPropagation {
  GlobalActor,
  AnyIsolation
};

}
/// Determine how the given member can receive its isolation from its type
/// context.
static Optional<MemberIsolationPropagation> getMemberIsolationPropagation(
    const ValueDecl *value) {
  if (!value->getDeclContext()->isTypeContext())
    return None;

  switch (value->getKind()) {
  case DeclKind::Import:
  case DeclKind::Extension:
  case DeclKind::TopLevelCode:
  case DeclKind::InfixOperator:
  case DeclKind::PrefixOperator:
  case DeclKind::PostfixOperator:
  case DeclKind::IfConfig:
  case DeclKind::PoundDiagnostic:
  case DeclKind::PrecedenceGroup:
  case DeclKind::Missing:
  case DeclKind::MissingMember:
  case DeclKind::Class:
  case DeclKind::Enum:
  case DeclKind::Protocol:
  case DeclKind::Struct:
  case DeclKind::TypeAlias:
  case DeclKind::GenericTypeParam:
  case DeclKind::AssociatedType:
  case DeclKind::OpaqueType:
  case DeclKind::Param:
  case DeclKind::Module:
  case DeclKind::Destructor:
  case DeclKind::EnumCase:
  case DeclKind::EnumElement:
  case DeclKind::Macro:
  case DeclKind::MacroExpansion:
    return None;

  case DeclKind::PatternBinding:
    return MemberIsolationPropagation::GlobalActor;

  case DeclKind::Constructor:
    return MemberIsolationPropagation::AnyIsolation;

  case DeclKind::Func:
  case DeclKind::Accessor:
  case DeclKind::Subscript:
  case DeclKind::Var:
    return value->isInstanceMember() ? MemberIsolationPropagation::AnyIsolation
                                     : MemberIsolationPropagation::GlobalActor;

  case DeclKind::BuiltinTuple:
    llvm_unreachable("BuiltinTupleDecl should not show up here");
  }
}

/// Given a property, determine the isolation when it part of a wrapped
/// property.
static ActorIsolation getActorIsolationFromWrappedProperty(VarDecl *var) {
  // If this is a variable with a property wrapper, infer from the property
  // wrapper's wrappedValue.
  if (auto wrapperInfo = var->getAttachedPropertyWrapperTypeInfo(0)) {
    if (auto wrappedValue = wrapperInfo.valueVar) {
      if (auto isolation = getActorIsolation(wrappedValue))
        return isolation;
    }
  }

  // If this is the backing storage for a property wrapper, infer from the
  // type of the outermost property wrapper.
  if (auto originalVar = var->getOriginalWrappedProperty(
          PropertyWrapperSynthesizedPropertyKind::Backing)) {
    if (auto backingType =
            originalVar->getPropertyWrapperBackingPropertyType()) {
      if (auto backingNominal = backingType->getAnyNominal()) {
        if (!isa<ClassDecl>(backingNominal) ||
            !cast<ClassDecl>(backingNominal)->isActor()) {
          if (auto isolation = getActorIsolation(backingNominal))
            return isolation;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // If this is the projected property for a property wrapper, infer from
  // the property wrapper's projectedValue.
  if (auto originalVar = var->getOriginalWrappedProperty(
          PropertyWrapperSynthesizedPropertyKind::Projection)) {
    if (auto wrapperInfo =
            originalVar->getAttachedPropertyWrapperTypeInfo(0)) {
      if (auto projectedValue = wrapperInfo.projectedValueVar) {
        if (auto isolation = getActorIsolation(projectedValue))
          return isolation;
      }
    }
  }

  return ActorIsolation::forUnspecified();
}

static Optional<ActorIsolation>
getActorIsolationForMainFuncDecl(FuncDecl *fnDecl) {
  // Ensure that the base type that this function is declared in has @main
  // attribute
  NominalTypeDecl *declContext =
      dyn_cast<NominalTypeDecl>(fnDecl->getDeclContext());
  if (ExtensionDecl *exDecl =
          dyn_cast<ExtensionDecl>(fnDecl->getDeclContext())) {
    declContext = exDecl->getExtendedNominal();
  }

  // We're not even in a nominal decl type, this can't be the main function decl
  if (!declContext)
    return {};
  const bool isMainDeclContext =
      declContext->getAttrs().hasAttribute<MainTypeAttr>(
          /*allow invalid*/ true);

  ASTContext &ctx = fnDecl->getASTContext();

  const bool isMainMain = fnDecl->isMainTypeMainMethod();
  const bool isMainInternalMain =
      fnDecl->getBaseIdentifier() == ctx.getIdentifier("$main") &&
      !fnDecl->isInstanceMember() &&
      fnDecl->getResultInterfaceType()->isVoid() &&
      fnDecl->getParameters()->size() == 0;
  const bool isMainFunction =
      isMainDeclContext && (isMainMain || isMainInternalMain);
  const bool hasMainActor = !ctx.getMainActorType().isNull();

  return isMainFunction && hasMainActor
             ? ActorIsolation::forGlobalActor(
                   ctx.getMainActorType()->mapTypeOutOfContext(),
                   /*isUnsafe*/ false)
             : Optional<ActorIsolation>();
}

/// Check rules related to global actor attributes on a class declaration.
///
/// \returns true if an error occurred.
static bool checkClassGlobalActorIsolation(
    ClassDecl *classDecl, ActorIsolation isolation) {
  assert(isolation.isGlobalActor());

  // A class can only be annotated with a global actor if it has no
  // superclass, the superclass is annotated with the same global actor, or
  // the superclass is NSObject. A subclass of a global-actor-annotated class
  // must be isolated to the same global actor.
  auto superclassDecl = classDecl->getSuperclassDecl();
  if (!superclassDecl)
    return false;

  if (superclassDecl->isNSObject())
    return false;

  // Ignore actors outright. They'll be diagnosed later.
  if (classDecl->isActor() || superclassDecl->isActor())
    return false;

  // Check the superclass's isolation.
  auto superIsolation = getActorIsolation(superclassDecl);
  switch (superIsolation) {
  case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
  case ActorIsolation::Independent:
    return false;

  case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
    // This is an error that will be diagnosed later. Ignore it here.
    return false;

  case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
  case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe: {
    // If the global actors match, we're fine.
    Type superclassGlobalActor = superIsolation.getGlobalActor();
    auto module = classDecl->getParentModule();
    SubstitutionMap subsMap = classDecl->getDeclaredInterfaceType()
      ->getSuperclassForDecl(superclassDecl)
      ->getContextSubstitutionMap(module, superclassDecl);
    Type superclassGlobalActorInSub = superclassGlobalActor.subst(subsMap);
    if (isolation.getGlobalActor()->isEqual(superclassGlobalActorInSub))
      return false;

    break;
  }
  }

  // Complain about the mismatch.
  classDecl->diagnose(
      diag::actor_isolation_superclass_mismatch, isolation,
      classDecl->getName(), superIsolation, superclassDecl->getName());
  return true;
}

namespace {
  /// Describes the result of checking override isolation.
  enum class OverrideIsolationResult {
    /// The override is permitted.
    Allowed,
    /// The override is permitted, but requires a Sendable check.
    Sendable,
    /// The override is not permitted.
    Disallowed,
  };
}

/// Return the isolation of the declaration overridden by this declaration,
/// in the context of the
static ActorIsolation getOverriddenIsolationFor(ValueDecl *value) {
  auto overridden = value->getOverriddenDecl();
  assert(overridden && "Doesn't have an overridden declaration");

  auto isolation = getActorIsolation(overridden);
  if (!isolation.requiresSubstitution())
    return isolation;

  SubstitutionMap subs;
  if (Type selfType = value->getDeclContext()->getSelfInterfaceType()) {
    subs = selfType->getMemberSubstitutionMap(
        value->getModuleContext(), overridden);
  }
  return isolation.subst(subs);
}

static ConcreteDeclRef getDeclRefInContext(ValueDecl *value) {
  auto declContext = value->getInnermostDeclContext();
  if (auto genericEnv = declContext->getGenericEnvironmentOfContext()) {
    return ConcreteDeclRef(
        value, genericEnv->getForwardingSubstitutionMap());
  }

  return ConcreteDeclRef(value);
}

/// Generally speaking, the isolation of the decl that overrides
/// must match the overridden decl. But there are a number of exceptions,
/// e.g., the decl that overrides can be nonisolated.
/// \param isolation the isolation of the overriding declaration.
static OverrideIsolationResult validOverrideIsolation(
    ValueDecl *value, ActorIsolation isolation,
    ValueDecl *overridden, ActorIsolation overriddenIsolation) {
  ConcreteDeclRef valueRef = getDeclRefInContext(value);
  auto declContext = value->getInnermostDeclContext();

  auto refResult = ActorReferenceResult::forReference(
      valueRef, SourceLoc(), declContext, None, None,
      isolation, overriddenIsolation);
  switch (refResult) {
  case ActorReferenceResult::SameConcurrencyDomain:
    return OverrideIsolationResult::Allowed;

  case ActorReferenceResult::ExitsActorToNonisolated:
    return OverrideIsolationResult::Sendable;

  case ActorReferenceResult::EntersActor:
    // It's okay to enter the actor when the overridden declaration is
    // asynchronous (because it will do the switch) or is accessible from
    // anywhere.
    if (isAsyncDecl(overridden) ||
        isAccessibleAcrossActors(
            overridden, refResult.isolation, declContext)) {
      return OverrideIsolationResult::Sendable;
    }

    // If the overridden declaration is from Objective-C with no actor
    // annotation, allow it.
    if (overridden->hasClangNode() && !overriddenIsolation)
      return OverrideIsolationResult::Allowed;

    return OverrideIsolationResult::Disallowed;
  }
}

/// Retrieve the index of the first isolated parameter of the given
/// declaration, if there is one.
static Optional<unsigned> getIsolatedParamIndex(ValueDecl *value) {
  auto params = getParameterList(value);
  if (!params)
    return None;

  for (unsigned paramIdx : range(params->size())) {
    auto param = params->get(paramIdx);
    if (param->isIsolated())
      return paramIdx;
  }

  return None;
}

/// Verifies rules about `isolated` parameters for the given decl. There is more
/// checking about these in TypeChecker::checkParameterList.
///
/// This function is focused on rules that apply when it's a declaration with
/// an isolated parameter, rather than some generic parameter list in a
/// DeclContext.
///
/// This function assumes the value already contains an isolated parameter.
static void checkDeclWithIsolatedParameter(ValueDecl *value) {
  // assume there is an isolated parameter.
  assert(getIsolatedParamIndex(value));

  // Suggest removing global-actor attributes written on it, as its ignored.
  if (auto attr = value->getGlobalActorAttr()) {
    if (!attr->first->isImplicit()) {
      value->diagnose(diag::isolated_parameter_combined_global_actor_attr,
                      value->getDescriptiveKind())
          .fixItRemove(attr->first->getRangeWithAt())
          .warnUntilSwiftVersion(6);
    }
  }

  // Suggest removing `nonisolated` as it is also ignored
  if (auto attr = value->getAttrs().getAttribute<NonisolatedAttr>()) {
    if (!attr->isImplicit()) {
      value->diagnose(diag::isolated_parameter_combined_nonisolated,
                      value->getDescriptiveKind())
          .fixItRemove(attr->getRangeWithAt())
          .warnUntilSwiftVersion(6);
    }
  }
}

ActorIsolation ActorIsolationRequest::evaluate(
    Evaluator &evaluator, ValueDecl *value) const {
  // If this declaration has actor-isolated "self", it's isolated to that
  // actor.
  if (evaluateOrDefault(evaluator, HasIsolatedSelfRequest{value}, false)) {
    auto actor = value->getDeclContext()->getSelfNominalTypeDecl();
    assert(actor && "could not find the actor that 'self' is isolated to");
    return ActorIsolation::forActorInstanceSelf(actor);
  }

  // If this declaration has an isolated parameter, it's isolated to that
  // parameter.
  if (auto paramIdx = getIsolatedParamIndex(value)) {
    checkDeclWithIsolatedParameter(value);

    // FIXME: This doesn't allow us to find an Actor or DistributedActor
    // bound on the parameter type effectively.
    auto param = getParameterList(value)->get(*paramIdx);
    Type paramType = param->getInterfaceType();
    if (paramType->isTypeParameter()) {
      paramType = param->getDeclContext()->mapTypeIntoContext(paramType);
    }

    if (auto actor = paramType->getAnyActor())
      return ActorIsolation::forActorInstanceParameter(actor, *paramIdx);
  }

  auto isolationFromAttr = getIsolationFromAttributes(value);
  if (FuncDecl *fd = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(value)) {
    // Main.main() and Main.$main are implicitly MainActor-protected.
    // Any other isolation is an error.
    Optional<ActorIsolation> mainIsolation =
        getActorIsolationForMainFuncDecl(fd);
    if (mainIsolation) {
      if (isolationFromAttr && isolationFromAttr->isGlobalActor()) {
        if (!areTypesEqual(isolationFromAttr->getGlobalActor(),
                           mainIsolation->getGlobalActor())) {
          fd->getASTContext().Diags.diagnose(
              fd->getLoc(), diag::main_function_must_be_mainActor);
        }
      }
      return *mainIsolation;
    }
  }
  // If this declaration has one of the actor isolation attributes, report
  // that.
  if (isolationFromAttr) {
    // Classes with global actors have additional rules regarding inheritance.
    if (isolationFromAttr->isGlobalActor()) {
      if (auto classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(value))
        checkClassGlobalActorIsolation(classDecl, *isolationFromAttr);
    }

    return *isolationFromAttr;
  }

  // Determine the default isolation for this declaration, which may still be
  // overridden by other inference rules.
  ActorIsolation defaultIsolation = ActorIsolation::forUnspecified();

  if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(value)) {
    // A @Sendable function is assumed to be actor-independent.
    if (func->isSendable()) {
      defaultIsolation = ActorIsolation::forIndependent();
    }
  }

  // When no other isolation applies, an actor's non-async init is independent
  if (auto nominal = value->getDeclContext()->getSelfNominalTypeDecl())
    if (nominal->isAnyActor())
      if (auto ctor = dyn_cast<ConstructorDecl>(value))
        if (!ctor->hasAsync())
          defaultIsolation = ActorIsolation::forIndependent();

  // Look for and remember the overridden declaration's isolation.
  Optional<ActorIsolation> overriddenIso;
  ValueDecl *overriddenValue = value->getOverriddenDecl();
  if (overriddenValue) {
    // use the overridden decl's iso as the default isolation for this decl.
    defaultIsolation = getOverriddenIsolationFor(value);
    overriddenIso = defaultIsolation;
  }

  // Function used when returning an inferred isolation.
  auto inferredIsolation = [&](
      ActorIsolation inferred, bool onlyGlobal = false) {
    // check if the inferred isolation is valid in the context of
    // its overridden isolation.
    if (overriddenValue) {
      // if the inferred isolation is not valid, then carry-over the overridden
      // declaration's isolation as this decl's inferred isolation.
      switch (validOverrideIsolation(
                  value, inferred, overriddenValue, *overriddenIso)) {
      case OverrideIsolationResult::Allowed:
      case OverrideIsolationResult::Sendable:
        break;

      case OverrideIsolationResult::Disallowed:
        inferred = *overriddenIso;
        break;
      }
    }

    // Add an implicit attribute to capture the actor isolation that was
    // inferred, so that (e.g.) it will be printed and serialized.
    ASTContext &ctx = value->getASTContext();
    switch (inferred) {
    case ActorIsolation::Independent:
      // Stored properties cannot be non-isolated, so don't infer it.
      if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(value)) {
        if (!var->isStatic() && var->hasStorage())
          return ActorIsolation::forUnspecified()
                    .withPreconcurrency(inferred.preconcurrency());
      }


      if (onlyGlobal)
        return ActorIsolation::forUnspecified()
                  .withPreconcurrency(inferred.preconcurrency());

      value->getAttrs().add(new (ctx) NonisolatedAttr(/*IsImplicit=*/true));
      break;

    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor: {
      // Stored properties of a struct don't need global-actor isolation.
      if (ctx.isSwiftVersionAtLeast(6))
        if (auto *var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(value))
          if (!var->isStatic() && var->isOrdinaryStoredProperty())
            if (auto *varDC = var->getDeclContext())
              if (auto *nominal = varDC->getSelfNominalTypeDecl())
                if (isa<StructDecl>(nominal) &&
                    !isWrappedValueOfPropWrapper(var))
                  return ActorIsolation::forUnspecified()
                              .withPreconcurrency(inferred.preconcurrency());

      auto typeExpr = TypeExpr::createImplicit(inferred.getGlobalActor(), ctx);
      auto attr = CustomAttr::create(
          ctx, SourceLoc(), typeExpr, /*implicit=*/true);
      if (inferred == ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe)
        attr->setArgIsUnsafe(true);
      value->getAttrs().add(attr);
      break;
    }

    case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
    case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
      if (onlyGlobal)
        return ActorIsolation::forUnspecified()
                    .withPreconcurrency(inferred.preconcurrency());

      // Nothing to do.
      break;
    }

    return inferred;
  };

  // If this is a local function, inherit the actor isolation from its
  // context if it global or was captured.
  if (auto func = dyn_cast<FuncDecl>(value)) {
    if (func->isLocalCapture() && !func->isSendable()) {
      switch (auto enclosingIsolation =
                  getActorIsolationOfContext(func->getDeclContext())) {
      case ActorIsolation::Independent:
      case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
        // Do nothing.
        break;

      case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
        if (auto param = func->getCaptureInfo().getIsolatedParamCapture())
          return inferredIsolation(enclosingIsolation);
        break;

      case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
      case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
        return inferredIsolation(enclosingIsolation);
      }
    }
  }

  // If this is an accessor, use the actor isolation of its storage
  // declaration.
  if (auto accessor = dyn_cast<AccessorDecl>(value)) {
    return getActorIsolation(accessor->getStorage());
  }

  if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(value)) {
    if (var->isTopLevelGlobal() &&
        (var->getASTContext().LangOpts.StrictConcurrencyLevel >=
             StrictConcurrency::Complete ||
         var->getDeclContext()->isAsyncContext())) {
      if (Type mainActor = var->getASTContext().getMainActorType())
        return inferredIsolation(
            ActorIsolation::forGlobalActor(mainActor,
                                           /*unsafe=*/var->preconcurrency()));
    }
    if (auto isolation = getActorIsolationFromWrappedProperty(var))
      return inferredIsolation(isolation);
  }

  // If this is a dynamic replacement for another function, use the
  // actor isolation of the function it replaces.
  if (auto replacedDecl = value->getDynamicallyReplacedDecl()) {
    if (auto isolation = getActorIsolation(replacedDecl))
      return inferredIsolation(isolation);
  }

  if (shouldInferAttributeInContext(value->getDeclContext())) {
    // If the declaration witnesses a protocol requirement that is isolated,
    // use that.
    if (auto witnessedIsolation = getIsolationFromWitnessedRequirements(value)) {
      if (auto inferred = inferredIsolation(*witnessedIsolation))
        return inferred;
    }

    // If the declaration is a class with a superclass that has specified
    // isolation, use that.
    if (auto classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(value)) {
      if (auto superclassDecl = classDecl->getSuperclassDecl()) {
        auto superclassIsolation = getActorIsolation(superclassDecl);
        if (!superclassIsolation.isUnspecified()) {
          if (superclassIsolation.requiresSubstitution()) {
            Type superclassType = classDecl->getSuperclass();
            if (!superclassType)
              return ActorIsolation::forUnspecified();

            SubstitutionMap subs = superclassType->getMemberSubstitutionMap(
                classDecl->getModuleContext(), classDecl);
            superclassIsolation = superclassIsolation.subst(subs);
          }

          if (auto inferred = inferredIsolation(superclassIsolation))
            return inferred;
        }
      }
    }

    if (auto nominal = dyn_cast<NominalTypeDecl>(value)) {
      // If the declaration is a nominal type and any of the protocols to which
      // it directly conforms is isolated to a global actor, use that.
      if (auto conformanceIsolation = getIsolationFromConformances(nominal))
        if (auto inferred = inferredIsolation(*conformanceIsolation))
          return inferred;

      // If the declaration is a nominal type and any property wrappers on
      // its stored properties require isolation, use that.
      if (auto wrapperIsolation = getIsolationFromWrappers(nominal)) {
        if (auto inferred = inferredIsolation(*wrapperIsolation))
          return inferred;
      }
    }
  }

  // Infer isolation for a member.
  if (auto memberPropagation = getMemberIsolationPropagation(value)) {
    // If were only allowed to propagate global actors, do so.
    bool onlyGlobal =
        *memberPropagation == MemberIsolationPropagation::GlobalActor;

    // If the declaration is in an extension that has one of the isolation
    // attributes, use that.
    if (auto ext = dyn_cast<ExtensionDecl>(value->getDeclContext())) {
      if (auto isolationFromAttr = getIsolationFromAttributes(ext)) {
        return inferredIsolation(*isolationFromAttr, onlyGlobal);
      }
    }

    // If the declaration is in a nominal type (or extension thereof) that
    // has isolation, use that.
    if (auto selfTypeDecl = value->getDeclContext()->getSelfNominalTypeDecl()) {
      if (auto selfTypeIsolation = getActorIsolation(selfTypeDecl))
        return inferredIsolation(selfTypeIsolation, onlyGlobal);
    }
  }

  // @IBAction implies @MainActor(unsafe).
  if (value->getAttrs().hasAttribute<IBActionAttr>()) {
    ASTContext &ctx = value->getASTContext();
    if (Type mainActor = ctx.getMainActorType()) {
      return inferredIsolation(
          ActorIsolation::forGlobalActor(mainActor, /*unsafe=*/true));
    }
  }

  // Default isolation for this member.
  return defaultIsolation;
}

bool HasIsolatedSelfRequest::evaluate(
    Evaluator &evaluator, ValueDecl *value) const {
  // Only ever applies to members of actors.
  auto dc = value->getDeclContext();
  auto selfTypeDecl = dc->getSelfNominalTypeDecl();
  if (!selfTypeDecl || !selfTypeDecl->isAnyActor())
    return false;

  // For accessors, consider the storage declaration.
  if (auto accessor = dyn_cast<AccessorDecl>(value)) {
    value = accessor->getStorage();
  }

  // If there is an isolated parameter, then "self" is not isolated.
  if (getIsolatedParamIndex(value))
    return false;

  // Check whether this member can be isolated to an actor at all.
  auto memberIsolation = getMemberIsolationPropagation(value);
  if (!memberIsolation)
    return false;

  switch (*memberIsolation) {
  case MemberIsolationPropagation::GlobalActor:
    return false;

  case MemberIsolationPropagation::AnyIsolation:
    break;
  }

  // Check whether the default isolation was overridden by any attributes on
  // this declaration.
  if (getIsolationFromAttributes(value))
    return false;

  // ... or its extension context.
  if (auto ext = dyn_cast<ExtensionDecl>(dc)) {
    if (getIsolationFromAttributes(ext))
      return false;
  }

  // If this is a variable, check for a property wrapper that alters its
  // isolation.
  if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(value)) {
    switch (auto isolation = getActorIsolationFromWrappedProperty(var)) {
    case ActorIsolation::Independent:
    case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
      break;

    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
      return false;

    case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
      if (isolation.getActor() != selfTypeDecl)
        return false;
      break;
    }
  }

  if (auto ctor = dyn_cast<ConstructorDecl>(value)) {
    // When no other isolation applies to an actor's constructor,
    // then it is isolated only if it is async.
    if (!ctor->hasAsync())
      return false;
  }

  return true;
}

void swift::checkOverrideActorIsolation(ValueDecl *value) {
  if (isa<TypeDecl>(value))
    return;

  auto overridden = value->getOverriddenDecl();
  if (!overridden)
    return;

  // Determine the actor isolation of the overriding function.
  auto isolation = getActorIsolation(value);
  
  // Determine the actor isolation of the overridden function.
  auto overriddenIsolation = getOverriddenIsolationFor(value);
  switch (validOverrideIsolation(
              value, isolation, overridden, overriddenIsolation)) {
  case OverrideIsolationResult::Allowed:
    return;

  case OverrideIsolationResult::Sendable:
    diagnoseNonSendableTypesInReference(
        getDeclRefInContext(value), value->getInnermostDeclContext(),
        value->getLoc(), SendableCheckReason::Override);
    return;

  case OverrideIsolationResult::Disallowed:
    // Diagnose below.
    break;
  }

  // Isolation mismatch. Diagnose it.
  DiagnosticBehavior behavior = DiagnosticBehavior::Unspecified;
  if (overridden->hasClangNode() && !overriddenIsolation) {
    behavior = SendableCheckContext(value->getInnermostDeclContext())
        .defaultDiagnosticBehavior();
  }

  value->diagnose(
      diag::actor_isolation_override_mismatch, isolation,
      value->getDescriptiveKind(), value->getName(), overriddenIsolation)
    .limitBehavior(behavior);
  overridden->diagnose(diag::overridden_here);
}

bool swift::contextRequiresStrictConcurrencyChecking(
    const DeclContext *dc,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(const AbstractClosureExpr *)> getType,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(const ClosureExpr *)> isolatedByPreconcurrency) {
  switch (dc->getASTContext().LangOpts.StrictConcurrencyLevel) {
  case StrictConcurrency::Complete:
    return true;

  case StrictConcurrency::Targeted:
  case StrictConcurrency::Minimal:
    // Check below to see if the context has adopted concurrency features.
    break;
  }

  while (!dc->isModuleScopeContext()) {
    if (auto closure = dyn_cast<AbstractClosureExpr>(dc)) {
      // A closure with an explicit global actor, async, or Sendable
      // uses concurrency features.
      if (auto explicitClosure = dyn_cast<ClosureExpr>(closure)) {
        if (getExplicitGlobalActor(const_cast<ClosureExpr *>(explicitClosure)))
          return true;

        // Don't take any more cues if this only got its type information by
        // being provided to a `@preconcurrency` operation.
        if (isolatedByPreconcurrency(explicitClosure)) {
          dc = dc->getParent();
          continue;
        }

        if (auto type = getType(closure)) {
          if (auto fnType = type->getAs<AnyFunctionType>())
            if (fnType->isAsync() || fnType->isSendable())
              return true;
        }
      }

      // Async and @Sendable closures use concurrency features.
      if (closure->isBodyAsync() || closure->isSendable())
        return true;
    } else if (auto decl = dc->getAsDecl()) {
      // If any isolation attributes are present, we're using concurrency
      // features.
      if (hasExplicitIsolationAttribute(decl))
        return true;

      if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)) {
        // Async and concurrent functions use concurrency features.
        if (func->hasAsync() || func->isSendable())
          return true;

        // If we're in an accessor declaration, also check the storage
        // declaration.
        if (auto accessor = dyn_cast<AccessorDecl>(decl)) {
          if (hasExplicitIsolationAttribute(accessor->getStorage()))
            return true;
        }
      }
    }

    // If we're in an actor, we're using concurrency features.
    if (auto nominal = dc->getSelfNominalTypeDecl()) {
      if (nominal->isActor())
        return true;
    }

    // Keep looking.
    dc = dc->getParent();
  }

  return false;
}

namespace {
  /// Visit the instance storage of the given nominal type as seen through
  /// the given declaration context.
  ///
  /// \param visitor Called with each (stored property, property type) pair
  /// for classes/structs and with each (enum element, associated value type)
  /// pair for enums.
  ///
  /// \returns \c true if any call to the \c visitor returns \c true, and
  /// \c false otherwise.
  template<typename Visitor>
  bool visitInstanceStorage(
      NominalTypeDecl *nominal, DeclContext *dc, Visitor &visitor) {
    // Walk the stored properties of classes and structs.
    if (isa<StructDecl>(nominal) || isa<ClassDecl>(nominal)) {
      for (auto property : nominal->getStoredProperties()) {
        auto propertyType = dc->mapTypeIntoContext(property->getInterfaceType())
            ->getRValueType()->getReferenceStorageReferent();
        if (visitor(property, propertyType))
          return true;
      }

      return false;
    }

    // Walk the enum elements that have associated values.
    if (auto enumDecl = dyn_cast<EnumDecl>(nominal)) {
      for (auto caseDecl : enumDecl->getAllCases()) {
        for (auto element : caseDecl->getElements()) {
          if (!element->hasAssociatedValues())
            continue;

          // Check that the associated value type is Sendable.
          auto elementType = dc->mapTypeIntoContext(
              element->getArgumentInterfaceType());
          if (visitor(element, elementType))
            return true;
        }
      }

      return false;
    }

    return false;
  }
}

/// Check the instance storage of the given nominal type to verify whether
/// it is comprised only of Sendable instance storage.
static bool checkSendableInstanceStorage(
    NominalTypeDecl *nominal, DeclContext *dc, SendableCheck check) {
  // Stored properties of structs and classes must have
  // Sendable-conforming types.
  struct Visitor {
    bool invalid = false;
    NominalTypeDecl *nominal;
    DeclContext *dc;
    SendableCheck check;
    const LangOptions &langOpts;

    Visitor(NominalTypeDecl *nominal, DeclContext *dc, SendableCheck check)
      : nominal(nominal), dc(dc), check(check),
        langOpts(nominal->getASTContext().LangOpts) { }

    /// Handle a stored property.
    bool operator()(VarDecl *property, Type propertyType) {
      // Classes with mutable properties are not Sendable.
      if (property->supportsMutation() && isa<ClassDecl>(nominal)) {
        if (isImplicitSendableCheck(check)) {
          invalid = true;
          return true;
        }

        auto behavior = SendableCheckContext(
            dc, check).defaultDiagnosticBehavior();
        if (behavior != DiagnosticBehavior::Ignore) {
          property->diagnose(diag::concurrent_value_class_mutable_property,
                             property->getName(), nominal->getDescriptiveKind(),
                             nominal->getName())
              .limitBehavior(behavior);
        }
        invalid = invalid || (behavior == DiagnosticBehavior::Unspecified);
        return true;
      }

      // Check that the property type is Sendable.
      diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
          propertyType, SendableCheckContext(dc, check), property->getLoc(),
          [&](Type type, DiagnosticBehavior behavior) {
            if (isImplicitSendableCheck(check)) {
              // If this is for an externally-visible conformance, fail.
              if (check == SendableCheck::ImplicitForExternallyVisible) {
                invalid = true;
                return true;
              }

              // If we are to ignore this diagnostic, just continue.
              if (behavior == DiagnosticBehavior::Ignore)
                return false;

              invalid = true;
              return true;
            }

            property->diagnose(diag::non_concurrent_type_member,
                               propertyType, false, property->getName(),
                               nominal->getDescriptiveKind(),
                               nominal->getName())
                .limitBehavior(behavior);
            return false;
          });

      if (invalid) {
        // For implicit checks, bail out early if anything failed.
        if (isImplicitSendableCheck(check))
          return true;
      }

      return false;
    }

    /// Handle an enum associated value.
    bool operator()(EnumElementDecl *element, Type elementType) {
      diagnoseNonSendableTypes(
          elementType, SendableCheckContext(dc, check), element->getLoc(),
          [&](Type type, DiagnosticBehavior behavior) {
            if (isImplicitSendableCheck(check)) {
              // If this is for an externally-visible conformance, fail.
              if (check == SendableCheck::ImplicitForExternallyVisible) {
                invalid = true;
                return true;
              }

              // If we are to ignore this diagnostic, just continue.
              if (behavior == DiagnosticBehavior::Ignore)
                return false;

              invalid = true;
              return true;
            }

            element->diagnose(diag::non_concurrent_type_member, type,
                              true, element->getName(),
                              nominal->getDescriptiveKind(),
                              nominal->getName())
                .limitBehavior(behavior);
            return false;
          });

      if (invalid) {
        // For implicit checks, bail out early if anything failed.
        if (isImplicitSendableCheck(check))
          return true;
      }

      return false;
    }
  } visitor(nominal, dc, check);

  return visitInstanceStorage(nominal, dc, visitor) || visitor.invalid;
}

bool swift::checkSendableConformance(
    ProtocolConformance *conformance, SendableCheck check) {
  auto conformanceDC = conformance->getDeclContext();
  auto nominal = conformance->getType()->getAnyNominal();
  if (!nominal)
    return false;

  // If this is an always-unavailable conformance, there's nothing to check.
  if (auto ext = dyn_cast<ExtensionDecl>(conformanceDC)) {
    if (AvailableAttr::isUnavailable(ext))
      return false;
  }

  auto classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(nominal);
  if (classDecl) {
    // Actors implicitly conform to Sendable and protect their state.
    if (classDecl->isActor())
      return false;
  }

  // Global-actor-isolated types can be Sendable. We do not check the
  // instance data because it's all isolated to the global actor.
  switch (getActorIsolation(nominal)) {
  case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
  case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
  case ActorIsolation::Independent:
    break;

  case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
  case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
    return false;
  }

  // Sendable can only be used in the same source file.
  auto conformanceDecl = conformanceDC->getAsDecl();
  auto behavior = SendableCheckContext(conformanceDC, check)
      .defaultDiagnosticBehavior();
  if (conformanceDC->getParentSourceFile() &&
      conformanceDC->getParentSourceFile() != nominal->getParentSourceFile()) {
    conformanceDecl->diagnose(diag::concurrent_value_outside_source_file,
                              nominal->getDescriptiveKind(),
                              nominal->getName())
      .limitBehavior(behavior);

    if (behavior == DiagnosticBehavior::Unspecified)
      return true;
  }

  if (classDecl && classDecl->getParentSourceFile()) {
    bool isInherited = isa<InheritedProtocolConformance>(conformance);

    // An non-final class cannot conform to `Sendable`.
    if (!classDecl->isSemanticallyFinal()) {
      classDecl->diagnose(diag::concurrent_value_nonfinal_class,
                          classDecl->getName())
        .limitBehavior(behavior);

      if (behavior == DiagnosticBehavior::Unspecified)
        return true;
    }

    if (!isInherited) {
      // A 'Sendable' class cannot inherit from another class, although
      // we allow `NSObject` for Objective-C interoperability.
      if (auto superclassDecl = classDecl->getSuperclassDecl()) {
        if (!superclassDecl->isNSObject()) {
          classDecl->diagnose(
              diag::concurrent_value_inherit,
              nominal->getASTContext().LangOpts.EnableObjCInterop,
              classDecl->getName());
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return checkSendableInstanceStorage(nominal, conformanceDC, check);
}

/// Add "unavailable" attributes to the given extension.
static void addUnavailableAttrs(ExtensionDecl *ext, NominalTypeDecl *nominal) {
  ASTContext &ctx = nominal->getASTContext();
  llvm::VersionTuple noVersion;

  // Add platform-version-specific @available attributes. Search from nominal
  // type declaration through its enclosing declarations to find the first one
  // with platform-specific attributes.
  for (Decl *enclosing = nominal;
       enclosing;
       enclosing = enclosing->getDeclContext()
           ? enclosing->getDeclContext()->getAsDecl()
           : nullptr) {
    bool anyPlatformSpecificAttrs = false;
    for (auto available: enclosing->getAttrs().getAttributes<AvailableAttr>()) {
      if (available->Platform == PlatformKind::none)
        continue;

      auto attr = new (ctx) AvailableAttr(
          SourceLoc(), SourceRange(),
          available->Platform,
          available->Message,
          "", nullptr,
          available->Introduced.value_or(noVersion), SourceRange(),
          available->Deprecated.value_or(noVersion), SourceRange(),
          available->Obsoleted.value_or(noVersion), SourceRange(),
          PlatformAgnosticAvailabilityKind::Unavailable,
          /*implicit=*/true,
          available->IsSPI);
      ext->getAttrs().add(attr);
      anyPlatformSpecificAttrs = true;
    }

    // If we found any platform-specific availability attributes, we're done.
    if (anyPlatformSpecificAttrs)
      break;
  }

  // Add the blanket "unavailable".

  auto attr = new (ctx) AvailableAttr(SourceLoc(), SourceRange(),
                                      PlatformKind::none, "", "", nullptr,
                                      noVersion, SourceRange(),
                                      noVersion, SourceRange(),
                                      noVersion, SourceRange(),
                                      PlatformAgnosticAvailabilityKind::Unavailable,
                                      false,
                                      false);
  ext->getAttrs().add(attr);
}

ProtocolConformance *GetImplicitSendableRequest::evaluate(
    Evaluator &evaluator, NominalTypeDecl *nominal) const {
  // Protocols never get implicit Sendable conformances.
  if (isa<ProtocolDecl>(nominal))
    return nullptr;

  // Actor types are always Sendable; they don't get it via this path.
  auto classDecl = dyn_cast<ClassDecl>(nominal);
  if (classDecl && classDecl->isActor())
    return nullptr;

  // Check whether we can infer conformance at all.
  if (auto *file = dyn_cast<FileUnit>(nominal->getModuleScopeContext())) {
    switch (file->getKind()) {
    case FileUnitKind::Source:
      // Check what kind of source file we have.
      if (auto sourceFile = nominal->getParentSourceFile()) {
        switch (sourceFile->Kind) {
        case SourceFileKind::Interface:
          // Interfaces have explicitly called-out Sendable conformances.
          return nullptr;

        case SourceFileKind::Library:
        case SourceFileKind::MacroExpansion:
        case SourceFileKind::Main:
        case SourceFileKind::SIL:
          break;
        }
      }
      break;

    case FileUnitKind::Builtin:
    case FileUnitKind::SerializedAST:
    case FileUnitKind::Synthesized:
      // Explicitly-handled modules don't infer Sendable conformances.
      return nullptr;

    case FileUnitKind::ClangModule:
    case FileUnitKind::DWARFModule:
      // Infer conformances for imported modules.
      break;
    }
  } else {
    return nullptr;
  }

  ASTContext &ctx = nominal->getASTContext();
  auto proto = ctx.getProtocol(KnownProtocolKind::Sendable);
  if (!proto)
    return nullptr;

  // Local function to form the implicit conformance.
  auto formConformance = [&](const DeclAttribute *attrMakingUnavailable)
        -> NormalProtocolConformance * {
    DeclContext *conformanceDC = nominal;
    if (attrMakingUnavailable) {
      // Conformance availability is currently tied to the declaring extension.
      // FIXME: This is a hack--we should give conformances real availability.
      auto inherits = ctx.AllocateCopy(makeArrayRef(
          InheritedEntry(TypeLoc::withoutLoc(proto->getDeclaredInterfaceType()),
                         /*isUnchecked*/true)));
      // If you change the use of AtLoc in the ExtensionDecl, make sure you
      // update isNonSendableExtension() in ASTPrinter.
      auto extension = ExtensionDecl::create(ctx, attrMakingUnavailable->AtLoc,
                                             nullptr, inherits,
                                             nominal->getModuleScopeContext(),
                                             nullptr);
      extension->setImplicit();
      addUnavailableAttrs(extension, nominal);

      ctx.evaluator.cacheOutput(ExtendedTypeRequest{extension},
                                nominal->getDeclaredType());
      ctx.evaluator.cacheOutput(ExtendedNominalRequest{extension},
                                std::move(nominal));
      nominal->addExtension(extension);

      // Make it accessible to getTopLevelDecls()
      if (auto file = dyn_cast<FileUnit>(nominal->getModuleScopeContext()))
        file->getOrCreateSynthesizedFile().addTopLevelDecl(extension);

      conformanceDC = extension;
    }

    auto conformance = ctx.getConformance(
        nominal->getDeclaredInterfaceType(), proto, nominal->getLoc(),
        conformanceDC, ProtocolConformanceState::Complete,
        /*isUnchecked=*/attrMakingUnavailable != nullptr);
    conformance->setSourceKindAndImplyingConformance(
        ConformanceEntryKind::Synthesized, nullptr);

    nominal->registerProtocolConformance(conformance, /*synthesized=*/true);
    return conformance;
  };

  // If this is a class, check the superclass. If it's already Sendable,
  // form an inherited conformance.
  if (classDecl) {
    if (Type superclass = classDecl->getSuperclass()) {
      auto classModule = classDecl->getParentModule();
      auto inheritedConformance = TypeChecker::conformsToProtocol(
          classDecl->mapTypeIntoContext(superclass),
          proto, classModule, /*allowMissing=*/false);
      if (inheritedConformance.hasUnavailableConformance())
        inheritedConformance = ProtocolConformanceRef::forInvalid();

      if (inheritedConformance) {
        inheritedConformance = inheritedConformance
            .mapConformanceOutOfContext();
        if (inheritedConformance.isConcrete()) {
          return ctx.getInheritedConformance(
              nominal->getDeclaredInterfaceType(),
              inheritedConformance.getConcrete());
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // A non-protocol type with a global actor is implicitly Sendable.
  if (nominal->getGlobalActorAttr()) {
    // Form the implicit conformance to Sendable.
    return formConformance(nullptr);
  }

  if (auto attr = nominal->getAttrs().getEffectiveSendableAttr()) {
    assert(!isa<SendableAttr>(attr) &&
           "Conformance should have been added by SynthesizedProtocolAttr!");
    return formConformance(cast<NonSendableAttr>(attr));
  }

  // Only structs and enums can get implicit Sendable conformances by
  // considering their instance data.
  if (!isa<StructDecl>(nominal) && !isa<EnumDecl>(nominal))
    return nullptr;

  SendableCheck check;

  // Okay to infer Sendable conformance for non-public types or when
  // specifically requested.
  if (nominal->getASTContext().LangOpts.EnableInferPublicSendable ||
      !nominal->getFormalAccessScope(
          /*useDC=*/nullptr, /*treatUsableFromInlineAsPublic=*/true)
            .isPublic()) {
    check = SendableCheck::Implicit;
  } else if (nominal->hasClangNode() ||
             nominal->getAttrs().hasAttribute<FixedLayoutAttr>() ||
             nominal->getAttrs().hasAttribute<FrozenAttr>()) {
    // @_frozen public types can also infer Sendable, but be more careful here.
    check = SendableCheck::ImplicitForExternallyVisible;
  } else {
    // No inference.
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Check the instance storage for Sendable conformance.
  if (checkSendableInstanceStorage(nominal, nominal, check))
    return nullptr;

  return formConformance(nullptr);
}

/// Apply @Sendable and/or @MainActor to the given parameter type.
static Type applyUnsafeConcurrencyToParameterType(
    Type type, bool sendable, bool mainActor) {
  if (Type objectType = type->getOptionalObjectType()) {
    return OptionalType::get(
        applyUnsafeConcurrencyToParameterType(objectType, sendable, mainActor));
  }

  auto fnType = type->getAs<FunctionType>();
  if (!fnType)
    return type;

  Type globalActor;
  if (mainActor)
    globalActor = type->getASTContext().getMainActorType();

  return fnType->withExtInfo(fnType->getExtInfo()
                               .withConcurrent(sendable)
                               .withGlobalActor(globalActor));
}

/// Determine whether the given name is that of a DispatchQueue operation that
/// takes a closure to be executed on the queue.
bool swift::isDispatchQueueOperationName(StringRef name) {
  return llvm::StringSwitch<bool>(name)
    .Case("sync", true)
    .Case("async", true)
    .Case("asyncAndWait", true)
    .Case("asyncAfter", true)
    .Case("concurrentPerform", true)
    .Default(false);
}

/// Determine whether this function is implicitly known to have its
/// parameters of function type be @_unsafeSendable.
///
/// This hard-codes knowledge of a number of functions that will
/// eventually have @_unsafeSendable and, eventually, @Sendable,
/// on their parameters of function type.
static bool hasKnownUnsafeSendableFunctionParams(AbstractFunctionDecl *func) {
  auto nominal = func->getDeclContext()->getSelfNominalTypeDecl();
  if (!nominal)
    return false;

  // DispatchQueue operations.
  auto nominalName = nominal->getName().str();
  if (nominalName == "DispatchQueue") {
    auto name = func->getBaseName().userFacingName();
    return isDispatchQueueOperationName(name);
  }

  return false;
}

Type swift::adjustVarTypeForConcurrency(
    Type type, VarDecl *var, DeclContext *dc,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(const AbstractClosureExpr *)> getType,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(const ClosureExpr *)> isolatedByPreconcurrency) {
  if (!var->preconcurrency())
    return type;

  if (contextRequiresStrictConcurrencyChecking(
          dc, getType, isolatedByPreconcurrency))
    return type;

  bool isLValue = false;
  if (auto *lvalueType = type->getAs<LValueType>()) {
    type = lvalueType->getObjectType();
    isLValue = true;
  }

  type = type->stripConcurrency(/*recurse=*/false, /*dropGlobalActor=*/true);

  if (isLValue)
    type = LValueType::get(type);

  return type;
}

/// Adjust a function type for @_unsafeSendable, @_unsafeMainActor, and
/// @preconcurrency.
static AnyFunctionType *applyUnsafeConcurrencyToFunctionType(
    AnyFunctionType *fnType, ValueDecl *decl,
    bool inConcurrencyContext, unsigned numApplies, bool isMainDispatchQueue) {
  // Functions/subscripts/enum elements have function types to adjust.
  auto func = dyn_cast_or_null<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl);
  auto subscript = dyn_cast_or_null<SubscriptDecl>(decl);

  if (!func && !subscript)
    return fnType;

  AnyFunctionType *outerFnType = nullptr;
  if ((subscript && numApplies > 1) || (func && func->hasImplicitSelfDecl())) {
    outerFnType = fnType;
    fnType = outerFnType->getResult()->castTo<AnyFunctionType>();

    if (numApplies > 0)
      --numApplies;
  }

  SmallVector<AnyFunctionType::Param, 4> newTypeParams;
  auto typeParams = fnType->getParams();
  auto paramDecls = func ? func->getParameters() : subscript->getIndices();
  assert(typeParams.size() == paramDecls->size());
  bool knownUnsafeParams = func && hasKnownUnsafeSendableFunctionParams(func);
  bool stripConcurrency =
      decl->preconcurrency() && !inConcurrencyContext;
  for (unsigned index : indices(typeParams)) {
    auto param = typeParams[index];

    // Determine whether the resulting parameter should be @Sendable or
    // @MainActor. @Sendable occurs only in concurrency contents, while
    // @MainActor occurs in concurrency contexts or those where we have an
    // application.
    bool addSendable = knownUnsafeParams && inConcurrencyContext;
    bool addMainActor =
        (isMainDispatchQueue && knownUnsafeParams) &&
        (inConcurrencyContext || numApplies >= 1);
    Type newParamType = param.getPlainType();
    if (addSendable || addMainActor) {
      newParamType = applyUnsafeConcurrencyToParameterType(
        param.getPlainType(), addSendable, addMainActor);
    } else if (stripConcurrency && numApplies == 0) {
      newParamType = param.getPlainType()->stripConcurrency(
          /*recurse=*/false, /*dropGlobalActor=*/numApplies == 0);
    }

    if (!newParamType || newParamType->isEqual(param.getPlainType())) {
      // If any prior parameter has changed, record this one.
      if (!newTypeParams.empty())
        newTypeParams.push_back(param);

      continue;
    }

    // If this is the first parameter to have changed, copy all of the others
    // over.
    if (newTypeParams.empty()) {
      newTypeParams.append(typeParams.begin(), typeParams.begin() + index);
    }

    // Transform the parameter type.
    newTypeParams.push_back(param.withType(newParamType));
  }

  // Compute the new result type.
  Type newResultType = fnType->getResult();
  if (stripConcurrency) {
    newResultType = newResultType->stripConcurrency(
        /*recurse=*/false, /*dropGlobalActor=*/true);

    if (!newResultType->isEqual(fnType->getResult()) && newTypeParams.empty()) {
      newTypeParams.append(typeParams.begin(), typeParams.end());
    }
  }

  // If we didn't change any parameters, we're done.
  if (newTypeParams.empty() && newResultType->isEqual(fnType->getResult())) {
    return outerFnType ? outerFnType : fnType;
  }

  // Rebuild the (inner) function type.
  fnType = FunctionType::get(
      newTypeParams, newResultType, fnType->getExtInfo());

  if (!outerFnType)
    return fnType;

  // Rebuild the outer function type.
  if (auto genericFnType = dyn_cast<GenericFunctionType>(outerFnType)) {
    return GenericFunctionType::get(
        genericFnType->getGenericSignature(), outerFnType->getParams(),
        Type(fnType), outerFnType->getExtInfo());
  }

  return FunctionType::get(
      outerFnType->getParams(), Type(fnType), outerFnType->getExtInfo());
}

AnyFunctionType *swift::adjustFunctionTypeForConcurrency(
    AnyFunctionType *fnType, ValueDecl *decl, DeclContext *dc,
    unsigned numApplies, bool isMainDispatchQueue,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(const AbstractClosureExpr *)> getType,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(const ClosureExpr *)> isolatedByPreconcurrency,
    llvm::function_ref<Type(Type)> openType) {
  // Apply unsafe concurrency features to the given function type.
  bool strictChecking = contextRequiresStrictConcurrencyChecking(
      dc, getType, isolatedByPreconcurrency);
  fnType = applyUnsafeConcurrencyToFunctionType(
      fnType, decl, strictChecking, numApplies, isMainDispatchQueue);

  Type globalActorType;
  if (decl) {
    switch (auto isolation = getActorIsolation(decl)) {
    case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
    case ActorIsolation::Independent:
    case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
      return fnType;

    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
      // Only treat as global-actor-qualified within code that has adopted
      // Swift Concurrency features.
      if (!strictChecking)
        return fnType;

      LLVM_FALLTHROUGH;

    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
      globalActorType = openType(isolation.getGlobalActor());
      break;
    }
  }

  // If there's no implicit "self" declaration, apply the global actor to
  // the outermost function type.
  bool hasImplicitSelfDecl = decl && (isa<EnumElementDecl>(decl) ||
      (isa<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl) &&
       cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl)->hasImplicitSelfDecl()));
  if (!hasImplicitSelfDecl) {
    return fnType->withExtInfo(
        fnType->getExtInfo().withGlobalActor(globalActorType));
  }

  // Dig out the inner function type.
  auto innerFnType = fnType->getResult()->getAs<AnyFunctionType>();
  if (!innerFnType)
    return fnType;

  // Update the inner function type with the global actor.
  innerFnType = innerFnType->withExtInfo(
      innerFnType->getExtInfo().withGlobalActor(globalActorType));

  // Rebuild the outer function type around it.
  if (auto genericFnType = dyn_cast<GenericFunctionType>(fnType)) {
    return GenericFunctionType::get(
        genericFnType->getGenericSignature(), fnType->getParams(),
        Type(innerFnType), fnType->getExtInfo());
  }

  return FunctionType::get(
      fnType->getParams(), Type(innerFnType), fnType->getExtInfo());
}

bool swift::completionContextUsesConcurrencyFeatures(const DeclContext *dc) {
  return contextRequiresStrictConcurrencyChecking(
      dc, [](const AbstractClosureExpr *) {
        return Type();
      },
    [](const ClosureExpr *closure) {
      return closure->isIsolatedByPreconcurrency();
    });
}

AbstractFunctionDecl const *swift::isActorInitOrDeInitContext(
    const DeclContext *dc,
    llvm::function_ref<bool(const AbstractClosureExpr *)> isSendable) {
  while (true) {
    // Non-Sendable closures are considered part of the enclosing context.
    if (auto *closure = dyn_cast<AbstractClosureExpr>(dc)) {
      if (isSendable(closure))
        return nullptr;

      dc = dc->getParent();
      continue;
    }

    if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(dc)) {
      // If this is an initializer or deinitializer of an actor, we're done.
      if ((isa<ConstructorDecl>(func) || isa<DestructorDecl>(func)) &&
          getSelfActorDecl(dc->getParent()))
        return func;

      // Non-Sendable local functions are considered part of the enclosing
      // context.
      if (func->getDeclContext()->isLocalContext()) {
        if (func->isSendable())
          return nullptr;

        dc = dc->getParent();
        continue;
      }
    }

    return nullptr;
  }
}

/// Find the directly-referenced parameter or capture of a parameter for
/// for the given expression.
VarDecl *swift::getReferencedParamOrCapture(
    Expr *expr,
    llvm::function_ref<Expr *(OpaqueValueExpr *)> getExistentialValue) {
  // Look through identity expressions and implicit conversions.
  Expr *prior;

  do {
    prior = expr;

    expr = expr->getSemanticsProvidingExpr();

    if (auto conversion = dyn_cast<ImplicitConversionExpr>(expr))
      expr = conversion->getSubExpr();

    // Map opaque values.
    if (auto opaqueValue = dyn_cast<OpaqueValueExpr>(expr)) {
      if (auto *value = getExistentialValue(opaqueValue))
        expr = value;
    }
  } while (prior != expr);

  // 'super' references always act on a 'self' variable.
  if (auto super = dyn_cast<SuperRefExpr>(expr))
    return super->getSelf();

  // Declaration references to a variable.
  if (auto declRef = dyn_cast<DeclRefExpr>(expr))
    return dyn_cast<VarDecl>(declRef->getDecl());

  return nullptr;
}

bool swift::isPotentiallyIsolatedActor(
    VarDecl *var, llvm::function_ref<bool(ParamDecl *)> isIsolated) {
  if (!var)
    return false;

  if (var->getName().str().equals("__secretlyKnownToBeLocal")) {
    // FIXME(distributed): we did a dynamic check and know that this actor is
    //   local, but we can't express that to the type system; the real
    //   implementation will have to mark 'self' as "known to be local" after
    //   an is-local check.
    return true;
  }

  if (auto param = dyn_cast<ParamDecl>(var))
    return isIsolated(param);

  // If this is a captured 'self', check whether the original 'self' is
  // isolated.
  if (var->isSelfParamCapture())
    return var->isSelfParamCaptureIsolated();

  return false;
}

/// Determine the actor isolation used when we are referencing the given
/// declaration.
static ActorIsolation getActorIsolationForReference(
    ValueDecl *decl, const DeclContext *fromDC) {
  auto declIsolation = getActorIsolation(decl);

  // If the isolation is "unsafe" global actor isolation, adjust it based on
  // context itself. For contexts that require strict checking, treat it as
  // global actor isolation. Otherwise, treat it as unspecified isolation.
  if (declIsolation == ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe) {
    if (contextRequiresStrictConcurrencyChecking(
            fromDC,
            [](const AbstractClosureExpr *closure) {
              return closure->getType();
            },
            [](const ClosureExpr *closure) {
              return closure->isIsolatedByPreconcurrency();
            })) {
      declIsolation = ActorIsolation::forGlobalActor(
          declIsolation.getGlobalActor(), /*unsafe=*/false);
    } else {
      declIsolation = ActorIsolation::forUnspecified();
    }
  }

  // A constructor that is not explicitly 'nonisolated' is treated as
  // isolated from the perspective of the referencer.
  //
  // FIXME: The current state is that even `nonisolated` initializers are
  // externally treated as being on the actor, even though this model isn't
  // consistent. We'll fix it later.
  if (auto ctor = dyn_cast<ConstructorDecl>(decl)) {
    // If the constructor is part of an actor, references to it are treated
    // as needing to enter the actor.
    if (auto nominal = ctor->getDeclContext()->getSelfNominalTypeDecl()) {
      if (nominal->isAnyActor())
        return ActorIsolation::forActorInstanceSelf(nominal);
    }

    // Fall through to treat initializers like any other declaration.
  }

  // A 'nonisolated let' within an actor is treated as isolated from the
  // perspective of the referencer.
  //
  // FIXME: getActorIsolation(decl) should treat these as isolated.
  // FIXME: Expand this out to local variables?
  if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(decl)) {
    if (var->isLet() && isStoredProperty(var) &&
        declIsolation.isIndependent()) {
      if (auto nominal = var->getDeclContext()->getSelfNominalTypeDecl()) {
        if (nominal->isAnyActor())
          return ActorIsolation::forActorInstanceSelf(nominal);

        auto nominalIsolation = getActorIsolation(nominal);
        if (nominalIsolation.isGlobalActor())
          return getActorIsolationForReference(nominal, fromDC);
      }
    }
  }

  return declIsolation;
}

/// Determine whether this declaration always throws.
bool swift::isThrowsDecl(ConcreteDeclRef declRef) {
  auto decl = declRef.getDecl();

  // An async function is asynchronously accessed.
  if (auto func = dyn_cast<AbstractFunctionDecl>(decl))
    return func->hasThrows();

  // A computed property or subscript that has an 'async' getter
  // is asynchronously accessed.
  if (auto storageDecl = dyn_cast<AbstractStorageDecl>(decl)) {
    if (auto effectfulGetter = storageDecl->getEffectfulGetAccessor())
      return effectfulGetter->hasThrows();
  }

  return false;
}

/// Determine whether a reference to this value isn't actually a value.
static bool isNonValueReference(const ValueDecl *value) {
  switch (value->getKind()) {
  case DeclKind::AssociatedType:
  case DeclKind::Class:
  case DeclKind::Enum:
  case DeclKind::Extension:
  case DeclKind::GenericTypeParam:
  case DeclKind::OpaqueType:
  case DeclKind::Protocol:
  case DeclKind::Struct:
  case DeclKind::TypeAlias:
  case DeclKind::EnumCase:
  case DeclKind::IfConfig:
  case DeclKind::Import:
  case DeclKind::InfixOperator:
  case DeclKind::Missing:
  case DeclKind::MissingMember:
  case DeclKind::Module:
  case DeclKind::PatternBinding:
  case DeclKind::PostfixOperator:
  case DeclKind::PoundDiagnostic:
  case DeclKind::PrecedenceGroup:
  case DeclKind::PrefixOperator:
  case DeclKind::TopLevelCode:
  case DeclKind::Destructor:
  case DeclKind::MacroExpansion:
    return true;

  case DeclKind::EnumElement:
  case DeclKind::Constructor:
  case DeclKind::Param:
  case DeclKind::Var:
  case DeclKind::Accessor:
  case DeclKind::Func:
  case DeclKind::Subscript:
  case DeclKind::Macro:
    return false;

  case DeclKind::BuiltinTuple:
    llvm_unreachable("BuiltinTupleDecl should not show up here");
  }
}

bool swift::isAccessibleAcrossActors(
    ValueDecl *value, const ActorIsolation &isolation,
    const DeclContext *fromDC, Optional<ReferencedActor> actorInstance) {
  // Initializers and enum elements are accessible across actors unless they
  // are global-actor qualified.
  if (isa<ConstructorDecl>(value) || isa<EnumElementDecl>(value)) {
    switch (isolation) {
    case ActorIsolation::ActorInstance:
    case ActorIsolation::Independent:
    case ActorIsolation::Unspecified:
      return true;

    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActorUnsafe:
    case ActorIsolation::GlobalActor:
      return false;
    }
  }

  // 'let' declarations are immutable, so some of them can be accessed across
  // actors.
  if (auto var = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(value)) {
    return varIsSafeAcrossActors(fromDC->getParentModule(), var, isolation);
  }

  return false;
}

ActorReferenceResult ActorReferenceResult::forSameConcurrencyDomain(
    ActorIsolation isolation) {
  return ActorReferenceResult{SameConcurrencyDomain, None, isolation};
}

ActorReferenceResult ActorReferenceResult::forEntersActor(
    ActorIsolation isolation, Options options) {
  return ActorReferenceResult{EntersActor, options, isolation};
}

ActorReferenceResult ActorReferenceResult::forExitsActorToNonisolated(
    ActorIsolation isolation) {
  return ActorReferenceResult{ExitsActorToNonisolated, None, isolation};
}

// Determine if two actor isolation contexts are considered to be equivalent.
static bool equivalentIsolationContexts(
    const ActorIsolation &lhs, const ActorIsolation &rhs) {
  if (lhs == rhs)
    return true;

  if (lhs == ActorIsolation::ActorInstance &&
      rhs == ActorIsolation::ActorInstance &&
      lhs.isDistributedActor() == rhs.isDistributedActor())
    return true;

  return false;
}

ActorReferenceResult ActorReferenceResult::forReference(
    ConcreteDeclRef declRef, SourceLoc declRefLoc, const DeclContext *fromDC,
    Optional<VarRefUseEnv> useKind, Optional<ReferencedActor> actorInstance,
    Optional<ActorIsolation> knownDeclIsolation,
    Optional<ActorIsolation> knownContextIsolation,
    llvm::function_ref<ClosureActorIsolation(AbstractClosureExpr *)>
        getClosureActorIsolation) {
  // If not provided, compute the isolation of the declaration, adjusted
  // for references.
  ActorIsolation declIsolation = ActorIsolation::forUnspecified();
  if (knownDeclIsolation) {
    declIsolation = *knownDeclIsolation;
  } else {
    declIsolation = getActorIsolationForReference(declRef.getDecl(), fromDC);
    if (declIsolation.requiresSubstitution())
      declIsolation = declIsolation.subst(declRef.getSubstitutions());
  }

  // If the entity we are referencing is not a value, we're in thesame
  // concurrency domain.
  if (isNonValueReference(declRef.getDecl()))
    return forSameConcurrencyDomain(declIsolation);

  // Compute the isolation of the context, if not provided.
  ActorIsolation contextIsolation = ActorIsolation::forUnspecified();
  if (knownContextIsolation) {
    contextIsolation = *knownContextIsolation;
  } else {
    contextIsolation =
        getInnermostIsolatedContext(fromDC, getClosureActorIsolation);
  }

  // When the declaration is not actor-isolated, it can always be accessed
  // directly.
  if (!declIsolation.isActorIsolated()) {
    // If the declaration is asynchronous and we are in an actor-isolated
    // context (of any kind), then we exit the actor to the nonisolated context.
    if (isAsyncDecl(declRef) && contextIsolation.isActorIsolated() &&
        !declRef.getDecl()->getAttrs()
            .hasAttribute<UnsafeInheritExecutorAttr>())
      return forExitsActorToNonisolated(contextIsolation);

    // Otherwise, we stay in the same concurrency domain, whether on an actor
    // or in a task.
    return forSameConcurrencyDomain(declIsolation);
  }

  // The declaration we are accessing is actor-isolated. First, check whether
  // we are on the same actor already.
  if (actorInstance && declIsolation == ActorIsolation::ActorInstance &&
      declIsolation.getActorInstanceParameter() == 0) {
    // If this instance is isolated, we're in the same concurrency domain.
    if (actorInstance->isIsolated())
      return forSameConcurrencyDomain(declIsolation);
  } else if (equivalentIsolationContexts(declIsolation, contextIsolation)) {
    // The context isolation matches, so we are in the same concurrency
    // domain.
    return forSameConcurrencyDomain(declIsolation);
  }

  // If there is an instance and it is checked by flow isolation, treat it
  // as being in the same concurrency domain.
  if (actorInstance &&
      checkedByFlowIsolation(
          fromDC, *actorInstance, declRef.getDecl(), declRefLoc, useKind))
    return forSameConcurrencyDomain(declIsolation);

  // If we are delegating to another initializer, treat them as being in the
  // same concurrency domain.
  // FIXME: This has a lot of overlap with both the stored-property checks
  // below and the flow-isolation checks above.
  if (actorInstance && actorInstance->isSelf() &&
      isa<ConstructorDecl>(declRef.getDecl()) &&
      isa<ConstructorDecl>(fromDC))
    return forSameConcurrencyDomain(declIsolation);

  // If there is an instance that corresponds to 'self',
  // we are in a constructor or destructor, and we have a stored property of
  // global-actor-qualified type, pretend we are in the same concurrency
  // domain.
  // FIXME: This is an odd carve-out that probably shouldn't have been allowed.
  // It should at the very least be diagnosed, and either subsumed by flow
  // isolation or banned outright.
  // FIXME: At the very least, we should consistently use
  // isActorInitOrDeInitContext here, but it only wants to think about actors.
  if (actorInstance && actorInstance->isSelf() &&
      isStoredProperty(declRef.getDecl()) &&
      declIsolation.isGlobalActor() &&
      (isa<ConstructorDecl>(fromDC) || isa<DestructorDecl>(fromDC)))
    return forSameConcurrencyDomain(declIsolation);

  // At this point, we are accessing the target from outside the actor.
  // First, check whether it is something that can be accessed directly,
  // without any kind of promotion.
  if (isAccessibleAcrossActors(
          declRef.getDecl(), declIsolation, fromDC, actorInstance))
    return forEntersActor(declIsolation, None);

  // This is a cross-actor reference, so determine what adjustments we need
  // to perform.
  Options options = None;

  // Note if the reference originates from a @preconcurrency-isolated context.
  if (contextIsolation.preconcurrency())
    options |= Flags::Preconcurrency;

  // If the declaration isn't asynchronous, promote to async.
  if (!isAsyncDecl(declRef))
    options |= Flags::AsyncPromotion;

  // If the declaration is isolated to a distributed actor and we are not
  // guaranteed to be on the same node, make adjustments distributed
  // access.
  if (declIsolation.isDistributedActor()) {
    bool needsDistributed;
    if (actorInstance)
      needsDistributed = !actorInstance->isKnownToBeLocal();
    else
      needsDistributed = !contextIsolation.isDistributedActor();

    if (needsDistributed) {
      options |= Flags::Distributed;

      if (!isThrowsDecl(declRef))
        options |= Flags::ThrowsPromotion;
    }
  }

  return forEntersActor(declIsolation, options);
}