llvm-rtdyld.cpp

//===-- llvm-rtdyld.cpp - MCJIT Testing Tool ------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This is a testing tool for use with the MC-JIT LLVM components.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "llvm/ADT/StringMap.h"
#include "llvm/DebugInfo/DIContext.h"
#include "llvm/DebugInfo/DWARF/DWARFContext.h"
#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/RTDyldMemoryManager.h"
#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/RuntimeDyld.h"
#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/RuntimeDyldChecker.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCAsmInfo.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCContext.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCDisassembler/MCDisassembler.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCInstPrinter.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCInstrInfo.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCRegisterInfo.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCSubtargetInfo.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCTargetOptions.h"
#include "llvm/MC/TargetRegistry.h"
#include "llvm/Object/SymbolSize.h"
#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
#include "llvm/Support/DynamicLibrary.h"
#include "llvm/Support/FileSystem.h"
#include "llvm/Support/InitLLVM.h"
#include "llvm/Support/MSVCErrorWorkarounds.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Memory.h"
#include "llvm/Support/MemoryBuffer.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Path.h"
#include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Timer.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"

#include <future>
#include <list>

using namespace llvm;
using namespace llvm::object;

static cl::OptionCategory RTDyldCategory("RTDyld Options");

static cl::list<std::string> InputFileList(cl::Positional, cl::ZeroOrMore,
                                           cl::desc("<input files>"),
                                           cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

enum ActionType {
  AC_Execute,
  AC_PrintObjectLineInfo,
  AC_PrintLineInfo,
  AC_PrintDebugLineInfo,
  AC_Verify
};

static cl::opt<ActionType> Action(
    cl::desc("Action to perform:"), cl::init(AC_Execute),
    cl::values(
        clEnumValN(AC_Execute, "execute",
                   "Load, link, and execute the inputs."),
        clEnumValN(AC_PrintLineInfo, "printline",
                   "Load, link, and print line information for each function."),
        clEnumValN(AC_PrintDebugLineInfo, "printdebugline",
                   "Load, link, and print line information for each function "
                   "using the debug object"),
        clEnumValN(AC_PrintObjectLineInfo, "printobjline",
                   "Like -printlineinfo but does not load the object first"),
        clEnumValN(AC_Verify, "verify",
                   "Load, link and verify the resulting memory image.")),
    cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::opt<std::string>
    EntryPoint("entry", cl::desc("Function to call as entry point."),
               cl::init("_main"), cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::list<std::string> Dylibs("dylib", cl::desc("Add library."),
                                    cl::ZeroOrMore, cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::list<std::string> InputArgv("args", cl::Positional,
                                       cl::desc("<program arguments>..."),
                                       cl::ZeroOrMore, cl::PositionalEatsArgs,
                                       cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::opt<std::string>
    TripleName("triple", cl::desc("Target triple for disassembler"),
               cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::opt<std::string>
    MCPU("mcpu",
         cl::desc("Target a specific cpu type (-mcpu=help for details)"),
         cl::value_desc("cpu-name"), cl::init(""), cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::list<std::string>
    CheckFiles("check",
               cl::desc("File containing RuntimeDyld verifier checks."),
               cl::ZeroOrMore, cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::opt<uint64_t>
    PreallocMemory("preallocate",
                   cl::desc("Allocate memory upfront rather than on-demand"),
                   cl::init(0), cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::opt<uint64_t> TargetAddrStart(
    "target-addr-start",
    cl::desc("For -verify only: start of phony target address "
             "range."),
    cl::init(4096), // Start at "page 1" - no allocating at "null".
    cl::Hidden, cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::opt<uint64_t> TargetAddrEnd(
    "target-addr-end",
    cl::desc("For -verify only: end of phony target address range."),
    cl::init(~0ULL), cl::Hidden, cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::opt<uint64_t> TargetSectionSep(
    "target-section-sep",
    cl::desc("For -verify only: Separation between sections in "
             "phony target address space."),
    cl::init(0), cl::Hidden, cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::list<std::string>
    SpecificSectionMappings("map-section",
                            cl::desc("For -verify only: Map a section to a "
                                     "specific address."),
                            cl::ZeroOrMore, cl::Hidden,
                            cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::list<std::string> DummySymbolMappings(
    "dummy-extern",
    cl::desc("For -verify only: Inject a symbol into the extern "
             "symbol table."),
    cl::ZeroOrMore, cl::Hidden, cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::opt<bool> PrintAllocationRequests(
    "print-alloc-requests",
    cl::desc("Print allocation requests made to the memory "
             "manager by RuntimeDyld"),
    cl::Hidden, cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

static cl::opt<bool> ShowTimes("show-times",
                               cl::desc("Show times for llvm-rtdyld phases"),
                               cl::init(false), cl::cat(RTDyldCategory));

ExitOnError ExitOnErr;

struct RTDyldTimers {
  TimerGroup RTDyldTG{"llvm-rtdyld timers", "timers for llvm-rtdyld phases"};
  Timer LoadObjectsTimer{"load", "time to load/add object files", RTDyldTG};
  Timer LinkTimer{"link", "time to link object files", RTDyldTG};
  Timer RunTimer{"run", "time to execute jitlink'd code", RTDyldTG};
};

std::unique_ptr<RTDyldTimers> Timers;

/* *** */

using SectionIDMap = StringMap<unsigned>;
using FileToSectionIDMap = StringMap<SectionIDMap>;

void dumpFileToSectionIDMap(const FileToSectionIDMap &FileToSecIDMap) {
  for (const auto &KV : FileToSecIDMap) {
    llvm::dbgs() << "In " << KV.first() << "\n";
    for (auto &KV2 : KV.second)
      llvm::dbgs() << "  \"" << KV2.first() << "\" -> " << KV2.second << "\n";
  }
}

Expected<unsigned> getSectionId(const FileToSectionIDMap &FileToSecIDMap,
                                StringRef FileName, StringRef SectionName) {
  auto I = FileToSecIDMap.find(FileName);
  if (I == FileToSecIDMap.end())
    return make_error<StringError>("No file named " + FileName,
                                   inconvertibleErrorCode());
  auto &SectionIDs = I->second;
  auto J = SectionIDs.find(SectionName);
  if (J == SectionIDs.end())
    return make_error<StringError>("No section named \"" + SectionName +
                                   "\" in file " + FileName,
                                   inconvertibleErrorCode());
  return J->second;
}

// A trivial memory manager that doesn't do anything fancy, just uses the
// support library allocation routines directly.
class TrivialMemoryManager : public RTDyldMemoryManager {
public:
  struct SectionInfo {
    SectionInfo(StringRef Name, sys::MemoryBlock MB, unsigned SectionID)
        : Name(std::string(Name)), MB(std::move(MB)), SectionID(SectionID) {}
    std::string Name;
    sys::MemoryBlock MB;
    unsigned SectionID = ~0U;
  };

  SmallVector<SectionInfo, 16> FunctionMemory;
  SmallVector<SectionInfo, 16> DataMemory;

  uint8_t *allocateCodeSection(uintptr_t Size, unsigned Alignment,
                               unsigned SectionID,
                               StringRef SectionName) override;
  uint8_t *allocateDataSection(uintptr_t Size, unsigned Alignment,
                               unsigned SectionID, StringRef SectionName,
                               bool IsReadOnly) override;
  TrivialMemoryManager::TLSSection
  allocateTLSSection(uintptr_t Size, unsigned Alignment, unsigned SectionID,
                     StringRef SectionName) override;

  /// If non null, records subsequent Name -> SectionID mappings.
  void setSectionIDsMap(SectionIDMap *SecIDMap) {
    this->SecIDMap = SecIDMap;
  }

  void *getPointerToNamedFunction(const std::string &Name,
                                  bool AbortOnFailure = true) override {
    return nullptr;
  }

  bool finalizeMemory(std::string *ErrMsg) override { return false; }

  void addDummySymbol(const std::string &Name, uint64_t Addr) {
    DummyExterns[Name] = Addr;
  }

  JITSymbol findSymbol(const std::string &Name) override {
    auto I = DummyExterns.find(Name);

    if (I != DummyExterns.end())
      return JITSymbol(I->second, JITSymbolFlags::Exported);

    if (auto Sym = RTDyldMemoryManager::findSymbol(Name))
      return Sym;
    else if (auto Err = Sym.takeError())
      ExitOnErr(std::move(Err));
    else
      ExitOnErr(make_error<StringError>("Could not find definition for \"" +
                                            Name + "\"",
                                        inconvertibleErrorCode()));
    llvm_unreachable("Should have returned or exited by now");
  }

  void registerEHFrames(uint8_t *Addr, uint64_t LoadAddr,
                        size_t Size) override {}
  void deregisterEHFrames() override {}

  void preallocateSlab(uint64_t Size) {
    std::error_code EC;
    sys::MemoryBlock MB =
      sys::Memory::allocateMappedMemory(Size, nullptr,
                                        sys::Memory::MF_READ |
                                        sys::Memory::MF_WRITE,
                                        EC);
    if (!MB.base())
      report_fatal_error(Twine("Can't allocate enough memory: ") +
                         EC.message());

    PreallocSlab = MB;
    UsePreallocation = true;
    SlabSize = Size;
  }

  uint8_t *allocateFromSlab(uintptr_t Size, unsigned Alignment, bool isCode,
                            StringRef SectionName, unsigned SectionID) {
    Size = alignTo(Size, Alignment);
    if (CurrentSlabOffset + Size > SlabSize)
      report_fatal_error("Can't allocate enough memory. Tune --preallocate");

    uintptr_t OldSlabOffset = CurrentSlabOffset;
    sys::MemoryBlock MB((void *)OldSlabOffset, Size);
    if (isCode)
      FunctionMemory.push_back(SectionInfo(SectionName, MB, SectionID));
    else
      DataMemory.push_back(SectionInfo(SectionName, MB, SectionID));
    CurrentSlabOffset += Size;
    return (uint8_t*)OldSlabOffset;
  }

private:
  std::map<std::string, uint64_t> DummyExterns;
  sys::MemoryBlock PreallocSlab;
  bool UsePreallocation = false;
  uintptr_t SlabSize = 0;
  uintptr_t CurrentSlabOffset = 0;
  SectionIDMap *SecIDMap = nullptr;
#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__ELF__)
  unsigned UsedTLSStorage = 0;
#endif
};

uint8_t *TrivialMemoryManager::allocateCodeSection(uintptr_t Size,
                                                   unsigned Alignment,
                                                   unsigned SectionID,
                                                   StringRef SectionName) {
  if (PrintAllocationRequests)
    outs() << "allocateCodeSection(Size = " << Size << ", Alignment = "
           << Alignment << ", SectionName = " << SectionName << ")\n";

  if (SecIDMap)
    (*SecIDMap)[SectionName] = SectionID;

  if (UsePreallocation)
    return allocateFromSlab(Size, Alignment, true /* isCode */,
                            SectionName, SectionID);

  std::error_code EC;
  sys::MemoryBlock MB =
    sys::Memory::allocateMappedMemory(Size, nullptr,
                                      sys::Memory::MF_READ |
                                      sys::Memory::MF_WRITE,
                                      EC);
  if (!MB.base())
    report_fatal_error(Twine("MemoryManager allocation failed: ") +
                       EC.message());
  FunctionMemory.push_back(SectionInfo(SectionName, MB, SectionID));
  return (uint8_t*)MB.base();
}

uint8_t *TrivialMemoryManager::allocateDataSection(uintptr_t Size,
                                                   unsigned Alignment,
                                                   unsigned SectionID,
                                                   StringRef SectionName,
                                                   bool IsReadOnly) {
  if (PrintAllocationRequests)
    outs() << "allocateDataSection(Size = " << Size << ", Alignment = "
           << Alignment << ", SectionName = " << SectionName << ")\n";

  if (SecIDMap)
    (*SecIDMap)[SectionName] = SectionID;

  if (UsePreallocation)
    return allocateFromSlab(Size, Alignment, false /* isCode */, SectionName,
                            SectionID);

  std::error_code EC;
  sys::MemoryBlock MB =
    sys::Memory::allocateMappedMemory(Size, nullptr,
                                      sys::Memory::MF_READ |
                                      sys::Memory::MF_WRITE,
                                      EC);
  if (!MB.base())
    report_fatal_error(Twine("MemoryManager allocation failed: ") +
                       EC.message());
  DataMemory.push_back(SectionInfo(SectionName, MB, SectionID));
  return (uint8_t*)MB.base();
}

// In case the execution needs TLS storage, we define a very small TLS memory
// area here that will be used in allocateTLSSection().
#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__ELF__)
extern "C" {
alignas(16) __attribute__((visibility("hidden"), tls_model("initial-exec"),
                           used)) thread_local char LLVMRTDyldTLSSpace[16];
}
#endif

TrivialMemoryManager::TLSSection
TrivialMemoryManager::allocateTLSSection(uintptr_t Size, unsigned Alignment,
                                         unsigned SectionID,
                                         StringRef SectionName) {
#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__ELF__)
  if (Size + UsedTLSStorage > sizeof(LLVMRTDyldTLSSpace)) {
    return {};
  }

  // Get the offset of the TLSSpace in the TLS block by using a tpoff
  // relocation here.
  int64_t TLSOffset;
  asm("leaq LLVMRTDyldTLSSpace@tpoff, %0" : "=r"(TLSOffset));

  TLSSection Section;
  // We use the storage directly as the initialization image. This means that
  // when a new thread is spawned after this allocation, it will not be
  // initialized correctly. This means, llvm-rtdyld will only support TLS in a
  // single thread.
  Section.InitializationImage =
      reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(LLVMRTDyldTLSSpace + UsedTLSStorage);
  Section.Offset = TLSOffset + UsedTLSStorage;

  UsedTLSStorage += Size;

  return Section;
#else
  return {};
#endif
}

static const char *ProgramName;

static void ErrorAndExit(const Twine &Msg) {
  errs() << ProgramName << ": error: " << Msg << "\n";
  exit(1);
}

static void loadDylibs() {
  for (const std::string &Dylib : Dylibs) {
    if (!sys::fs::is_regular_file(Dylib))
      report_fatal_error(Twine("Dylib not found: '") + Dylib + "'.");
    std::string ErrMsg;
    if (sys::DynamicLibrary::LoadLibraryPermanently(Dylib.c_str(), &ErrMsg))
      report_fatal_error(Twine("Error loading '") + Dylib + "': " + ErrMsg);
  }
}

/* *** */

static int printLineInfoForInput(bool LoadObjects, bool UseDebugObj) {
  assert(LoadObjects || !UseDebugObj);

  // Load any dylibs requested on the command line.
  loadDylibs();

  // If we don't have any input files, read from stdin.
  if (!InputFileList.size())
    InputFileList.push_back("-");
  for (auto &File : InputFileList) {
    // Instantiate a dynamic linker.
    TrivialMemoryManager MemMgr;
    RuntimeDyld Dyld(MemMgr, MemMgr);

    // Load the input memory buffer.

    ErrorOr<std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer>> InputBuffer =
        MemoryBuffer::getFileOrSTDIN(File);
    if (std::error_code EC = InputBuffer.getError())
      ErrorAndExit("unable to read input: '" + EC.message() + "'");

    Expected<std::unique_ptr<ObjectFile>> MaybeObj(
      ObjectFile::createObjectFile((*InputBuffer)->getMemBufferRef()));

    if (!MaybeObj) {
      std::string Buf;
      raw_string_ostream OS(Buf);
      logAllUnhandledErrors(MaybeObj.takeError(), OS);
      OS.flush();
      ErrorAndExit("unable to create object file: '" + Buf + "'");
    }

    ObjectFile &Obj = **MaybeObj;

    OwningBinary<ObjectFile> DebugObj;
    std::unique_ptr<RuntimeDyld::LoadedObjectInfo> LoadedObjInfo = nullptr;
    ObjectFile *SymbolObj = &Obj;
    if (LoadObjects) {
      // Load the object file
      LoadedObjInfo =
        Dyld.loadObject(Obj);

      if (Dyld.hasError())
        ErrorAndExit(Dyld.getErrorString());

      // Resolve all the relocations we can.
      Dyld.resolveRelocations();

      if (UseDebugObj) {
        DebugObj = LoadedObjInfo->getObjectForDebug(Obj);
        SymbolObj = DebugObj.getBinary();
        LoadedObjInfo.reset();
      }
    }

    std::unique_ptr<DIContext> Context = DWARFContext::create(
        *SymbolObj, DWARFContext::ProcessDebugRelocations::Process,
        LoadedObjInfo.get());

    std::vector<std::pair<SymbolRef, uint64_t>> SymAddr =
        object::computeSymbolSizes(*SymbolObj);

    // Use symbol info to iterate functions in the object.
    for (const auto &P : SymAddr) {
      object::SymbolRef Sym = P.first;
      Expected<SymbolRef::Type> TypeOrErr = Sym.getType();
      if (!TypeOrErr) {
        // TODO: Actually report errors helpfully.
        consumeError(TypeOrErr.takeError());
        continue;
      }
      SymbolRef::Type Type = *TypeOrErr;
      if (Type == object::SymbolRef::ST_Function) {
        Expected<StringRef> Name = Sym.getName();
        if (!Name) {
          // TODO: Actually report errors helpfully.
          consumeError(Name.takeError());
          continue;
        }
        Expected<uint64_t> AddrOrErr = Sym.getAddress();
        if (!AddrOrErr) {
          // TODO: Actually report errors helpfully.
          consumeError(AddrOrErr.takeError());
          continue;
        }
        uint64_t Addr = *AddrOrErr;

        object::SectionedAddress Address;

        uint64_t Size = P.second;
        // If we're not using the debug object, compute the address of the
        // symbol in memory (rather than that in the unrelocated object file)
        // and use that to query the DWARFContext.
        if (!UseDebugObj && LoadObjects) {
          auto SecOrErr = Sym.getSection();
          if (!SecOrErr) {
            // TODO: Actually report errors helpfully.
            consumeError(SecOrErr.takeError());
            continue;
          }
          object::section_iterator Sec = *SecOrErr;
          Address.SectionIndex = Sec->getIndex();
          uint64_t SectionLoadAddress =
            LoadedObjInfo->getSectionLoadAddress(*Sec);
          if (SectionLoadAddress != 0)
            Addr += SectionLoadAddress - Sec->getAddress();
        } else if (auto SecOrErr = Sym.getSection())
          Address.SectionIndex = SecOrErr.get()->getIndex();

        outs() << "Function: " << *Name << ", Size = " << Size
               << ", Addr = " << Addr << "\n";

        Address.Address = Addr;
        DILineInfoTable Lines =
            Context->getLineInfoForAddressRange(Address, Size);
        for (auto &D : Lines) {
          outs() << "  Line info @ " << D.first - Addr << ": "
                 << D.second.FileName << ", line:" << D.second.Line << "\n";
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

static void doPreallocation(TrivialMemoryManager &MemMgr) {
  // Allocate a slab of memory upfront, if required. This is used if
  // we want to test small code models.
  if (static_cast<intptr_t>(PreallocMemory) < 0)
    report_fatal_error("Pre-allocated bytes of memory must be a positive integer.");

  // FIXME: Limit the amount of memory that can be preallocated?
  if (PreallocMemory != 0)
    MemMgr.preallocateSlab(PreallocMemory);
}

static int executeInput() {
  // Load any dylibs requested on the command line.
  loadDylibs();

  // Instantiate a dynamic linker.
  TrivialMemoryManager MemMgr;
  doPreallocation(MemMgr);
  RuntimeDyld Dyld(MemMgr, MemMgr);

  // If we don't have any input files, read from stdin.
  if (!InputFileList.size())
    InputFileList.push_back("-");
  {
    TimeRegion TR(Timers ? &Timers->LoadObjectsTimer : nullptr);
    for (auto &File : InputFileList) {
      // Load the input memory buffer.
      ErrorOr<std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer>> InputBuffer =
          MemoryBuffer::getFileOrSTDIN(File);
      if (std::error_code EC = InputBuffer.getError())
        ErrorAndExit("unable to read input: '" + EC.message() + "'");
      Expected<std::unique_ptr<ObjectFile>> MaybeObj(
          ObjectFile::createObjectFile((*InputBuffer)->getMemBufferRef()));

      if (!MaybeObj) {
        std::string Buf;
        raw_string_ostream OS(Buf);
        logAllUnhandledErrors(MaybeObj.takeError(), OS);
        OS.flush();
        ErrorAndExit("unable to create object file: '" + Buf + "'");
      }

      ObjectFile &Obj = **MaybeObj;

      // Load the object file
      Dyld.loadObject(Obj);
      if (Dyld.hasError()) {
        ErrorAndExit(Dyld.getErrorString());
      }
    }
  }

  {
    TimeRegion TR(Timers ? &Timers->LinkTimer : nullptr);
    // Resove all the relocations we can.
    // FIXME: Error out if there are unresolved relocations.
    Dyld.resolveRelocations();
  }

  // Get the address of the entry point (_main by default).
  void *MainAddress = Dyld.getSymbolLocalAddress(EntryPoint);
  if (!MainAddress)
    ErrorAndExit("no definition for '" + EntryPoint + "'");

  // Invalidate the instruction cache for each loaded function.
  for (auto &FM : MemMgr.FunctionMemory) {

    auto &FM_MB = FM.MB;

    // Make sure the memory is executable.
    // setExecutable will call InvalidateInstructionCache.
    if (auto EC = sys::Memory::protectMappedMemory(FM_MB,
                                                   sys::Memory::MF_READ |
                                                   sys::Memory::MF_EXEC))
      ErrorAndExit("unable to mark function executable: '" + EC.message() +
                   "'");
  }

  // Dispatch to _main().
  errs() << "loaded '" << EntryPoint << "' at: " << (void*)MainAddress << "\n";

  int (*Main)(int, const char**) =
    (int(*)(int,const char**)) uintptr_t(MainAddress);
  std::vector<const char *> Argv;
  // Use the name of the first input object module as argv[0] for the target.
  Argv.push_back(InputFileList[0].data());
  for (auto &Arg : InputArgv)
    Argv.push_back(Arg.data());
  Argv.push_back(nullptr);
  int Result = 0;
  {
    TimeRegion TR(Timers ? &Timers->RunTimer : nullptr);
    Result = Main(Argv.size() - 1, Argv.data());
  }

  return Result;
}

static int checkAllExpressions(RuntimeDyldChecker &Checker) {
  for (const auto& CheckerFileName : CheckFiles) {
    ErrorOr<std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer>> CheckerFileBuf =
        MemoryBuffer::getFileOrSTDIN(CheckerFileName);
    if (std::error_code EC = CheckerFileBuf.getError())
      ErrorAndExit("unable to read input '" + CheckerFileName + "': " +
                   EC.message());

    if (!Checker.checkAllRulesInBuffer("# rtdyld-check:",
                                       CheckerFileBuf.get().get()))
      ErrorAndExit("some checks in '" + CheckerFileName + "' failed");
  }
  return 0;
}

void applySpecificSectionMappings(RuntimeDyld &Dyld,
                                  const FileToSectionIDMap &FileToSecIDMap) {

  for (StringRef Mapping : SpecificSectionMappings) {
    size_t EqualsIdx = Mapping.find_first_of("=");
    std::string SectionIDStr = std::string(Mapping.substr(0, EqualsIdx));
    size_t ComaIdx = Mapping.find_first_of(",");

    if (ComaIdx == StringRef::npos)
      report_fatal_error("Invalid section specification '" + Mapping +
                         "'. Should be '<file name>,<section name>=<addr>'");

    std::string FileName = SectionIDStr.substr(0, ComaIdx);
    std::string SectionName = SectionIDStr.substr(ComaIdx + 1);
    unsigned SectionID =
      ExitOnErr(getSectionId(FileToSecIDMap, FileName, SectionName));

    auto* OldAddr = Dyld.getSectionContent(SectionID).data();
    std::string NewAddrStr = std::string(Mapping.substr(EqualsIdx + 1));
    uint64_t NewAddr;

    if (StringRef(NewAddrStr).getAsInteger(0, NewAddr))
      report_fatal_error("Invalid section address in mapping '" + Mapping +
                         "'.");

    Dyld.mapSectionAddress(OldAddr, NewAddr);
  }
}

// Scatter sections in all directions!
// Remaps section addresses for -verify mode. The following command line options
// can be used to customize the layout of the memory within the phony target's
// address space:
// -target-addr-start <s> -- Specify where the phony target address range starts.
// -target-addr-end   <e> -- Specify where the phony target address range ends.
// -target-section-sep <d> -- Specify how big a gap should be left between the
//                            end of one section and the start of the next.
//                            Defaults to zero. Set to something big
//                            (e.g. 1 << 32) to stress-test stubs, GOTs, etc.
//
static void remapSectionsAndSymbols(const llvm::Triple &TargetTriple,
                                    RuntimeDyld &Dyld,
                                    TrivialMemoryManager &MemMgr) {

  // Set up a work list (section addr/size pairs).
  typedef std::list<const TrivialMemoryManager::SectionInfo*> WorklistT;
  WorklistT Worklist;

  for (const auto& CodeSection : MemMgr.FunctionMemory)
    Worklist.push_back(&CodeSection);
  for (const auto& DataSection : MemMgr.DataMemory)
    Worklist.push_back(&DataSection);

  // Keep an "already allocated" mapping of section target addresses to sizes.
  // Sections whose address mappings aren't specified on the command line will
  // allocated around the explicitly mapped sections while maintaining the
  // minimum separation.
  std::map<uint64_t, uint64_t> AlreadyAllocated;

  // Move the previously applied mappings (whether explicitly specified on the
  // command line, or implicitly set by RuntimeDyld) into the already-allocated
  // map.
  for (WorklistT::iterator I = Worklist.begin(), E = Worklist.end();
       I != E;) {
    WorklistT::iterator Tmp = I;
    ++I;

    auto LoadAddr = Dyld.getSectionLoadAddress((*Tmp)->SectionID);

    if (LoadAddr != static_cast<uint64_t>(
          reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>((*Tmp)->MB.base()))) {
      // A section will have a LoadAddr of 0 if it wasn't loaded for whatever
      // reason (e.g. zero byte COFF sections). Don't include those sections in
      // the allocation map.
      if (LoadAddr != 0)
        AlreadyAllocated[LoadAddr] = (*Tmp)->MB.allocatedSize();
      Worklist.erase(Tmp);
    }
  }

  // If the -target-addr-end option wasn't explicitly passed, then set it to a
  // sensible default based on the target triple.
  if (TargetAddrEnd.getNumOccurrences() == 0) {
    if (TargetTriple.isArch16Bit())
      TargetAddrEnd = (1ULL << 16) - 1;
    else if (TargetTriple.isArch32Bit())
      TargetAddrEnd = (1ULL << 32) - 1;
    // TargetAddrEnd already has a sensible default for 64-bit systems, so
    // there's nothing to do in the 64-bit case.
  }

  // Process any elements remaining in the worklist.
  while (!Worklist.empty()) {
    auto *CurEntry = Worklist.front();
    Worklist.pop_front();

    uint64_t NextSectionAddr = TargetAddrStart;

    for (const auto &Alloc : AlreadyAllocated)
      if (NextSectionAddr + CurEntry->MB.allocatedSize() + TargetSectionSep <=
          Alloc.first)
        break;
      else
        NextSectionAddr = Alloc.first + Alloc.second + TargetSectionSep;

    Dyld.mapSectionAddress(CurEntry->MB.base(), NextSectionAddr);
    AlreadyAllocated[NextSectionAddr] = CurEntry->MB.allocatedSize();
  }

  // Add dummy symbols to the memory manager.
  for (const auto &Mapping : DummySymbolMappings) {
    size_t EqualsIdx = Mapping.find_first_of('=');

    if (EqualsIdx == StringRef::npos)
      report_fatal_error(Twine("Invalid dummy symbol specification '") +
                         Mapping + "'. Should be '<symbol name>=<addr>'");

    std::string Symbol = Mapping.substr(0, EqualsIdx);
    std::string AddrStr = Mapping.substr(EqualsIdx + 1);

    uint64_t Addr;
    if (StringRef(AddrStr).getAsInteger(0, Addr))
      report_fatal_error(Twine("Invalid symbol mapping '") + Mapping + "'.");

    MemMgr.addDummySymbol(Symbol, Addr);
  }
}

// Load and link the objects specified on the command line, but do not execute
// anything. Instead, attach a RuntimeDyldChecker instance and call it to
// verify the correctness of the linked memory.
static int linkAndVerify() {

  // Check for missing triple.
  if (TripleName == "")
    ErrorAndExit("-triple required when running in -verify mode.");

  // Look up the target and build the disassembler.
  Triple TheTriple(Triple::normalize(TripleName));
  std::string ErrorStr;
  const Target *TheTarget =
    TargetRegistry::lookupTarget("", TheTriple, ErrorStr);
  if (!TheTarget)
    ErrorAndExit("Error accessing target '" + TripleName + "': " + ErrorStr);

  TripleName = TheTriple.getTriple();

  std::unique_ptr<MCSubtargetInfo> STI(
    TheTarget->createMCSubtargetInfo(TripleName, MCPU, ""));
  if (!STI)
    ErrorAndExit("Unable to create subtarget info!");

  std::unique_ptr<MCRegisterInfo> MRI(TheTarget->createMCRegInfo(TripleName));
  if (!MRI)
    ErrorAndExit("Unable to create target register info!");

  MCTargetOptions MCOptions;
  std::unique_ptr<MCAsmInfo> MAI(
      TheTarget->createMCAsmInfo(*MRI, TripleName, MCOptions));
  if (!MAI)
    ErrorAndExit("Unable to create target asm info!");

  MCContext Ctx(Triple(TripleName), MAI.get(), MRI.get(), STI.get());

  std::unique_ptr<MCDisassembler> Disassembler(
    TheTarget->createMCDisassembler(*STI, Ctx));
  if (!Disassembler)
    ErrorAndExit("Unable to create disassembler!");

  std::unique_ptr<MCInstrInfo> MII(TheTarget->createMCInstrInfo());
  if (!MII)
    ErrorAndExit("Unable to create target instruction info!");

  std::unique_ptr<MCInstPrinter> InstPrinter(
      TheTarget->createMCInstPrinter(Triple(TripleName), 0, *MAI, *MII, *MRI));

  // Load any dylibs requested on the command line.
  loadDylibs();

  // Instantiate a dynamic linker.
  TrivialMemoryManager MemMgr;
  doPreallocation(MemMgr);

  struct StubID {
    unsigned SectionID;
    uint32_t Offset;
  };
  using StubInfos = StringMap<StubID>;
  using StubContainers = StringMap<StubInfos>;

  StubContainers StubMap;
  RuntimeDyld Dyld(MemMgr, MemMgr);
  Dyld.setProcessAllSections(true);

  Dyld.setNotifyStubEmitted([&StubMap](StringRef FilePath,
                                       StringRef SectionName,
                                       StringRef SymbolName, unsigned SectionID,
                                       uint32_t StubOffset) {
    std::string ContainerName =
        (sys::path::filename(FilePath) + "/" + SectionName).str();
    StubMap[ContainerName][SymbolName] = {SectionID, StubOffset};
  });

  auto GetSymbolInfo =
      [&Dyld, &MemMgr](
          StringRef Symbol) -> Expected<RuntimeDyldChecker::MemoryRegionInfo> {
    RuntimeDyldChecker::MemoryRegionInfo SymInfo;

    // First get the target address.
    if (auto InternalSymbol = Dyld.getSymbol(Symbol))
      SymInfo.setTargetAddress(InternalSymbol.getAddress());
    else {
      // Symbol not found in RuntimeDyld. Fall back to external lookup.
#ifdef _MSC_VER
      using ExpectedLookupResult =
          MSVCPExpected<JITSymbolResolver::LookupResult>;
#else
      using ExpectedLookupResult = Expected<JITSymbolResolver::LookupResult>;
#endif

      auto ResultP = std::make_shared<std::promise<ExpectedLookupResult>>();
      auto ResultF = ResultP->get_future();

      MemMgr.lookup(JITSymbolResolver::LookupSet({Symbol}),
                    [=](Expected<JITSymbolResolver::LookupResult> Result) {
                      ResultP->set_value(std::move(Result));
                    });

      auto Result = ResultF.get();
      if (!Result)
        return Result.takeError();

      auto I = Result->find(Symbol);
      assert(I != Result->end() &&
             "Expected symbol address if no error occurred");
      SymInfo.setTargetAddress(I->second.getAddress());
    }

    // Now find the symbol content if possible (otherwise leave content as a
    // default-constructed StringRef).
    if (auto *SymAddr = Dyld.getSymbolLocalAddress(Symbol)) {
      unsigned SectionID = Dyld.getSymbolSectionID(Symbol);
      if (SectionID != ~0U) {
        char *CSymAddr = static_cast<char *>(SymAddr);
        StringRef SecContent = Dyld.getSectionContent(SectionID);
        uint64_t SymSize = SecContent.size() - (CSymAddr - SecContent.data());
        SymInfo.setContent(ArrayRef<char>(CSymAddr, SymSize));
      }
    }
    return SymInfo;
  };

  auto IsSymbolValid = [&Dyld, GetSymbolInfo](StringRef Symbol) {
    if (Dyld.getSymbol(Symbol))
      return true;
    auto SymInfo = GetSymbolInfo(Symbol);
    if (!SymInfo) {
      logAllUnhandledErrors(SymInfo.takeError(), errs(), "RTDyldChecker: ");
      return false;
    }
    return SymInfo->getTargetAddress() != 0;
  };

  FileToSectionIDMap FileToSecIDMap;

  auto GetSectionInfo = [&Dyld, &FileToSecIDMap](StringRef FileName,
                                                 StringRef SectionName)
      -> Expected<RuntimeDyldChecker::MemoryRegionInfo> {
    auto SectionID = getSectionId(FileToSecIDMap, FileName, SectionName);
    if (!SectionID)
      return SectionID.takeError();
    RuntimeDyldChecker::MemoryRegionInfo SecInfo;
    SecInfo.setTargetAddress(Dyld.getSectionLoadAddress(*SectionID));
    StringRef SecContent = Dyld.getSectionContent(*SectionID);
    SecInfo.setContent(ArrayRef<char>(SecContent.data(), SecContent.size()));
    return SecInfo;
  };

  auto GetStubInfo = [&Dyld, &StubMap](StringRef StubContainer,
                                       StringRef SymbolName)
      -> Expected<RuntimeDyldChecker::MemoryRegionInfo> {
    if (!StubMap.count(StubContainer))
      return make_error<StringError>("Stub container not found: " +
                                         StubContainer,
                                     inconvertibleErrorCode());
    if (!StubMap[StubContainer].count(SymbolName))
      return make_error<StringError>("Symbol name " + SymbolName +
                                         " in stub container " + StubContainer,
                                     inconvertibleErrorCode());
    auto &SI = StubMap[StubContainer][SymbolName];
    RuntimeDyldChecker::MemoryRegionInfo StubMemInfo;
    StubMemInfo.setTargetAddress(Dyld.getSectionLoadAddress(SI.SectionID) +
                                 SI.Offset);
    StringRef SecContent =
        Dyld.getSectionContent(SI.SectionID).substr(SI.Offset);
    StubMemInfo.setContent(
        ArrayRef<char>(SecContent.data(), SecContent.size()));
    return StubMemInfo;
  };

  // We will initialize this below once we have the first object file and can
  // know the endianness.
  std::unique_ptr<RuntimeDyldChecker> Checker;

  // If we don't have any input files, read from stdin.
  if (!InputFileList.size())
    InputFileList.push_back("-");
  for (auto &InputFile : InputFileList) {
    // Load the input memory buffer.
    ErrorOr<std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer>> InputBuffer =
        MemoryBuffer::getFileOrSTDIN(InputFile);

    if (std::error_code EC = InputBuffer.getError())
      ErrorAndExit("unable to read input: '" + EC.message() + "'");

    Expected<std::unique_ptr<ObjectFile>> MaybeObj(
      ObjectFile::createObjectFile((*InputBuffer)->getMemBufferRef()));

    if (!MaybeObj) {
      std::string Buf;
      raw_string_ostream OS(Buf);
      logAllUnhandledErrors(MaybeObj.takeError(), OS);
      OS.flush();
      ErrorAndExit("unable to create object file: '" + Buf + "'");
    }

    ObjectFile &Obj = **MaybeObj;

    if (!Checker)
      Checker = std::make_unique<RuntimeDyldChecker>(
          IsSymbolValid, GetSymbolInfo, GetSectionInfo, GetStubInfo,
          GetStubInfo, Obj.isLittleEndian() ? support::little : support::big,
          Disassembler.get(), InstPrinter.get(), dbgs());

    auto FileName = sys::path::filename(InputFile);
    MemMgr.setSectionIDsMap(&FileToSecIDMap[FileName]);

    // Load the object file
    Dyld.loadObject(Obj);
    if (Dyld.hasError()) {
      ErrorAndExit(Dyld.getErrorString());
    }
  }

  // Re-map the section addresses into the phony target address space and add
  // dummy symbols.
  applySpecificSectionMappings(Dyld, FileToSecIDMap);
  remapSectionsAndSymbols(TheTriple, Dyld, MemMgr);

  // Resolve all the relocations we can.
  Dyld.resolveRelocations();

  // Register EH frames.
  Dyld.registerEHFrames();

  int ErrorCode = checkAllExpressions(*Checker);
  if (Dyld.hasError())
    ErrorAndExit("RTDyld reported an error applying relocations:\n  " +
                 Dyld.getErrorString());

  return ErrorCode;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  InitLLVM X(argc, argv);
  ProgramName = argv[0];

  llvm::InitializeAllTargetInfos();
  llvm::InitializeAllTargetMCs();
  llvm::InitializeAllDisassemblers();

  cl::HideUnrelatedOptions({&RTDyldCategory, &getColorCategory()});
  cl::ParseCommandLineOptions(argc, argv, "llvm MC-JIT tool\n");

  ExitOnErr.setBanner(std::string(argv[0]) + ": ");

  Timers = ShowTimes ? std::make_unique<RTDyldTimers>() : nullptr;

  int Result = 0;
  switch (Action) {
  case AC_Execute:
    Result = executeInput();
    break;
  case AC_PrintDebugLineInfo:
    Result =
        printLineInfoForInput(/* LoadObjects */ true, /* UseDebugObj */ true);
    break;
  case AC_PrintLineInfo:
    Result =
        printLineInfoForInput(/* LoadObjects */ true, /* UseDebugObj */ false);
    break;
  case AC_PrintObjectLineInfo:
    Result =
        printLineInfoForInput(/* LoadObjects */ false, /* UseDebugObj */ false);
    break;
  case AC_Verify:
    Result = linkAndVerify();
    break;
  }
  return Result;
}