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<h1>LSTM<a class="headerlink" href="#lstm" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="torch.nn.LSTM">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">torch.nn.</code><code class="sig-name descname">LSTM</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../_modules/torch/nn/modules/rnn.html#LSTM"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.nn.LSTM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Applies a multi-layer long short-term memory (LSTM) RNN to an input
sequence.</p>
<p>For each element in the input sequence, each layer computes the following
function:</p>
<div class="math">
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mtable rowspacing="0.15999999999999992em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>i</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>σ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>h</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>σ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>h</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>g</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>tanh</mi><mo></mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>h</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>σ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>W</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>h</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>⊙</mo><msub><mi>c</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>i</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>⊙</mo><msub><mi>g</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>⊙</mo><mi>tanh</mi><mo></mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{array}{ll} \\
i_t = \sigma(W_{ii} x_t + b_{ii} + W_{hi} h_{t-1} + b_{hi}) \\
f_t = \sigma(W_{if} x_t + b_{if} + W_{hf} h_{t-1} + b_{hf}) \\
g_t = \tanh(W_{ig} x_t + b_{ig} + W_{hg} h_{t-1} + b_{hg}) \\
o_t = \sigma(W_{io} x_t + b_{io} + W_{ho} h_{t-1} + b_{ho}) \\
c_t = f_t \odot c_{t-1} + i_t \odot g_t \\
h_t = o_t \odot \tanh(c_t) \\
\end{array}
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class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.210000000000001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0100000000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mop">tanh</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361079999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.8100000000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">W</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.13889em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-0.6100000000000001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⊙</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⊙</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:0.5900000000000001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⊙</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mop">tanh</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.95em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:0.5em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div><p>where <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> is the hidden state at time <cite>t</cite>, <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> is the cell
state at time <cite>t</cite>, <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> is the input at time <cite>t</cite>, <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h_{t-1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.902771em;vertical-align:-0.208331em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span>
is the hidden state of the layer at time <cite>t-1</cite> or the initial hidden
state at time <cite>0</cite>, and <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>i</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.80952em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span>, <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.10764em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span>, <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>g</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">g_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span>,
<span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">o_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> are the input, forget, cell, and output gates, respectively.
<span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sigma</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span></span></span></span>
</span> is the sigmoid function, and <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>⊙</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\odot</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.66666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">⊙</span></span></span></span>
</span> is the Hadamard product.</p>
<p>In a multilayer LSTM, the input <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>t</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>l</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^{(l)}_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2905559999999998em;vertical-align:-0.24575599999999992em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em;"><span style="top:-2.454244em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2197999999999998em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24575599999999992em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> of the <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>l</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">l</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span></span></span></span>
</span> -th layer
(<span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>l</mi><mo>></mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">l >= 2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.36687em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span></span></span></span>
</span>) is the hidden state <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>l</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h^{(l-1)}_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2905559999999998em;vertical-align:-0.24575599999999992em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em;"><span style="top:-2.454244em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2197999999999998em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24575599999999992em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> of the previous layer multiplied by
dropout <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>δ</mi><mi>t</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>l</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\delta^{(l-1)}_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2905559999999998em;vertical-align:-0.24575599999999992em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03785em;">δ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em;"><span style="top:-2.454244em;margin-left:-0.03785em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2197999999999998em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24575599999999992em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> where each <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>δ</mi><mi>t</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>l</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\delta^{(l-1)}_t</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2905559999999998em;vertical-align:-0.24575599999999992em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03785em;">δ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0448em;"><span style="top:-2.454244em;margin-left:-0.03785em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2197999999999998em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24575599999999992em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> is a Bernoulli random
variable which is <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span>
</span> with probability <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dropout</span></code>.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>input_size</strong> – The number of expected features in the input <cite>x</cite></p></li>
<li><p><strong>hidden_size</strong> – The number of features in the hidden state <cite>h</cite></p></li>
<li><p><strong>num_layers</strong> – Number of recurrent layers. E.g., setting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">num_layers=2</span></code>
would mean stacking two LSTMs together to form a <cite>stacked LSTM</cite>,
with the second LSTM taking in outputs of the first LSTM and
computing the final results. Default: 1</p></li>
<li><p><strong>bias</strong> – If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, then the layer does not use bias weights <cite>b_ih</cite> and <cite>b_hh</cite>.
Default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><strong>batch_first</strong> – If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, then the input and output tensors are provided
as (batch, seq, feature). Default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><strong>dropout</strong> – If non-zero, introduces a <cite>Dropout</cite> layer on the outputs of each
LSTM layer except the last layer, with dropout probability equal to
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dropout</span></code>. Default: 0</p></li>
<li><p><strong>bidirectional</strong> – If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, becomes a bidirectional LSTM. Default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Inputs: input, (h_0, c_0)</dt><dd><ul>
<li><p><strong>input</strong> of shape <cite>(seq_len, batch, input_size)</cite>: tensor containing the features
of the input sequence.
The input can also be a packed variable length sequence.
See <a class="reference internal" href="torch.nn.utils.rnn.pack_padded_sequence.html#torch.nn.utils.rnn.pack_padded_sequence" title="torch.nn.utils.rnn.pack_padded_sequence"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.nn.utils.rnn.pack_padded_sequence()</span></code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="torch.nn.utils.rnn.pack_sequence.html#torch.nn.utils.rnn.pack_sequence" title="torch.nn.utils.rnn.pack_sequence"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.nn.utils.rnn.pack_sequence()</span></code></a> for details.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>h_0</strong> of shape <cite>(num_layers * num_directions, batch, hidden_size)</cite>: tensor
containing the initial hidden state for each element in the batch.
If the LSTM is bidirectional, num_directions should be 2, else it should be 1.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>c_0</strong> of shape <cite>(num_layers * num_directions, batch, hidden_size)</cite>: tensor
containing the initial cell state for each element in the batch.</p>
<p>If <cite>(h_0, c_0)</cite> is not provided, both <strong>h_0</strong> and <strong>c_0</strong> default to zero.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>Outputs: output, (h_n, c_n)</dt><dd><ul>
<li><p><strong>output</strong> of shape <cite>(seq_len, batch, num_directions * hidden_size)</cite>: tensor
containing the output features <cite>(h_t)</cite> from the last layer of the LSTM,
for each <cite>t</cite>. If a <a class="reference internal" href="torch.nn.utils.rnn.PackedSequence.html#torch.nn.utils.rnn.PackedSequence" title="torch.nn.utils.rnn.PackedSequence"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.nn.utils.rnn.PackedSequence</span></code></a> has been
given as the input, the output will also be a packed sequence.</p>
<p>For the unpacked case, the directions can be separated
using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">output.view(seq_len,</span> <span class="pre">batch,</span> <span class="pre">num_directions,</span> <span class="pre">hidden_size)</span></code>,
with forward and backward being direction <cite>0</cite> and <cite>1</cite> respectively.
Similarly, the directions can be separated in the packed case.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>h_n</strong> of shape <cite>(num_layers * num_directions, batch, hidden_size)</cite>: tensor
containing the hidden state for <cite>t = seq_len</cite>.</p>
<p>Like <em>output</em>, the layers can be separated using
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">h_n.view(num_layers,</span> <span class="pre">num_directions,</span> <span class="pre">batch,</span> <span class="pre">hidden_size)</span></code> and similarly for <em>c_n</em>.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>c_n</strong> of shape <cite>(num_layers * num_directions, batch, hidden_size)</cite>: tensor
containing the cell state for <cite>t = seq_len</cite>.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Variables</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>~LSTM.weight_ih_l[k]</strong> – the learnable input-hidden weights of the <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mtext>k</mtext><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{k}^{th}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9334479999999998em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">k</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9334479999999998em;"><span style="top:-3.1473400000000002em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> layer
<cite>(W_ii|W_if|W_ig|W_io)</cite>, of shape <cite>(4*hidden_size, input_size)</cite> for <cite>k = 0</cite>.
Otherwise, the shape is <cite>(4*hidden_size, num_directions * hidden_size)</cite></p></li>
<li><p><strong>~LSTM.weight_hh_l[k]</strong> – the learnable hidden-hidden weights of the <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mtext>k</mtext><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{k}^{th}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9334479999999998em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">k</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9334479999999998em;"><span style="top:-3.1473400000000002em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> layer
<cite>(W_hi|W_hf|W_hg|W_ho)</cite>, of shape <cite>(4*hidden_size, hidden_size)</cite></p></li>
<li><p><strong>~LSTM.bias_ih_l[k]</strong> – the learnable input-hidden bias of the <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mtext>k</mtext><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{k}^{th}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9334479999999998em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">k</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9334479999999998em;"><span style="top:-3.1473400000000002em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> layer
<cite>(b_ii|b_if|b_ig|b_io)</cite>, of shape <cite>(4*hidden_size)</cite></p></li>
<li><p><strong>~LSTM.bias_hh_l[k]</strong> – the learnable hidden-hidden bias of the <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mtext>k</mtext><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{k}^{th}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9334479999999998em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">k</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9334479999999998em;"><span style="top:-3.1473400000000002em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span> layer
<cite>(b_hi|b_hf|b_hg|b_ho)</cite>, of shape <cite>(4*hidden_size)</cite></p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>All the weights and biases are initialized from <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>−</mo><msqrt><mi>k</mi></msqrt><mo separator="true">,</mo><msqrt><mi>k</mi></msqrt><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal{U}(-\sqrt{k}, \sqrt{k})</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.18222em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.09931em;">U</span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.93222em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.89222em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg width='400em' height='1.08em' viewBox='0 0 400000 1080' preserveAspectRatio='xMinYMin slice'><path d='M95,702
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c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
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M834 80h400000v40h-400000z'/></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.10777999999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.93222em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.89222em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg width='400em' height='1.08em' viewBox='0 0 400000 1080' preserveAspectRatio='xMinYMin slice'><path d='M95,702
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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
l0 -0
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
H400000v40H845.2724
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
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</span>
where <span class="math"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mtext>hidden_size</mtext></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">k = \frac{1}{\text{hidden\_size}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.407108em;vertical-align:-0.5619999999999999em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.845108em;"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord text mtight"><span class="mord mtight">hidden_size</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.5619999999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>There are known non-determinism issues for RNN functions on some versions of cuDNN and CUDA.
You can enforce deterministic behavior by setting the following environment variables:</p>
<p>On CUDA 10.1, set environment variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CUDA_LAUNCH_BLOCKING=1</span></code>.
This may affect performance.</p>
<p>On CUDA 10.2 or later, set environment variable
(note the leading colon symbol)
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CUBLAS_WORKSPACE_CONFIG=:16:8</span></code>
or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CUBLAS_WORKSPACE_CONFIG=:4096:2</span></code>.</p>
<p>See the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/cudnn-release-notes/rel_8.html">cuDNN 8 Release Notes</a> for more information.</p>
</div>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Orphan</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p></p></dd>
</dl>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>If the following conditions are satisfied:
1) cudnn is enabled,
2) input data is on the GPU
3) input data has dtype <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.float16</span></code>
4) V100 GPU is used,
5) input data is not in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PackedSequence</span></code> format
persistent algorithm can be selected to improve performance.</p>
</div>
<p>Examples:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">rnn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LSTM</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">h0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">c0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">output</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cn</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">rnn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c0</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
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