async-api.txt

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.. _java-async-api:

===========================
Asynchronous API - Java SDK
===========================

.. contents:: On this page
   :local:
   :backlinks: none
   :depth: 2
   :class: singlecol

The Java SDK lets you access network and disk
resources in two ways: **synchronously** and **asynchronously**. While
synchronous, or "sync", requests block execution until the request returns
success or failure, asynchronous, or "async", requests assign a
callback and proceed execution to the next line of code. When
the request returns, the callback runs to process results.
In the callback, you can check if the request executed
successfully and either access the returned results or the returned
error.

.. _java-async-calls:

Asynchronous Calls
------------------

Asynchronous API requests in the SDK end with the suffix "Async".
There are several different ways an asynchronous request can behave,
depending on which part of the SDK you're using.

.. _java-realm-callback:

Realm.Callback
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Asynchronous calls to open a realm, both with and without Sync,
use a final parameter of type :java-sdk:`Realm.Callback
<io/realm/Realm.Callback.html>`. To retrieve returned values after the
request completes, implement the ``onSuccess()`` method in the callback
object passed as the final parameter to these asynchronous methods. You
should also implement the ``onError()`` method to handle request failures,
but it is not required.

.. tabs-realm-languages::

   .. tab::
      :tabid: java

      .. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/local/AsyncTest.snippet.realm-callback.java
         :language: java
         :copyable: false
   
   .. tab::
      :tabid: kotlin

      .. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/local/AsyncTest.snippet.realm-callback.kt
         :language: kotlin
         :copyable: false

.. _java-app-callback:

App.Callback
~~~~~~~~~~~~

When you query Atlas App Services like :ref:`Functions
<java-call-a-function>` and :ref:`user authentication
<java-authenticate-users>`, asynchronous calls accept a final
parameter of type  :java-sdk:`App.Callback
<io/realm/mongodb/App.Callback.html>`.
You can handle this callback with a lambda function that accepts a
single parameter of type :java-sdk:`App.Result
<io/realm/mongodb/App.Result.html>`. To retrieve a returned values from
``App.Callback`` requests:

1. Use the ``isSuccess()`` method of the ``App.Result`` passed to the
   callback function to determine if the query completed
   successfully.

#. If the query was successful, use the ``get()`` method to retrieve
   the result of the query. If the query failed, use ``getError()`` to
   retrieve the exception that caused the query to fail.

.. tabs-realm-languages::
   
   .. tab::
      :tabid: java

      .. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/sync/AuthenticationTest.snippet.anonymous.java
         :language: java
         :copyable: false
   
   .. tab::
      :tabid: kotlin

      .. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/sync/AuthenticationTest.snippet.anonymous.kt
         :language: kotlin
         :copyable: false

.. _java-realm-async-task:

RealmAsyncTask
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Asynchronous calls to :ref:`execute transactions
<java-write-transactions>` on a realm return
an instance of :java-sdk:`RealmAsyncTask
<io/realm/RealmAsyncTask.html>`. You can optionally :java-sdk:`specify an error
handler <io/realm/Realm.Transaction.OnError.html>` or a
:java-sdk:`success notification
<io/realm/Realm.Transaction.OnSuccess.html>` for ``RealmAsyncTask`` by
passing additional parameters to the asynchronous call. Additionally,
you use the :java-sdk:`cancel() <io/realm/RealmAsyncTask.html#cancel-->`
method to stop a transaction from completing. The lambda function passed
to a ``RealmAsyncTask`` contains the write operations to include in the
transaction.

.. tabs-realm-languages::

   .. tab::
      :tabid: java

      .. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/local/AsyncTest.snippet.realm-async-task.java
         :language: java
         :copyable: false
   
   .. tab::
      :tabid: kotlin

      .. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/local/AsyncTest.snippet.realm-async-task.kt
         :language: kotlin
         :copyable: false

.. _java-realm-results:

RealmResults
~~~~~~~~~~~~

Asynchronous reads from a realm using :java-sdk:`findAllAsync()
<io/realm/RealmQuery.html#findAllAsync-->` immediately return an empty
:java-sdk:`RealmResults <io/realm/RealmResults.html>` instance. The SDK
executes the query on a background thread and populates the
``RealmResults`` instance with the results when the query completes. You
can register a listener with :java-sdk:`addChangeListener()
<io/realm/RealmResults.html#addChangeListener-io.realm.RealmChangeListener->`
to receive a notification when the query completes.

.. tabs-realm-languages::

   .. tab::
      :tabid: java

      .. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/local/AsyncTest.snippet.realm-results.java
         :language: java
         :copyable: false
   
   .. tab::
      :tabid: kotlin

      .. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/local/AsyncTest.snippet.realm-results.kt
         :language: kotlin
         :copyable: false

.. _java-realm-result-task:

RealmResultTask
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Asynchronous :ref:`queries to Atlas
<java-mongodb-data-access>` return an instance of
:java-sdk:`RealmResultTask <io/realm/mongodb/RealmResultTask.html>`.
You can cancel ``RealmResultTask`` instances just like
``RealmAsyncTask``. To access the values returned by your query, you
can use:

- :java-sdk:`get() <io/realm/mongodb/RealmResultTask.html#get-->` to
  block until the operation completes

- :java-sdk:`getAsync()
  <io/realm/mongodb/RealmResultTask.html#getAsync-io.realm.mongodb.App.Callback->`
  to handle the result via an :ref:`App.Callback <java-app-callback>`
  instance

.. tabs-realm-languages::

   .. tab::
      :tabid: kotlin

      .. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/sync/MongoDBDataAccessTest.snippet.find-a-single-document.kt
         :language: kotlin
         :copyable: false

   .. tab::
      :tabid: java

      .. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/sync/MongoDBDataAccessTest.snippet.find-a-single-document.java
         :language: java
         :copyable: false

.. _java-coroutines:

Coroutines
----------

The SDK provides a set of :kotlin-ext:`Kotlin extensions <>` to request
asynchronously using coroutines and flows instead of callbacks. You can
use these extensions to :kotlin-ext:`execute transactions
<io.realm.kotlin/io.realm.-realm/execute-transaction-await.html>`,
:kotlin-ext:`watch for changes
<io.realm.kotlin/add-change-listener.html>`, :kotlin-ext:`read
<io.realm.kotlin/io.realm.-realm/where.html>`,
and :kotlin-ext:`write
<io.realm.kotlin/io.realm.-realm/create-object.html>`.

.. literalinclude:: /examples/generated/java/local/AsyncTest.snippet.coroutines.kt
   :language: kotlin
   :copyable: false

.. tip:: Kotlin Flows use Frozen Objects Across Multiple Threads

   The ``toFlow()`` extension method passes :ref:`frozen
   <java-frozen-objects>` Realm objects to safely
   communicate between threads.

.. seealso::
   
   The SDK also includes Kotlin extensions that make specifying type
   parameters for Realm :kotlin-ext:`reads
   <io.realm.kotlin/io.realm.-realm/where.html>` and
   :kotlin-ext:`writes
   <io.realm.kotlin/io.realm.-realm/create-object.html>` easier.