v6.4.0...v6.18.35.diff

diff --git a/.env.example b/.env.example
index 604b401f..53d48bf3 100644
--- a/.env.example
+++ b/.env.example
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ MAIL_PORT=2525
 MAIL_USERNAME=null
 MAIL_PASSWORD=null
 MAIL_ENCRYPTION=null
+MAIL_FROM_ADDRESS=null
+MAIL_FROM_NAME="${APP_NAME}"
 
 AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=
 AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=
diff --git a/.styleci.yml b/.styleci.yml
index 5e3689bd..1db61d96 100644
--- a/.styleci.yml
+++ b/.styleci.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 php:
   preset: laravel
-  enabled:
-    - alpha_ordered_imports
   disabled:
-    - length_ordered_imports
     - unused_use
   finder:
     not-name:
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 424c9ce9..5738bf0a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,6 +1,87 @@
 # Release Notes
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.2.0...master)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.18.35...6.x)
+
+
+## [v6.18.35 (2020-08-11)](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.18.8...v6.18.35)
+
+### Changed
+- Set framework version to `^6.18.35` ([#5369](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5369))
+- Bump lodash from 4.17.15 to 4.17.19 ([f465c51](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/commit/f465c511c009235fc7bfa06bfcb41294e60e9b42))
+- Disable webpack-dev-server host check ([#5288](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5288))
+
+
+## [v6.18.8 (2020-04-16)](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.18.3...v6.18.8)
+
+### Fixed
+- Add both endpoint and url env variables ([#5276](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5276))
+
+
+## [v6.18.3 (2020-03-24)](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.18.0...v6.18.3)
+
+### Fixed
+- Ensure that `app.debug` is a bool ([5ddbfb8](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/commit/5ddbfb845439fcd5a46c23530b8774421a931760))
+- Fix S3 endpoint url reference ([#5267](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5267))
+
+
+## [v6.18.0 (2020-02-24)](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.12.0...v6.18.0)
+
+### Changed
+- Update cross-env and resolve-url-loader to the latest ([#5210](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5210), [#5216](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5216))
+- Bump fzaninotto/faker version to support PHP 7.4 ([#5218](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5218))
+- Remove redundant default attributes from `phpunit.xml` ([#5233](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5233))
+
+
+## [v6.12.0 (2020-01-14)](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.8.0...v6.12.0)
+
+### Added
+- Allow configurable emergency logger ([#5179](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5179))
+- Add `MAIL_FROM_ADDRESS` & `MAIL_FROM_NAME` to `.env` file ([#5180](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5180))
+- Add missing full stop for some validation messages ([#5205](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5205))
+
+### Changed
+- Use class name to be consistent with web middleware ([140d4d9](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/commit/140d4d9b0a4581cec046875361e87c2981b3f9fe))
+- Use file session driver again ([#5201](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5201))
+
+### Fixed
+- Correct exception handler doc ([#5187](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5187))
+- Fix types consistency in Redis database config ([#5191](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5191))
+
+### Security
+- Update laravel mix and sass loader ([#5203](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5203))
+
+
+## [v6.8.0 (2019-12-16)](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.5.2...v6.8.0)
+
+### Added
+- Add "none" to supported same site options in session config ([#5174](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5174))
+
+### Changed
+- Rename `encrypted` to `forceTLS` for Pusher ([#5159](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5159))
+- Use laravel/tinker v2 ([#5161](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5161))
+- Use PHPUnit TestCase and in-memory DB ([#5169](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5169))
+- DRY up path to /home ([#5173](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5173))
+- Change some default settings ([f48e2d5](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/commit/f48e2d500cb53cc4a09dfcb40beb0abafd79de4f))
+
+### Fixed
+- Consistent alphabetical order ([#5167](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5167))
+- Update redirectTo return type PHPDoc ([#5175](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5175))
+
+
+## [v6.5.2 (2019-11-21)](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.4.0...v6.5.2)
+
+### Changed
+- Update .styleci.yml ([bfd4b1e](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/commit/bfd4b1e92f7c6b4e6b74cfdde995a5afad648d96))
+
+
+## [v6.4.0 (2019-10-21)](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.2.0...v6.4.0)
+
+### Changed
+- Add xml schema to phpunit ([#5139](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5139))
+
+### Fixed
+- Fixes required version of the framework within `composer.json` ([#5130](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/pull/5130))
+- Security fix: Waiting before retrying password reset ([ace38c1](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/commit/ace38c133f3d8088fc7477f56b9db6fdc0098d06), [ba2f2ab](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/commit/ba2f2abe830f5d03c52fd9c88411859cf863abd6), [953b488](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/commit/953b488b8bb681d4d6e12227645c7c1b7ac26935))
 
 
 ## [v6.2.0 (2019-10-08)](https://github.com/laravel/laravel/compare/v6.0.2...v6.2.0)
diff --git a/readme.md b/README.md
similarity index 92%
rename from readme.md
rename to README.md
index 73dddea2..81f2f62b 100644
--- a/readme.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -65,10 +65,14 @@ We would like to extend our thanks to the following sponsors for funding Laravel
 
 Thank you for considering contributing to the Laravel framework! The contribution guide can be found in the [Laravel documentation](https://laravel.com/docs/contributions).
 
+## Code of Conduct
+
+In order to ensure that the Laravel community is welcoming to all, please review and abide by the [Code of Conduct](https://laravel.com/docs/contributions#code-of-conduct).
+
 ## Security Vulnerabilities
 
 If you discover a security vulnerability within Laravel, please send an e-mail to Taylor Otwell via [taylor@laravel.com](mailto:taylor@laravel.com). All security vulnerabilities will be promptly addressed.
 
 ## License
 
-The Laravel framework is open-source software licensed under the [MIT license](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
+The Laravel framework is open-sourced software licensed under the [MIT license](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
diff --git a/app/Exceptions/Handler.php b/app/Exceptions/Handler.php
index 043cad6b..364621e4 100644
--- a/app/Exceptions/Handler.php
+++ b/app/Exceptions/Handler.php
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ class Handler extends ExceptionHandler
      *
      * @param  \Exception  $exception
      * @return void
+     *
+     * @throws \Exception
      */
     public function report(Exception $exception)
     {
@@ -42,7 +44,9 @@ class Handler extends ExceptionHandler
      *
      * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
      * @param  \Exception  $exception
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
+     * @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
+     *
+     * @throws \Exception
      */
     public function render($request, Exception $exception)
     {
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/ConfirmPasswordController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/ConfirmPasswordController.php
index 3559954c..138c1f08 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/ConfirmPasswordController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/ConfirmPasswordController.php
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace App\Http\Controllers\Auth;
 
 use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
+use App\Providers\RouteServiceProvider;
 use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\ConfirmsPasswords;
 
 class ConfirmPasswordController extends Controller
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ class ConfirmPasswordController extends Controller
      *
      * @var string
      */
-    protected $redirectTo = '/home';
+    protected $redirectTo = RouteServiceProvider::HOME;
 
     /**
      * Create a new controller instance.
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/LoginController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/LoginController.php
index b2ea669a..18a0d088 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/LoginController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/LoginController.php
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace App\Http\Controllers\Auth;
 
 use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
+use App\Providers\RouteServiceProvider;
 use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\AuthenticatesUsers;
 
 class LoginController extends Controller
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ class LoginController extends Controller
      *
      * @var string
      */
-    protected $redirectTo = '/home';
+    protected $redirectTo = RouteServiceProvider::HOME;
 
     /**
      * Create a new controller instance.
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/RegisterController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/RegisterController.php
index 6fdcba0a..c6a6de67 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/RegisterController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/RegisterController.php
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace App\Http\Controllers\Auth;
 
 use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
+use App\Providers\RouteServiceProvider;
 use App\User;
 use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\RegistersUsers;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ class RegisterController extends Controller
      *
      * @var string
      */
-    protected $redirectTo = '/home';
+    protected $redirectTo = RouteServiceProvider::HOME;
 
     /**
      * Create a new controller instance.
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/ResetPasswordController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/ResetPasswordController.php
index fe965b24..b1726a36 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/ResetPasswordController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/ResetPasswordController.php
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace App\Http\Controllers\Auth;
 
 use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
+use App\Providers\RouteServiceProvider;
 use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\ResetsPasswords;
 
 class ResetPasswordController extends Controller
@@ -25,5 +26,5 @@ class ResetPasswordController extends Controller
      *
      * @var string
      */
-    protected $redirectTo = '/home';
+    protected $redirectTo = RouteServiceProvider::HOME;
 }
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/VerificationController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/VerificationController.php
index 23a43a84..5e749af8 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/VerificationController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/VerificationController.php
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace App\Http\Controllers\Auth;
 
 use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
+use App\Providers\RouteServiceProvider;
 use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\VerifiesEmails;
 
 class VerificationController extends Controller
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ class VerificationController extends Controller
      *
      * @var string
      */
-    protected $redirectTo = '/home';
+    protected $redirectTo = RouteServiceProvider::HOME;
 
     /**
      * Create a new controller instance.
diff --git a/app/Http/Kernel.php b/app/Http/Kernel.php
index 2741c0a3..deb65e86 100644
--- a/app/Http/Kernel.php
+++ b/app/Http/Kernel.php
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class Kernel extends HttpKernel
 
         'api' => [
             'throttle:60,1',
-            'bindings',
+            \Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\SubstituteBindings::class,
         ],
     ];
 
diff --git a/app/Http/Middleware/Authenticate.php b/app/Http/Middleware/Authenticate.php
index a4be5c58..704089a7 100644
--- a/app/Http/Middleware/Authenticate.php
+++ b/app/Http/Middleware/Authenticate.php
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class Authenticate extends Middleware
      * Get the path the user should be redirected to when they are not authenticated.
      *
      * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
-     * @return string
+     * @return string|null
      */
     protected function redirectTo($request)
     {
diff --git a/app/Http/Middleware/RedirectIfAuthenticated.php b/app/Http/Middleware/RedirectIfAuthenticated.php
index e4cec9c8..2395ddcc 100644
--- a/app/Http/Middleware/RedirectIfAuthenticated.php
+++ b/app/Http/Middleware/RedirectIfAuthenticated.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace App\Http\Middleware;
 
+use App\Providers\RouteServiceProvider;
 use Closure;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ class RedirectIfAuthenticated
     public function handle($request, Closure $next, $guard = null)
     {
         if (Auth::guard($guard)->check()) {
-            return redirect('/home');
+            return redirect(RouteServiceProvider::HOME);
         }
 
         return $next($request);
diff --git a/app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php b/app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php
index 548e4be7..527eee34 100644
--- a/app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php
+++ b/app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php
@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@ class RouteServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
      */
     protected $namespace = 'App\Http\Controllers';
 
+    /**
+     * The path to the "home" route for your application.
+     *
+     * @var string
+     */
+    public const HOME = '/home';
+
     /**
      * Define your route model bindings, pattern filters, etc.
      *
diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index 288180d5..cc85fb7d 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
     "require": {
         "php": "^7.2",
         "fideloper/proxy": "^4.0",
-        "laravel/framework": "^6.2",
-        "laravel/tinker": "^1.0"
+        "laravel/framework": "^6.18.35",
+        "laravel/tinker": "^2.0"
     },
     "require-dev": {
         "facade/ignition": "^1.4",
-        "fzaninotto/faker": "^1.4",
+        "fzaninotto/faker": "^1.9.1",
         "mockery/mockery": "^1.0",
         "nunomaduro/collision": "^3.0",
         "phpunit/phpunit": "^8.0"
diff --git a/config/app.php b/config/app.php
index c9960cde..9e5b36cf 100644
--- a/config/app.php
+++ b/config/app.php
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ return [
     |
     */
 
-    'debug' => env('APP_DEBUG', false),
+    'debug' => (bool) env('APP_DEBUG', false),
 
     /*
     |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/config/database.php b/config/database.php
index 199382d0..b42d9b30 100644
--- a/config/database.php
+++ b/config/database.php
@@ -130,16 +130,16 @@ return [
             'url' => env('REDIS_URL'),
             'host' => env('REDIS_HOST', '127.0.0.1'),
             'password' => env('REDIS_PASSWORD', null),
-            'port' => env('REDIS_PORT', 6379),
-            'database' => env('REDIS_DB', 0),
+            'port' => env('REDIS_PORT', '6379'),
+            'database' => env('REDIS_DB', '0'),
         ],
 
         'cache' => [
             'url' => env('REDIS_URL'),
             'host' => env('REDIS_HOST', '127.0.0.1'),
             'password' => env('REDIS_PASSWORD', null),
-            'port' => env('REDIS_PORT', 6379),
-            'database' => env('REDIS_CACHE_DB', 1),
+            'port' => env('REDIS_PORT', '6379'),
+            'database' => env('REDIS_CACHE_DB', '1'),
         ],
 
     ],
diff --git a/config/filesystems.php b/config/filesystems.php
index ec6a7cec..220c0104 100644
--- a/config/filesystems.php
+++ b/config/filesystems.php
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ return [
             'region' => env('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION'),
             'bucket' => env('AWS_BUCKET'),
             'url' => env('AWS_URL'),
+            'endpoint' => env('AWS_ENDPOINT'),
         ],
 
     ],
diff --git a/config/logging.php b/config/logging.php
index 0df82129..088c204e 100644
--- a/config/logging.php
+++ b/config/logging.php
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ return [
     'channels' => [
         'stack' => [
             'driver' => 'stack',
-            'channels' => ['daily'],
+            'channels' => ['single'],
             'ignore_exceptions' => false,
         ],
 
@@ -95,6 +95,10 @@ return [
             'driver' => 'monolog',
             'handler' => NullHandler::class,
         ],
+
+        'emergency' => [
+            'path' => storage_path('logs/laravel.log'),
+        ],
     ],
 
 ];
diff --git a/config/session.php b/config/session.php
index fbb9b4d7..857ebc3e 100644
--- a/config/session.php
+++ b/config/session.php
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ return [
     | take place, and can be used to mitigate CSRF attacks. By default, we
     | do not enable this as other CSRF protection services are in place.
     |
-    | Supported: "lax", "strict"
+    | Supported: "lax", "strict", "none"
     |
     */
 
diff --git a/database/factories/UserFactory.php b/database/factories/UserFactory.php
index 084535f6..741edead 100644
--- a/database/factories/UserFactory.php
+++ b/database/factories/UserFactory.php
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 
 /** @var \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factory $factory */
+
 use App\User;
 use Faker\Generator as Faker;
 use Illuminate\Support\Str;
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 9fcb8ee8..420218d5 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@
         "development": "cross-env NODE_ENV=development node_modules/webpack/bin/webpack.js --progress --hide-modules --config=node_modules/laravel-mix/setup/webpack.config.js",
         "watch": "npm run development -- --watch",
         "watch-poll": "npm run watch -- --watch-poll",
-        "hot": "cross-env NODE_ENV=development node_modules/webpack-dev-server/bin/webpack-dev-server.js --inline --hot --config=node_modules/laravel-mix/setup/webpack.config.js",
+        "hot": "cross-env NODE_ENV=development node_modules/webpack-dev-server/bin/webpack-dev-server.js --inline --hot --disable-host-check --config=node_modules/laravel-mix/setup/webpack.config.js",
         "prod": "npm run production",
         "production": "cross-env NODE_ENV=production node_modules/webpack/bin/webpack.js --no-progress --hide-modules --config=node_modules/laravel-mix/setup/webpack.config.js"
     },
     "devDependencies": {
         "axios": "^0.19",
-        "cross-env": "^5.1",
-        "laravel-mix": "^4.0.7",
-        "lodash": "^4.17.13",
-        "resolve-url-loader": "^2.3.1",
+        "cross-env": "^7.0",
+        "laravel-mix": "^5.0.1",
+        "lodash": "^4.17.19",
+        "resolve-url-loader": "^3.1.0",
         "sass": "^1.15.2",
-        "sass-loader": "^7.1.0"
+        "sass-loader": "^8.0.0"
     }
 }
diff --git a/phpunit.xml b/phpunit.xml
index c1a4100a..0f4389f9 100644
--- a/phpunit.xml
+++ b/phpunit.xml
@@ -1,15 +1,8 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="./vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
-         backupGlobals="false"
-         backupStaticAttributes="false"
          bootstrap="vendor/autoload.php"
-         colors="true"
-         convertErrorsToExceptions="true"
-         convertNoticesToExceptions="true"
-         convertWarningsToExceptions="true"
-         processIsolation="false"
-         stopOnFailure="false">
+         colors="true">
     <testsuites>
         <testsuite name="Unit">
             <directory suffix="Test.php">./tests/Unit</directory>
@@ -28,6 +21,8 @@
         <server name="APP_ENV" value="testing"/>
         <server name="BCRYPT_ROUNDS" value="4"/>
         <server name="CACHE_DRIVER" value="array"/>
+        <server name="DB_CONNECTION" value="sqlite"/>
+        <server name="DB_DATABASE" value=":memory:"/>
         <server name="MAIL_DRIVER" value="array"/>
         <server name="QUEUE_CONNECTION" value="sync"/>
         <server name="SESSION_DRIVER" value="array"/>
diff --git a/resources/js/bootstrap.js b/resources/js/bootstrap.js
index d11586d6..69225776 100644
--- a/resources/js/bootstrap.js
+++ b/resources/js/bootstrap.js
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ window.axios.defaults.headers.common['X-Requested-With'] = 'XMLHttpRequest';
 //     broadcaster: 'pusher',
 //     key: process.env.MIX_PUSHER_APP_KEY,
 //     cluster: process.env.MIX_PUSHER_APP_CLUSTER,
-//     encrypted: true
+//     forceTLS: true
 // });
diff --git a/resources/lang/en/passwords.php b/resources/lang/en/passwords.php
index 86f1082b..724de4b9 100644
--- a/resources/lang/en/passwords.php
+++ b/resources/lang/en/passwords.php
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ return [
 
     'reset' => 'Your password has been reset!',
     'sent' => 'We have e-mailed your password reset link!',
+    'throttled' => 'Please wait before retrying.',
     'token' => 'This password reset token is invalid.',
     'user' => "We can't find a user with that e-mail address.",
-    'throttled' => 'Please wait before retrying.',
 
 ];
diff --git a/resources/lang/en/validation.php b/resources/lang/en/validation.php
index ce1d80dd..a65914f9 100644
--- a/resources/lang/en/validation.php
+++ b/resources/lang/en/validation.php
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ return [
     'dimensions' => 'The :attribute has invalid image dimensions.',
     'distinct' => 'The :attribute field has a duplicate value.',
     'email' => 'The :attribute must be a valid email address.',
-    'ends_with' => 'The :attribute must end with one of the following: :values',
+    'ends_with' => 'The :attribute must end with one of the following: :values.',
     'exists' => 'The selected :attribute is invalid.',
     'file' => 'The :attribute must be a file.',
     'filled' => 'The :attribute field must have a value.',
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ return [
         'string' => 'The :attribute must be :size characters.',
         'array' => 'The :attribute must contain :size items.',
     ],
-    'starts_with' => 'The :attribute must start with one of the following: :values',
+    'starts_with' => 'The :attribute must start with one of the following: :values.',
     'string' => 'The :attribute must be a string.',
     'timezone' => 'The :attribute must be a valid zone.',
     'unique' => 'The :attribute has already been taken.',
diff --git a/tests/Unit/ExampleTest.php b/tests/Unit/ExampleTest.php
index 266ef352..358cfc88 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/ExampleTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/ExampleTest.php
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace Tests\Unit;
 
-use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
-use Tests\TestCase;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
 
 class ExampleTest extends TestCase
 {