ScalarEvolutionExpander.cpp

//===- ScalarEvolutionExpander.cpp - Scalar Evolution Analysis --*- C++ -*-===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file contains the implementation of the scalar evolution expander,
// which is used to generate the code corresponding to a given scalar evolution
// expression.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "llvm/Analysis/ScalarEvolutionExpander.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallSet.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/InstructionSimplify.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/LoopInfo.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/TargetTransformInfo.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Dominators.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IntrinsicInst.h"
#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
#include "llvm/IR/PatternMatch.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"

using namespace llvm;
using namespace PatternMatch;

/// ReuseOrCreateCast - Arrange for there to be a cast of V to Ty at IP,
/// reusing an existing cast if a suitable one exists, moving an existing
/// cast if a suitable one exists but isn't in the right place, or
/// creating a new one.
Value *SCEVExpander::ReuseOrCreateCast(Value *V, Type *Ty,
                                       Instruction::CastOps Op,
                                       BasicBlock::iterator IP) {
  // This function must be called with the builder having a valid insertion
  // point. It doesn't need to be the actual IP where the uses of the returned
  // cast will be added, but it must dominate such IP.
  // We use this precondition to produce a cast that will dominate all its
  // uses. In particular, this is crucial for the case where the builder's
  // insertion point *is* the point where we were asked to put the cast.
  // Since we don't know the builder's insertion point is actually
  // where the uses will be added (only that it dominates it), we are
  // not allowed to move it.
  BasicBlock::iterator BIP = Builder.GetInsertPoint();

  Instruction *Ret = nullptr;

  // Check to see if there is already a cast!
  for (User *U : V->users())
    if (U->getType() == Ty)
      if (CastInst *CI = dyn_cast<CastInst>(U))
        if (CI->getOpcode() == Op) {
          // If the cast isn't where we want it, create a new cast at IP.
          // Likewise, do not reuse a cast at BIP because it must dominate
          // instructions that might be inserted before BIP.
          if (BasicBlock::iterator(CI) != IP || BIP == IP) {
            // Create a new cast, and leave the old cast in place in case
            // it is being used as an insert point. Clear its operand
            // so that it doesn't hold anything live.
            Ret = CastInst::Create(Op, V, Ty, "", &*IP);
            Ret->takeName(CI);
            CI->replaceAllUsesWith(Ret);
            CI->setOperand(0, UndefValue::get(V->getType()));
            break;
          }
          Ret = CI;
          break;
        }

  // Create a new cast.
  if (!Ret)
    Ret = CastInst::Create(Op, V, Ty, V->getName(), &*IP);

  // We assert at the end of the function since IP might point to an
  // instruction with different dominance properties than a cast
  // (an invoke for example) and not dominate BIP (but the cast does).
  assert(SE.DT.dominates(Ret, &*BIP));

  rememberInstruction(Ret);
  return Ret;
}

static BasicBlock::iterator findInsertPointAfter(Instruction *I,
                                                 BasicBlock *MustDominate) {
  BasicBlock::iterator IP = ++I->getIterator();
  if (auto *II = dyn_cast<InvokeInst>(I))
    IP = II->getNormalDest()->begin();

  while (isa<PHINode>(IP))
    ++IP;

  if (isa<FuncletPadInst>(IP) || isa<LandingPadInst>(IP)) {
    ++IP;
  } else if (isa<CatchSwitchInst>(IP)) {
    IP = MustDominate->getFirstInsertionPt();
  } else {
    assert(!IP->isEHPad() && "unexpected eh pad!");
  }

  return IP;
}

/// InsertNoopCastOfTo - Insert a cast of V to the specified type,
/// which must be possible with a noop cast, doing what we can to share
/// the casts.
Value *SCEVExpander::InsertNoopCastOfTo(Value *V, Type *Ty) {
  Instruction::CastOps Op = CastInst::getCastOpcode(V, false, Ty, false);
  assert((Op == Instruction::BitCast ||
          Op == Instruction::PtrToInt ||
          Op == Instruction::IntToPtr) &&
         "InsertNoopCastOfTo cannot perform non-noop casts!");
  assert(SE.getTypeSizeInBits(V->getType()) == SE.getTypeSizeInBits(Ty) &&
         "InsertNoopCastOfTo cannot change sizes!");

  // Short-circuit unnecessary bitcasts.
  if (Op == Instruction::BitCast) {
    if (V->getType() == Ty)
      return V;
    if (CastInst *CI = dyn_cast<CastInst>(V)) {
      if (CI->getOperand(0)->getType() == Ty)
        return CI->getOperand(0);
    }
  }
  // Short-circuit unnecessary inttoptr<->ptrtoint casts.
  if ((Op == Instruction::PtrToInt || Op == Instruction::IntToPtr) &&
      SE.getTypeSizeInBits(Ty) == SE.getTypeSizeInBits(V->getType())) {
    if (CastInst *CI = dyn_cast<CastInst>(V))
      if ((CI->getOpcode() == Instruction::PtrToInt ||
           CI->getOpcode() == Instruction::IntToPtr) &&
          SE.getTypeSizeInBits(CI->getType()) ==
          SE.getTypeSizeInBits(CI->getOperand(0)->getType()))
        return CI->getOperand(0);
    if (ConstantExpr *CE = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(V))
      if ((CE->getOpcode() == Instruction::PtrToInt ||
           CE->getOpcode() == Instruction::IntToPtr) &&
          SE.getTypeSizeInBits(CE->getType()) ==
          SE.getTypeSizeInBits(CE->getOperand(0)->getType()))
        return CE->getOperand(0);
  }

  // Fold a cast of a constant.
  if (Constant *C = dyn_cast<Constant>(V))
    return ConstantExpr::getCast(Op, C, Ty);

  // Cast the argument at the beginning of the entry block, after
  // any bitcasts of other arguments.
  if (Argument *A = dyn_cast<Argument>(V)) {
    BasicBlock::iterator IP = A->getParent()->getEntryBlock().begin();
    while ((isa<BitCastInst>(IP) &&
            isa<Argument>(cast<BitCastInst>(IP)->getOperand(0)) &&
            cast<BitCastInst>(IP)->getOperand(0) != A) ||
           isa<DbgInfoIntrinsic>(IP))
      ++IP;
    return ReuseOrCreateCast(A, Ty, Op, IP);
  }

  // Cast the instruction immediately after the instruction.
  Instruction *I = cast<Instruction>(V);
  BasicBlock::iterator IP = findInsertPointAfter(I, Builder.GetInsertBlock());
  return ReuseOrCreateCast(I, Ty, Op, IP);
}

/// InsertBinop - Insert the specified binary operator, doing a small amount
/// of work to avoid inserting an obviously redundant operation.
Value *SCEVExpander::InsertBinop(Instruction::BinaryOps Opcode,
                                 Value *LHS, Value *RHS) {
  // Fold a binop with constant operands.
  if (Constant *CLHS = dyn_cast<Constant>(LHS))
    if (Constant *CRHS = dyn_cast<Constant>(RHS))
      return ConstantExpr::get(Opcode, CLHS, CRHS);

  // Do a quick scan to see if we have this binop nearby.  If so, reuse it.
  unsigned ScanLimit = 6;
  BasicBlock::iterator BlockBegin = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->begin();
  // Scanning starts from the last instruction before the insertion point.
  BasicBlock::iterator IP = Builder.GetInsertPoint();
  if (IP != BlockBegin) {
    --IP;
    for (; ScanLimit; --IP, --ScanLimit) {
      // Don't count dbg.value against the ScanLimit, to avoid perturbing the
      // generated code.
      if (isa<DbgInfoIntrinsic>(IP))
        ScanLimit++;
      if (IP->getOpcode() == (unsigned)Opcode && IP->getOperand(0) == LHS &&
          IP->getOperand(1) == RHS)
        return &*IP;
      if (IP == BlockBegin) break;
    }
  }

  // Save the original insertion point so we can restore it when we're done.
  DebugLoc Loc = Builder.GetInsertPoint()->getDebugLoc();
  BuilderType::InsertPointGuard Guard(Builder);

  // Move the insertion point out of as many loops as we can.
  while (const Loop *L = SE.LI.getLoopFor(Builder.GetInsertBlock())) {
    if (!L->isLoopInvariant(LHS) || !L->isLoopInvariant(RHS)) break;
    BasicBlock *Preheader = L->getLoopPreheader();
    if (!Preheader) break;

    // Ok, move up a level.
    Builder.SetInsertPoint(Preheader->getTerminator());
  }

  // If we haven't found this binop, insert it.
  Instruction *BO = cast<Instruction>(Builder.CreateBinOp(Opcode, LHS, RHS));
  BO->setDebugLoc(Loc);
  rememberInstruction(BO);

  return BO;
}

/// FactorOutConstant - Test if S is divisible by Factor, using signed
/// division. If so, update S with Factor divided out and return true.
/// S need not be evenly divisible if a reasonable remainder can be
/// computed.
/// TODO: When ScalarEvolution gets a SCEVSDivExpr, this can be made
/// unnecessary; in its place, just signed-divide Ops[i] by the scale and
/// check to see if the divide was folded.
static bool FactorOutConstant(const SCEV *&S, const SCEV *&Remainder,
                              const SCEV *Factor, ScalarEvolution &SE,
                              const DataLayout &DL) {
  // Everything is divisible by one.
  if (Factor->isOne())
    return true;

  // x/x == 1.
  if (S == Factor) {
    S = SE.getConstant(S->getType(), 1);
    return true;
  }

  // For a Constant, check for a multiple of the given factor.
  if (const SCEVConstant *C = dyn_cast<SCEVConstant>(S)) {
    // 0/x == 0.
    if (C->isZero())
      return true;
    // Check for divisibility.
    if (const SCEVConstant *FC = dyn_cast<SCEVConstant>(Factor)) {
      ConstantInt *CI =
          ConstantInt::get(SE.getContext(), C->getAPInt().sdiv(FC->getAPInt()));
      // If the quotient is zero and the remainder is non-zero, reject
      // the value at this scale. It will be considered for subsequent
      // smaller scales.
      if (!CI->isZero()) {
        const SCEV *Div = SE.getConstant(CI);
        S = Div;
        Remainder = SE.getAddExpr(
            Remainder, SE.getConstant(C->getAPInt().srem(FC->getAPInt())));
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  // In a Mul, check if there is a constant operand which is a multiple
  // of the given factor.
  if (const SCEVMulExpr *M = dyn_cast<SCEVMulExpr>(S)) {
    // Size is known, check if there is a constant operand which is a multiple
    // of the given factor. If so, we can factor it.
    const SCEVConstant *FC = cast<SCEVConstant>(Factor);
    if (const SCEVConstant *C = dyn_cast<SCEVConstant>(M->getOperand(0)))
      if (!C->getAPInt().srem(FC->getAPInt())) {
        SmallVector<const SCEV *, 4> NewMulOps(M->op_begin(), M->op_end());
        NewMulOps[0] = SE.getConstant(C->getAPInt().sdiv(FC->getAPInt()));
        S = SE.getMulExpr(NewMulOps);
        return true;
      }
  }

  // In an AddRec, check if both start and step are divisible.
  if (const SCEVAddRecExpr *A = dyn_cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(S)) {
    const SCEV *Step = A->getStepRecurrence(SE);
    const SCEV *StepRem = SE.getConstant(Step->getType(), 0);
    if (!FactorOutConstant(Step, StepRem, Factor, SE, DL))
      return false;
    if (!StepRem->isZero())
      return false;
    const SCEV *Start = A->getStart();
    if (!FactorOutConstant(Start, Remainder, Factor, SE, DL))
      return false;
    S = SE.getAddRecExpr(Start, Step, A->getLoop(),
                         A->getNoWrapFlags(SCEV::FlagNW));
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/// SimplifyAddOperands - Sort and simplify a list of add operands. NumAddRecs
/// is the number of SCEVAddRecExprs present, which are kept at the end of
/// the list.
///
static void SimplifyAddOperands(SmallVectorImpl<const SCEV *> &Ops,
                                Type *Ty,
                                ScalarEvolution &SE) {
  unsigned NumAddRecs = 0;
  for (unsigned i = Ops.size(); i > 0 && isa<SCEVAddRecExpr>(Ops[i-1]); --i)
    ++NumAddRecs;
  // Group Ops into non-addrecs and addrecs.
  SmallVector<const SCEV *, 8> NoAddRecs(Ops.begin(), Ops.end() - NumAddRecs);
  SmallVector<const SCEV *, 8> AddRecs(Ops.end() - NumAddRecs, Ops.end());
  // Let ScalarEvolution sort and simplify the non-addrecs list.
  const SCEV *Sum = NoAddRecs.empty() ?
                    SE.getConstant(Ty, 0) :
                    SE.getAddExpr(NoAddRecs);
  // If it returned an add, use the operands. Otherwise it simplified
  // the sum into a single value, so just use that.
  Ops.clear();
  if (const SCEVAddExpr *Add = dyn_cast<SCEVAddExpr>(Sum))
    Ops.append(Add->op_begin(), Add->op_end());
  else if (!Sum->isZero())
    Ops.push_back(Sum);
  // Then append the addrecs.
  Ops.append(AddRecs.begin(), AddRecs.end());
}

/// SplitAddRecs - Flatten a list of add operands, moving addrec start values
/// out to the top level. For example, convert {a + b,+,c} to a, b, {0,+,d}.
/// This helps expose more opportunities for folding parts of the expressions
/// into GEP indices.
///
static void SplitAddRecs(SmallVectorImpl<const SCEV *> &Ops,
                         Type *Ty,
                         ScalarEvolution &SE) {
  // Find the addrecs.
  SmallVector<const SCEV *, 8> AddRecs;
  for (unsigned i = 0, e = Ops.size(); i != e; ++i)
    while (const SCEVAddRecExpr *A = dyn_cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(Ops[i])) {
      const SCEV *Start = A->getStart();
      if (Start->isZero()) break;
      const SCEV *Zero = SE.getConstant(Ty, 0);
      AddRecs.push_back(SE.getAddRecExpr(Zero,
                                         A->getStepRecurrence(SE),
                                         A->getLoop(),
                                         A->getNoWrapFlags(SCEV::FlagNW)));
      if (const SCEVAddExpr *Add = dyn_cast<SCEVAddExpr>(Start)) {
        Ops[i] = Zero;
        Ops.append(Add->op_begin(), Add->op_end());
        e += Add->getNumOperands();
      } else {
        Ops[i] = Start;
      }
    }
  if (!AddRecs.empty()) {
    // Add the addrecs onto the end of the list.
    Ops.append(AddRecs.begin(), AddRecs.end());
    // Resort the operand list, moving any constants to the front.
    SimplifyAddOperands(Ops, Ty, SE);
  }
}

/// expandAddToGEP - Expand an addition expression with a pointer type into
/// a GEP instead of using ptrtoint+arithmetic+inttoptr. This helps
/// BasicAliasAnalysis and other passes analyze the result. See the rules
/// for getelementptr vs. inttoptr in
/// http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#pointeraliasing
/// for details.
///
/// Design note: The correctness of using getelementptr here depends on
/// ScalarEvolution not recognizing inttoptr and ptrtoint operators, as
/// they may introduce pointer arithmetic which may not be safely converted
/// into getelementptr.
///
/// Design note: It might seem desirable for this function to be more
/// loop-aware. If some of the indices are loop-invariant while others
/// aren't, it might seem desirable to emit multiple GEPs, keeping the
/// loop-invariant portions of the overall computation outside the loop.
/// However, there are a few reasons this is not done here. Hoisting simple
/// arithmetic is a low-level optimization that often isn't very
/// important until late in the optimization process. In fact, passes
/// like InstructionCombining will combine GEPs, even if it means
/// pushing loop-invariant computation down into loops, so even if the
/// GEPs were split here, the work would quickly be undone. The
/// LoopStrengthReduction pass, which is usually run quite late (and
/// after the last InstructionCombining pass), takes care of hoisting
/// loop-invariant portions of expressions, after considering what
/// can be folded using target addressing modes.
///
Value *SCEVExpander::expandAddToGEP(const SCEV *const *op_begin,
                                    const SCEV *const *op_end,
                                    PointerType *PTy,
                                    Type *Ty,
                                    Value *V) {
  Type *OriginalElTy = PTy->getElementType();
  Type *ElTy = OriginalElTy;
  SmallVector<Value *, 4> GepIndices;
  SmallVector<const SCEV *, 8> Ops(op_begin, op_end);
  bool AnyNonZeroIndices = false;

  // Split AddRecs up into parts as either of the parts may be usable
  // without the other.
  SplitAddRecs(Ops, Ty, SE);

  Type *IntPtrTy = DL.getIntPtrType(PTy);

  // Descend down the pointer's type and attempt to convert the other
  // operands into GEP indices, at each level. The first index in a GEP
  // indexes into the array implied by the pointer operand; the rest of
  // the indices index into the element or field type selected by the
  // preceding index.
  for (;;) {
    // If the scale size is not 0, attempt to factor out a scale for
    // array indexing.
    SmallVector<const SCEV *, 8> ScaledOps;
    if (ElTy->isSized()) {
      const SCEV *ElSize = SE.getSizeOfExpr(IntPtrTy, ElTy);
      if (!ElSize->isZero()) {
        SmallVector<const SCEV *, 8> NewOps;
        for (const SCEV *Op : Ops) {
          const SCEV *Remainder = SE.getConstant(Ty, 0);
          if (FactorOutConstant(Op, Remainder, ElSize, SE, DL)) {
            // Op now has ElSize factored out.
            ScaledOps.push_back(Op);
            if (!Remainder->isZero())
              NewOps.push_back(Remainder);
            AnyNonZeroIndices = true;
          } else {
            // The operand was not divisible, so add it to the list of operands
            // we'll scan next iteration.
            NewOps.push_back(Op);
          }
        }
        // If we made any changes, update Ops.
        if (!ScaledOps.empty()) {
          Ops = NewOps;
          SimplifyAddOperands(Ops, Ty, SE);
        }
      }
    }

    // Record the scaled array index for this level of the type. If
    // we didn't find any operands that could be factored, tentatively
    // assume that element zero was selected (since the zero offset
    // would obviously be folded away).
    Value *Scaled = ScaledOps.empty() ?
                    Constant::getNullValue(Ty) :
                    expandCodeFor(SE.getAddExpr(ScaledOps), Ty);
    GepIndices.push_back(Scaled);

    // Collect struct field index operands.
    while (StructType *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(ElTy)) {
      bool FoundFieldNo = false;
      // An empty struct has no fields.
      if (STy->getNumElements() == 0) break;
      // Field offsets are known. See if a constant offset falls within any of
      // the struct fields.
      if (Ops.empty())
        break;
      if (const SCEVConstant *C = dyn_cast<SCEVConstant>(Ops[0]))
        if (SE.getTypeSizeInBits(C->getType()) <= 64) {
          const StructLayout &SL = *DL.getStructLayout(STy);
          uint64_t FullOffset = C->getValue()->getZExtValue();
          if (FullOffset < SL.getSizeInBytes()) {
            unsigned ElIdx = SL.getElementContainingOffset(FullOffset);
            GepIndices.push_back(
                ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(Ty->getContext()), ElIdx));
            ElTy = STy->getTypeAtIndex(ElIdx);
            Ops[0] =
                SE.getConstant(Ty, FullOffset - SL.getElementOffset(ElIdx));
            AnyNonZeroIndices = true;
            FoundFieldNo = true;
          }
        }
      // If no struct field offsets were found, tentatively assume that
      // field zero was selected (since the zero offset would obviously
      // be folded away).
      if (!FoundFieldNo) {
        ElTy = STy->getTypeAtIndex(0u);
        GepIndices.push_back(
          Constant::getNullValue(Type::getInt32Ty(Ty->getContext())));
      }
    }

    if (ArrayType *ATy = dyn_cast<ArrayType>(ElTy))
      ElTy = ATy->getElementType();
    else
      break;
  }

  // If none of the operands were convertible to proper GEP indices, cast
  // the base to i8* and do an ugly getelementptr with that. It's still
  // better than ptrtoint+arithmetic+inttoptr at least.
  if (!AnyNonZeroIndices) {
    // Cast the base to i8*.
    V = InsertNoopCastOfTo(V,
       Type::getInt8PtrTy(Ty->getContext(), PTy->getAddressSpace()));

    assert(!isa<Instruction>(V) ||
           SE.DT.dominates(cast<Instruction>(V), &*Builder.GetInsertPoint()));

    // Expand the operands for a plain byte offset.
    Value *Idx = expandCodeFor(SE.getAddExpr(Ops), Ty);

    // Fold a GEP with constant operands.
    if (Constant *CLHS = dyn_cast<Constant>(V))
      if (Constant *CRHS = dyn_cast<Constant>(Idx))
        return ConstantExpr::getGetElementPtr(Type::getInt8Ty(Ty->getContext()),
                                              CLHS, CRHS);

    // Do a quick scan to see if we have this GEP nearby.  If so, reuse it.
    unsigned ScanLimit = 6;
    BasicBlock::iterator BlockBegin = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->begin();
    // Scanning starts from the last instruction before the insertion point.
    BasicBlock::iterator IP = Builder.GetInsertPoint();
    if (IP != BlockBegin) {
      --IP;
      for (; ScanLimit; --IP, --ScanLimit) {
        // Don't count dbg.value against the ScanLimit, to avoid perturbing the
        // generated code.
        if (isa<DbgInfoIntrinsic>(IP))
          ScanLimit++;
        if (IP->getOpcode() == Instruction::GetElementPtr &&
            IP->getOperand(0) == V && IP->getOperand(1) == Idx)
          return &*IP;
        if (IP == BlockBegin) break;
      }
    }

    // Save the original insertion point so we can restore it when we're done.
    BuilderType::InsertPointGuard Guard(Builder);

    // Move the insertion point out of as many loops as we can.
    while (const Loop *L = SE.LI.getLoopFor(Builder.GetInsertBlock())) {
      if (!L->isLoopInvariant(V) || !L->isLoopInvariant(Idx)) break;
      BasicBlock *Preheader = L->getLoopPreheader();
      if (!Preheader) break;

      // Ok, move up a level.
      Builder.SetInsertPoint(Preheader->getTerminator());
    }

    // Emit a GEP.
    Value *GEP = Builder.CreateGEP(Builder.getInt8Ty(), V, Idx, "uglygep");
    rememberInstruction(GEP);

    return GEP;
  }

  // Save the original insertion point so we can restore it when we're done.
  BuilderType::InsertPoint SaveInsertPt = Builder.saveIP();

  // Move the insertion point out of as many loops as we can.
  while (const Loop *L = SE.LI.getLoopFor(Builder.GetInsertBlock())) {
    if (!L->isLoopInvariant(V)) break;

    bool AnyIndexNotLoopInvariant =
        std::any_of(GepIndices.begin(), GepIndices.end(),
                    [L](Value *Op) { return !L->isLoopInvariant(Op); });

    if (AnyIndexNotLoopInvariant)
      break;

    BasicBlock *Preheader = L->getLoopPreheader();
    if (!Preheader) break;

    // Ok, move up a level.
    Builder.SetInsertPoint(Preheader->getTerminator());
  }

  // Insert a pretty getelementptr. Note that this GEP is not marked inbounds,
  // because ScalarEvolution may have changed the address arithmetic to
  // compute a value which is beyond the end of the allocated object.
  Value *Casted = V;
  if (V->getType() != PTy)
    Casted = InsertNoopCastOfTo(Casted, PTy);
  Value *GEP = Builder.CreateGEP(OriginalElTy, Casted, GepIndices, "scevgep");
  Ops.push_back(SE.getUnknown(GEP));
  rememberInstruction(GEP);

  // Restore the original insert point.
  Builder.restoreIP(SaveInsertPt);

  return expand(SE.getAddExpr(Ops));
}

/// PickMostRelevantLoop - Given two loops pick the one that's most relevant for
/// SCEV expansion. If they are nested, this is the most nested. If they are
/// neighboring, pick the later.
static const Loop *PickMostRelevantLoop(const Loop *A, const Loop *B,
                                        DominatorTree &DT) {
  if (!A) return B;
  if (!B) return A;
  if (A->contains(B)) return B;
  if (B->contains(A)) return A;
  if (DT.dominates(A->getHeader(), B->getHeader())) return B;
  if (DT.dominates(B->getHeader(), A->getHeader())) return A;
  return A; // Arbitrarily break the tie.
}

/// getRelevantLoop - Get the most relevant loop associated with the given
/// expression, according to PickMostRelevantLoop.
const Loop *SCEVExpander::getRelevantLoop(const SCEV *S) {
  // Test whether we've already computed the most relevant loop for this SCEV.
  auto Pair = RelevantLoops.insert(std::make_pair(S, nullptr));
  if (!Pair.second)
    return Pair.first->second;

  if (isa<SCEVConstant>(S))
    // A constant has no relevant loops.
    return nullptr;
  if (const SCEVUnknown *U = dyn_cast<SCEVUnknown>(S)) {
    if (const Instruction *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(U->getValue()))
      return Pair.first->second = SE.LI.getLoopFor(I->getParent());
    // A non-instruction has no relevant loops.
    return nullptr;
  }
  if (const SCEVNAryExpr *N = dyn_cast<SCEVNAryExpr>(S)) {
    const Loop *L = nullptr;
    if (const SCEVAddRecExpr *AR = dyn_cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(S))
      L = AR->getLoop();
    for (const SCEV *Op : N->operands())
      L = PickMostRelevantLoop(L, getRelevantLoop(Op), SE.DT);
    return RelevantLoops[N] = L;
  }
  if (const SCEVCastExpr *C = dyn_cast<SCEVCastExpr>(S)) {
    const Loop *Result = getRelevantLoop(C->getOperand());
    return RelevantLoops[C] = Result;
  }
  if (const SCEVUDivExpr *D = dyn_cast<SCEVUDivExpr>(S)) {
    const Loop *Result = PickMostRelevantLoop(
        getRelevantLoop(D->getLHS()), getRelevantLoop(D->getRHS()), SE.DT);
    return RelevantLoops[D] = Result;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unexpected SCEV type!");
}

namespace {

/// LoopCompare - Compare loops by PickMostRelevantLoop.
class LoopCompare {
  DominatorTree &DT;
public:
  explicit LoopCompare(DominatorTree &dt) : DT(dt) {}

  bool operator()(std::pair<const Loop *, const SCEV *> LHS,
                  std::pair<const Loop *, const SCEV *> RHS) const {
    // Keep pointer operands sorted at the end.
    if (LHS.second->getType()->isPointerTy() !=
        RHS.second->getType()->isPointerTy())
      return LHS.second->getType()->isPointerTy();

    // Compare loops with PickMostRelevantLoop.
    if (LHS.first != RHS.first)
      return PickMostRelevantLoop(LHS.first, RHS.first, DT) != LHS.first;

    // If one operand is a non-constant negative and the other is not,
    // put the non-constant negative on the right so that a sub can
    // be used instead of a negate and add.
    if (LHS.second->isNonConstantNegative()) {
      if (!RHS.second->isNonConstantNegative())
        return false;
    } else if (RHS.second->isNonConstantNegative())
      return true;

    // Otherwise they are equivalent according to this comparison.
    return false;
  }
};

}

Value *SCEVExpander::visitAddExpr(const SCEVAddExpr *S) {
  Type *Ty = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(S->getType());

  // Collect all the add operands in a loop, along with their associated loops.
  // Iterate in reverse so that constants are emitted last, all else equal, and
  // so that pointer operands are inserted first, which the code below relies on
  // to form more involved GEPs.
  SmallVector<std::pair<const Loop *, const SCEV *>, 8> OpsAndLoops;
  for (std::reverse_iterator<SCEVAddExpr::op_iterator> I(S->op_end()),
       E(S->op_begin()); I != E; ++I)
    OpsAndLoops.push_back(std::make_pair(getRelevantLoop(*I), *I));

  // Sort by loop. Use a stable sort so that constants follow non-constants and
  // pointer operands precede non-pointer operands.
  std::stable_sort(OpsAndLoops.begin(), OpsAndLoops.end(), LoopCompare(SE.DT));

  // Emit instructions to add all the operands. Hoist as much as possible
  // out of loops, and form meaningful getelementptrs where possible.
  Value *Sum = nullptr;
  for (auto I = OpsAndLoops.begin(), E = OpsAndLoops.end(); I != E;) {
    const Loop *CurLoop = I->first;
    const SCEV *Op = I->second;
    if (!Sum) {
      // This is the first operand. Just expand it.
      Sum = expand(Op);
      ++I;
    } else if (PointerType *PTy = dyn_cast<PointerType>(Sum->getType())) {
      // The running sum expression is a pointer. Try to form a getelementptr
      // at this level with that as the base.
      SmallVector<const SCEV *, 4> NewOps;
      for (; I != E && I->first == CurLoop; ++I) {
        // If the operand is SCEVUnknown and not instructions, peek through
        // it, to enable more of it to be folded into the GEP.
        const SCEV *X = I->second;
        if (const SCEVUnknown *U = dyn_cast<SCEVUnknown>(X))
          if (!isa<Instruction>(U->getValue()))
            X = SE.getSCEV(U->getValue());
        NewOps.push_back(X);
      }
      Sum = expandAddToGEP(NewOps.begin(), NewOps.end(), PTy, Ty, Sum);
    } else if (PointerType *PTy = dyn_cast<PointerType>(Op->getType())) {
      // The running sum is an integer, and there's a pointer at this level.
      // Try to form a getelementptr. If the running sum is instructions,
      // use a SCEVUnknown to avoid re-analyzing them.
      SmallVector<const SCEV *, 4> NewOps;
      NewOps.push_back(isa<Instruction>(Sum) ? SE.getUnknown(Sum) :
                                               SE.getSCEV(Sum));
      for (++I; I != E && I->first == CurLoop; ++I)
        NewOps.push_back(I->second);
      Sum = expandAddToGEP(NewOps.begin(), NewOps.end(), PTy, Ty, expand(Op));
    } else if (Op->isNonConstantNegative()) {
      // Instead of doing a negate and add, just do a subtract.
      Value *W = expandCodeFor(SE.getNegativeSCEV(Op), Ty);
      Sum = InsertNoopCastOfTo(Sum, Ty);
      Sum = InsertBinop(Instruction::Sub, Sum, W);
      ++I;
    } else {
      // A simple add.
      Value *W = expandCodeFor(Op, Ty);
      Sum = InsertNoopCastOfTo(Sum, Ty);
      // Canonicalize a constant to the RHS.
      if (isa<Constant>(Sum)) std::swap(Sum, W);
      Sum = InsertBinop(Instruction::Add, Sum, W);
      ++I;
    }
  }

  return Sum;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::visitMulExpr(const SCEVMulExpr *S) {
  Type *Ty = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(S->getType());

  // Collect all the mul operands in a loop, along with their associated loops.
  // Iterate in reverse so that constants are emitted last, all else equal.
  SmallVector<std::pair<const Loop *, const SCEV *>, 8> OpsAndLoops;
  for (std::reverse_iterator<SCEVMulExpr::op_iterator> I(S->op_end()),
       E(S->op_begin()); I != E; ++I)
    OpsAndLoops.push_back(std::make_pair(getRelevantLoop(*I), *I));

  // Sort by loop. Use a stable sort so that constants follow non-constants.
  std::stable_sort(OpsAndLoops.begin(), OpsAndLoops.end(), LoopCompare(SE.DT));

  // Emit instructions to mul all the operands. Hoist as much as possible
  // out of loops.
  Value *Prod = nullptr;
  for (const auto &I : OpsAndLoops) {
    const SCEV *Op = I.second;
    if (!Prod) {
      // This is the first operand. Just expand it.
      Prod = expand(Op);
    } else if (Op->isAllOnesValue()) {
      // Instead of doing a multiply by negative one, just do a negate.
      Prod = InsertNoopCastOfTo(Prod, Ty);
      Prod = InsertBinop(Instruction::Sub, Constant::getNullValue(Ty), Prod);
    } else {
      // A simple mul.
      Value *W = expandCodeFor(Op, Ty);
      Prod = InsertNoopCastOfTo(Prod, Ty);
      // Canonicalize a constant to the RHS.
      if (isa<Constant>(Prod)) std::swap(Prod, W);
      const APInt *RHS;
      if (match(W, m_Power2(RHS))) {
        // Canonicalize Prod*(1<<C) to Prod<<C.
        assert(!Ty->isVectorTy() && "vector types are not SCEVable");
        Prod = InsertBinop(Instruction::Shl, Prod,
                           ConstantInt::get(Ty, RHS->logBase2()));
      } else {
        Prod = InsertBinop(Instruction::Mul, Prod, W);
      }
    }
  }

  return Prod;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::visitUDivExpr(const SCEVUDivExpr *S) {
  Type *Ty = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(S->getType());

  Value *LHS = expandCodeFor(S->getLHS(), Ty);
  if (const SCEVConstant *SC = dyn_cast<SCEVConstant>(S->getRHS())) {
    const APInt &RHS = SC->getAPInt();
    if (RHS.isPowerOf2())
      return InsertBinop(Instruction::LShr, LHS,
                         ConstantInt::get(Ty, RHS.logBase2()));
  }

  Value *RHS = expandCodeFor(S->getRHS(), Ty);
  return InsertBinop(Instruction::UDiv, LHS, RHS);
}

/// Move parts of Base into Rest to leave Base with the minimal
/// expression that provides a pointer operand suitable for a
/// GEP expansion.
static void ExposePointerBase(const SCEV *&Base, const SCEV *&Rest,
                              ScalarEvolution &SE) {
  while (const SCEVAddRecExpr *A = dyn_cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(Base)) {
    Base = A->getStart();
    Rest = SE.getAddExpr(Rest,
                         SE.getAddRecExpr(SE.getConstant(A->getType(), 0),
                                          A->getStepRecurrence(SE),
                                          A->getLoop(),
                                          A->getNoWrapFlags(SCEV::FlagNW)));
  }
  if (const SCEVAddExpr *A = dyn_cast<SCEVAddExpr>(Base)) {
    Base = A->getOperand(A->getNumOperands()-1);
    SmallVector<const SCEV *, 8> NewAddOps(A->op_begin(), A->op_end());
    NewAddOps.back() = Rest;
    Rest = SE.getAddExpr(NewAddOps);
    ExposePointerBase(Base, Rest, SE);
  }
}

/// Determine if this is a well-behaved chain of instructions leading back to
/// the PHI. If so, it may be reused by expanded expressions.
bool SCEVExpander::isNormalAddRecExprPHI(PHINode *PN, Instruction *IncV,
                                         const Loop *L) {
  if (IncV->getNumOperands() == 0 || isa<PHINode>(IncV) ||
      (isa<CastInst>(IncV) && !isa<BitCastInst>(IncV)))
    return false;
  // If any of the operands don't dominate the insert position, bail.
  // Addrec operands are always loop-invariant, so this can only happen
  // if there are instructions which haven't been hoisted.
  if (L == IVIncInsertLoop) {
    for (User::op_iterator OI = IncV->op_begin()+1,
           OE = IncV->op_end(); OI != OE; ++OI)
      if (Instruction *OInst = dyn_cast<Instruction>(OI))
        if (!SE.DT.dominates(OInst, IVIncInsertPos))
          return false;
  }
  // Advance to the next instruction.
  IncV = dyn_cast<Instruction>(IncV->getOperand(0));
  if (!IncV)
    return false;

  if (IncV->mayHaveSideEffects())
    return false;

  if (IncV != PN)
    return true;

  return isNormalAddRecExprPHI(PN, IncV, L);
}

/// getIVIncOperand returns an induction variable increment's induction
/// variable operand.
///
/// If allowScale is set, any type of GEP is allowed as long as the nonIV
/// operands dominate InsertPos.
///
/// If allowScale is not set, ensure that a GEP increment conforms to one of the
/// simple patterns generated by getAddRecExprPHILiterally and
/// expandAddtoGEP. If the pattern isn't recognized, return NULL.
Instruction *SCEVExpander::getIVIncOperand(Instruction *IncV,
                                           Instruction *InsertPos,
                                           bool allowScale) {
  if (IncV == InsertPos)
    return nullptr;

  switch (IncV->getOpcode()) {
  default:
    return nullptr;
  // Check for a simple Add/Sub or GEP of a loop invariant step.
  case Instruction::Add:
  case Instruction::Sub: {
    Instruction *OInst = dyn_cast<Instruction>(IncV->getOperand(1));
    if (!OInst || SE.DT.dominates(OInst, InsertPos))
      return dyn_cast<Instruction>(IncV->getOperand(0));
    return nullptr;
  }
  case Instruction::BitCast:
    return dyn_cast<Instruction>(IncV->getOperand(0));
  case Instruction::GetElementPtr:
    for (auto I = IncV->op_begin() + 1, E = IncV->op_end(); I != E; ++I) {
      if (isa<Constant>(*I))
        continue;
      if (Instruction *OInst = dyn_cast<Instruction>(*I)) {
        if (!SE.DT.dominates(OInst, InsertPos))
          return nullptr;
      }
      if (allowScale) {
        // allow any kind of GEP as long as it can be hoisted.
        continue;
      }
      // This must be a pointer addition of constants (pretty), which is already
      // handled, or some number of address-size elements (ugly). Ugly geps
      // have 2 operands. i1* is used by the expander to represent an
      // address-size element.
      if (IncV->getNumOperands() != 2)
        return nullptr;
      unsigned AS = cast<PointerType>(IncV->getType())->getAddressSpace();
      if (IncV->getType() != Type::getInt1PtrTy(SE.getContext(), AS)
          && IncV->getType() != Type::getInt8PtrTy(SE.getContext(), AS))
        return nullptr;
      break;
    }
    return dyn_cast<Instruction>(IncV->getOperand(0));
  }
}

/// hoistStep - Attempt to hoist a simple IV increment above InsertPos to make
/// it available to other uses in this loop. Recursively hoist any operands,
/// until we reach a value that dominates InsertPos.
bool SCEVExpander::hoistIVInc(Instruction *IncV, Instruction *InsertPos) {
  if (SE.DT.dominates(IncV, InsertPos))
      return true;

  // InsertPos must itself dominate IncV so that IncV's new position satisfies
  // its existing users.
  if (isa<PHINode>(InsertPos) ||
      !SE.DT.dominates(InsertPos->getParent(), IncV->getParent()))
    return false;

  if (!SE.LI.movementPreservesLCSSAForm(IncV, InsertPos))
    return false;

  // Check that the chain of IV operands leading back to Phi can be hoisted.
  SmallVector<Instruction*, 4> IVIncs;
  for(;;) {
    Instruction *Oper = getIVIncOperand(IncV, InsertPos, /*allowScale*/true);
    if (!Oper)
      return false;
    // IncV is safe to hoist.
    IVIncs.push_back(IncV);
    IncV = Oper;
    if (SE.DT.dominates(IncV, InsertPos))
      break;
  }
  for (auto I = IVIncs.rbegin(), E = IVIncs.rend(); I != E; ++I) {
    (*I)->moveBefore(InsertPos);
  }
  return true;
}

/// Determine if this cyclic phi is in a form that would have been generated by
/// LSR. We don't care if the phi was actually expanded in this pass, as long
/// as it is in a low-cost form, for example, no implied multiplication. This
/// should match any patterns generated by getAddRecExprPHILiterally and
/// expandAddtoGEP.
bool SCEVExpander::isExpandedAddRecExprPHI(PHINode *PN, Instruction *IncV,
                                           const Loop *L) {
  for(Instruction *IVOper = IncV;
      (IVOper = getIVIncOperand(IVOper, L->getLoopPreheader()->getTerminator(),
                                /*allowScale=*/false));) {
    if (IVOper == PN)
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/// expandIVInc - Expand an IV increment at Builder's current InsertPos.
/// Typically this is the LatchBlock terminator or IVIncInsertPos, but we may
/// need to materialize IV increments elsewhere to handle difficult situations.
Value *SCEVExpander::expandIVInc(PHINode *PN, Value *StepV, const Loop *L,
                                 Type *ExpandTy, Type *IntTy,
                                 bool useSubtract) {
  Value *IncV;
  // If the PHI is a pointer, use a GEP, otherwise use an add or sub.
  if (ExpandTy->isPointerTy()) {
    PointerType *GEPPtrTy = cast<PointerType>(ExpandTy);
    // If the step isn't constant, don't use an implicitly scaled GEP, because
    // that would require a multiply inside the loop.
    if (!isa<ConstantInt>(StepV))
      GEPPtrTy = PointerType::get(Type::getInt1Ty(SE.getContext()),
                                  GEPPtrTy->getAddressSpace());
    const SCEV *const StepArray[1] = { SE.getSCEV(StepV) };
    IncV = expandAddToGEP(StepArray, StepArray+1, GEPPtrTy, IntTy, PN);
    if (IncV->getType() != PN->getType()) {
      IncV = Builder.CreateBitCast(IncV, PN->getType());
      rememberInstruction(IncV);
    }
  } else {
    IncV = useSubtract ?
      Builder.CreateSub(PN, StepV, Twine(IVName) + ".iv.next") :
      Builder.CreateAdd(PN, StepV, Twine(IVName) + ".iv.next");
    rememberInstruction(IncV);
  }
  return IncV;
}

/// \brief Hoist the addrec instruction chain rooted in the loop phi above the
/// position. This routine assumes that this is possible (has been checked).
static void hoistBeforePos(DominatorTree *DT, Instruction *InstToHoist,
                           Instruction *Pos, PHINode *LoopPhi) {
  do {
    if (DT->dominates(InstToHoist, Pos))
      break;
    // Make sure the increment is where we want it. But don't move it
    // down past a potential existing post-inc user.
    InstToHoist->moveBefore(Pos);
    Pos = InstToHoist;
    InstToHoist = cast<Instruction>(InstToHoist->getOperand(0));
  } while (InstToHoist != LoopPhi);
}

/// \brief Check whether we can cheaply express the requested SCEV in terms of
/// the available PHI SCEV by truncation and/or inversion of the step.
static bool canBeCheaplyTransformed(ScalarEvolution &SE,
                                    const SCEVAddRecExpr *Phi,
                                    const SCEVAddRecExpr *Requested,
                                    bool &InvertStep) {
  Type *PhiTy = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(Phi->getType());
  Type *RequestedTy = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(Requested->getType());

  if (RequestedTy->getIntegerBitWidth() > PhiTy->getIntegerBitWidth())
    return false;

  // Try truncate it if necessary.
  Phi = dyn_cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(SE.getTruncateOrNoop(Phi, RequestedTy));
  if (!Phi)
    return false;

  // Check whether truncation will help.
  if (Phi == Requested) {
    InvertStep = false;
    return true;
  }

  // Check whether inverting will help: {R,+,-1} == R - {0,+,1}.
  if (SE.getAddExpr(Requested->getStart(),
                    SE.getNegativeSCEV(Requested)) == Phi) {
    InvertStep = true;
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

static bool IsIncrementNSW(ScalarEvolution &SE, const SCEVAddRecExpr *AR) {
  if (!isa<IntegerType>(AR->getType()))
    return false;

  unsigned BitWidth = cast<IntegerType>(AR->getType())->getBitWidth();
  Type *WideTy = IntegerType::get(AR->getType()->getContext(), BitWidth * 2);
  const SCEV *Step = AR->getStepRecurrence(SE);
  const SCEV *OpAfterExtend = SE.getAddExpr(SE.getSignExtendExpr(Step, WideTy),
                                            SE.getSignExtendExpr(AR, WideTy));
  const SCEV *ExtendAfterOp =
    SE.getSignExtendExpr(SE.getAddExpr(AR, Step), WideTy);
  return ExtendAfterOp == OpAfterExtend;
}

static bool IsIncrementNUW(ScalarEvolution &SE, const SCEVAddRecExpr *AR) {
  if (!isa<IntegerType>(AR->getType()))
    return false;

  unsigned BitWidth = cast<IntegerType>(AR->getType())->getBitWidth();
  Type *WideTy = IntegerType::get(AR->getType()->getContext(), BitWidth * 2);
  const SCEV *Step = AR->getStepRecurrence(SE);
  const SCEV *OpAfterExtend = SE.getAddExpr(SE.getZeroExtendExpr(Step, WideTy),
                                            SE.getZeroExtendExpr(AR, WideTy));
  const SCEV *ExtendAfterOp =
    SE.getZeroExtendExpr(SE.getAddExpr(AR, Step), WideTy);
  return ExtendAfterOp == OpAfterExtend;
}

/// getAddRecExprPHILiterally - Helper for expandAddRecExprLiterally. Expand
/// the base addrec, which is the addrec without any non-loop-dominating
/// values, and return the PHI.
PHINode *
SCEVExpander::getAddRecExprPHILiterally(const SCEVAddRecExpr *Normalized,
                                        const Loop *L,
                                        Type *ExpandTy,
                                        Type *IntTy,
                                        Type *&TruncTy,
                                        bool &InvertStep) {
  assert((!IVIncInsertLoop||IVIncInsertPos) && "Uninitialized insert position");

  // Reuse a previously-inserted PHI, if present.
  BasicBlock *LatchBlock = L->getLoopLatch();
  if (LatchBlock) {
    PHINode *AddRecPhiMatch = nullptr;
    Instruction *IncV = nullptr;
    TruncTy = nullptr;
    InvertStep = false;

    // Only try partially matching scevs that need truncation and/or
    // step-inversion if we know this loop is outside the current loop.
    bool TryNonMatchingSCEV =
        IVIncInsertLoop &&
        SE.DT.properlyDominates(LatchBlock, IVIncInsertLoop->getHeader());

    for (auto &I : *L->getHeader()) {
      auto *PN = dyn_cast<PHINode>(&I);
      if (!PN || !SE.isSCEVable(PN->getType()))
        continue;

      const SCEVAddRecExpr *PhiSCEV = dyn_cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(SE.getSCEV(PN));
      if (!PhiSCEV)
        continue;

      bool IsMatchingSCEV = PhiSCEV == Normalized;
      // We only handle truncation and inversion of phi recurrences for the
      // expanded expression if the expanded expression's loop dominates the
      // loop we insert to. Check now, so we can bail out early.
      if (!IsMatchingSCEV && !TryNonMatchingSCEV)
          continue;

      Instruction *TempIncV =
          cast<Instruction>(PN->getIncomingValueForBlock(LatchBlock));

      // Check whether we can reuse this PHI node.
      if (LSRMode) {
        if (!isExpandedAddRecExprPHI(PN, TempIncV, L))
          continue;
        if (L == IVIncInsertLoop && !hoistIVInc(TempIncV, IVIncInsertPos))
          continue;
      } else {
        if (!isNormalAddRecExprPHI(PN, TempIncV, L))
          continue;
      }

      // Stop if we have found an exact match SCEV.
      if (IsMatchingSCEV) {
        IncV = TempIncV;
        TruncTy = nullptr;
        InvertStep = false;
        AddRecPhiMatch = PN;
        break;
      }

      // Try whether the phi can be translated into the requested form
      // (truncated and/or offset by a constant).
      if ((!TruncTy || InvertStep) &&
          canBeCheaplyTransformed(SE, PhiSCEV, Normalized, InvertStep)) {
        // Record the phi node. But don't stop we might find an exact match
        // later.
        AddRecPhiMatch = PN;
        IncV = TempIncV;
        TruncTy = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(Normalized->getType());
      }
    }

    if (AddRecPhiMatch) {
      // Potentially, move the increment. We have made sure in
      // isExpandedAddRecExprPHI or hoistIVInc that this is possible.
      if (L == IVIncInsertLoop)
        hoistBeforePos(&SE.DT, IncV, IVIncInsertPos, AddRecPhiMatch);

      // Ok, the add recurrence looks usable.
      // Remember this PHI, even in post-inc mode.
      InsertedValues.insert(AddRecPhiMatch);
      // Remember the increment.
      rememberInstruction(IncV);
      return AddRecPhiMatch;
    }
  }

  // Save the original insertion point so we can restore it when we're done.
  BuilderType::InsertPointGuard Guard(Builder);

  // Another AddRec may need to be recursively expanded below. For example, if
  // this AddRec is quadratic, the StepV may itself be an AddRec in this
  // loop. Remove this loop from the PostIncLoops set before expanding such
  // AddRecs. Otherwise, we cannot find a valid position for the step
  // (i.e. StepV can never dominate its loop header).  Ideally, we could do
  // SavedIncLoops.swap(PostIncLoops), but we generally have a single element,
  // so it's not worth implementing SmallPtrSet::swap.
  PostIncLoopSet SavedPostIncLoops = PostIncLoops;
  PostIncLoops.clear();

  // Expand code for the start value.
  Value *StartV =
      expandCodeFor(Normalized->getStart(), ExpandTy, &L->getHeader()->front());

  // StartV must be hoisted into L's preheader to dominate the new phi.
  assert(!isa<Instruction>(StartV) ||
         SE.DT.properlyDominates(cast<Instruction>(StartV)->getParent(),
                                 L->getHeader()));

  // Expand code for the step value. Do this before creating the PHI so that PHI
  // reuse code doesn't see an incomplete PHI.
  const SCEV *Step = Normalized->getStepRecurrence(SE);
  // If the stride is negative, insert a sub instead of an add for the increment
  // (unless it's a constant, because subtracts of constants are canonicalized
  // to adds).
  bool useSubtract = !ExpandTy->isPointerTy() && Step->isNonConstantNegative();
  if (useSubtract)
    Step = SE.getNegativeSCEV(Step);
  // Expand the step somewhere that dominates the loop header.
  Value *StepV = expandCodeFor(Step, IntTy, &L->getHeader()->front());

  // The no-wrap behavior proved by IsIncrement(NUW|NSW) is only applicable if
  // we actually do emit an addition.  It does not apply if we emit a
  // subtraction.
  bool IncrementIsNUW = !useSubtract && IsIncrementNUW(SE, Normalized);
  bool IncrementIsNSW = !useSubtract && IsIncrementNSW(SE, Normalized);

  // Create the PHI.
  BasicBlock *Header = L->getHeader();
  Builder.SetInsertPoint(Header, Header->begin());
  pred_iterator HPB = pred_begin(Header), HPE = pred_end(Header);
  PHINode *PN = Builder.CreatePHI(ExpandTy, std::distance(HPB, HPE),
                                  Twine(IVName) + ".iv");
  rememberInstruction(PN);

  // Create the step instructions and populate the PHI.
  for (pred_iterator HPI = HPB; HPI != HPE; ++HPI) {
    BasicBlock *Pred = *HPI;

    // Add a start value.
    if (!L->contains(Pred)) {
      PN->addIncoming(StartV, Pred);
      continue;
    }

    // Create a step value and add it to the PHI.
    // If IVIncInsertLoop is non-null and equal to the addrec's loop, insert the
    // instructions at IVIncInsertPos.
    Instruction *InsertPos = L == IVIncInsertLoop ?
      IVIncInsertPos : Pred->getTerminator();
    Builder.SetInsertPoint(InsertPos);
    Value *IncV = expandIVInc(PN, StepV, L, ExpandTy, IntTy, useSubtract);

    if (isa<OverflowingBinaryOperator>(IncV)) {
      if (IncrementIsNUW)
        cast<BinaryOperator>(IncV)->setHasNoUnsignedWrap();
      if (IncrementIsNSW)
        cast<BinaryOperator>(IncV)->setHasNoSignedWrap();
    }
    PN->addIncoming(IncV, Pred);
  }

  // After expanding subexpressions, restore the PostIncLoops set so the caller
  // can ensure that IVIncrement dominates the current uses.
  PostIncLoops = SavedPostIncLoops;

  // Remember this PHI, even in post-inc mode.
  InsertedValues.insert(PN);

  return PN;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::expandAddRecExprLiterally(const SCEVAddRecExpr *S) {
  Type *STy = S->getType();
  Type *IntTy = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(STy);
  const Loop *L = S->getLoop();

  // Determine a normalized form of this expression, which is the expression
  // before any post-inc adjustment is made.
  const SCEVAddRecExpr *Normalized = S;
  if (PostIncLoops.count(L)) {
    PostIncLoopSet Loops;
    Loops.insert(L);
    Normalized = cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(TransformForPostIncUse(
        Normalize, S, nullptr, nullptr, Loops, SE, SE.DT));
  }

  // Strip off any non-loop-dominating component from the addrec start.
  const SCEV *Start = Normalized->getStart();
  const SCEV *PostLoopOffset = nullptr;
  if (!SE.properlyDominates(Start, L->getHeader())) {
    PostLoopOffset = Start;
    Start = SE.getConstant(Normalized->getType(), 0);
    Normalized = cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(
      SE.getAddRecExpr(Start, Normalized->getStepRecurrence(SE),
                       Normalized->getLoop(),
                       Normalized->getNoWrapFlags(SCEV::FlagNW)));
  }

  // Strip off any non-loop-dominating component from the addrec step.
  const SCEV *Step = Normalized->getStepRecurrence(SE);
  const SCEV *PostLoopScale = nullptr;
  if (!SE.dominates(Step, L->getHeader())) {
    PostLoopScale = Step;
    Step = SE.getConstant(Normalized->getType(), 1);
    Normalized =
      cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(SE.getAddRecExpr(
                             Start, Step, Normalized->getLoop(),
                             Normalized->getNoWrapFlags(SCEV::FlagNW)));
  }

  // Expand the core addrec. If we need post-loop scaling, force it to
  // expand to an integer type to avoid the need for additional casting.
  Type *ExpandTy = PostLoopScale ? IntTy : STy;
  // In some cases, we decide to reuse an existing phi node but need to truncate
  // it and/or invert the step.
  Type *TruncTy = nullptr;
  bool InvertStep = false;
  PHINode *PN = getAddRecExprPHILiterally(Normalized, L, ExpandTy, IntTy,
                                          TruncTy, InvertStep);

  // Accommodate post-inc mode, if necessary.
  Value *Result;
  if (!PostIncLoops.count(L))
    Result = PN;
  else {
    // In PostInc mode, use the post-incremented value.
    BasicBlock *LatchBlock = L->getLoopLatch();
    assert(LatchBlock && "PostInc mode requires a unique loop latch!");
    Result = PN->getIncomingValueForBlock(LatchBlock);

    // For an expansion to use the postinc form, the client must call
    // expandCodeFor with an InsertPoint that is either outside the PostIncLoop
    // or dominated by IVIncInsertPos.
    if (isa<Instruction>(Result) &&
        !SE.DT.dominates(cast<Instruction>(Result),
                         &*Builder.GetInsertPoint())) {
      // The induction variable's postinc expansion does not dominate this use.
      // IVUsers tries to prevent this case, so it is rare. However, it can
      // happen when an IVUser outside the loop is not dominated by the latch
      // block. Adjusting IVIncInsertPos before expansion begins cannot handle
      // all cases. Consider a phi outide whose operand is replaced during
      // expansion with the value of the postinc user. Without fundamentally
      // changing the way postinc users are tracked, the only remedy is
      // inserting an extra IV increment. StepV might fold into PostLoopOffset,
      // but hopefully expandCodeFor handles that.
      bool useSubtract =
        !ExpandTy->isPointerTy() && Step->isNonConstantNegative();
      if (useSubtract)
        Step = SE.getNegativeSCEV(Step);
      Value *StepV;
      {
        // Expand the step somewhere that dominates the loop header.
        BuilderType::InsertPointGuard Guard(Builder);
        StepV = expandCodeFor(Step, IntTy, &L->getHeader()->front());
      }
      Result = expandIVInc(PN, StepV, L, ExpandTy, IntTy, useSubtract);
    }
  }

  // We have decided to reuse an induction variable of a dominating loop. Apply
  // truncation and/or invertion of the step.
  if (TruncTy) {
    Type *ResTy = Result->getType();
    // Normalize the result type.
    if (ResTy != SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(ResTy))
      Result = InsertNoopCastOfTo(Result, SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(ResTy));
    // Truncate the result.
    if (TruncTy != Result->getType()) {
      Result = Builder.CreateTrunc(Result, TruncTy);
      rememberInstruction(Result);
    }
    // Invert the result.
    if (InvertStep) {
      Result = Builder.CreateSub(expandCodeFor(Normalized->getStart(), TruncTy),
                                 Result);
      rememberInstruction(Result);
    }
  }

  // Re-apply any non-loop-dominating scale.
  if (PostLoopScale) {
    assert(S->isAffine() && "Can't linearly scale non-affine recurrences.");
    Result = InsertNoopCastOfTo(Result, IntTy);
    Result = Builder.CreateMul(Result,
                               expandCodeFor(PostLoopScale, IntTy));
    rememberInstruction(Result);
  }

  // Re-apply any non-loop-dominating offset.
  if (PostLoopOffset) {
    if (PointerType *PTy = dyn_cast<PointerType>(ExpandTy)) {
      const SCEV *const OffsetArray[1] = { PostLoopOffset };
      Result = expandAddToGEP(OffsetArray, OffsetArray+1, PTy, IntTy, Result);
    } else {
      Result = InsertNoopCastOfTo(Result, IntTy);
      Result = Builder.CreateAdd(Result,
                                 expandCodeFor(PostLoopOffset, IntTy));
      rememberInstruction(Result);
    }
  }

  return Result;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::visitAddRecExpr(const SCEVAddRecExpr *S) {
  if (!CanonicalMode) return expandAddRecExprLiterally(S);

  Type *Ty = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(S->getType());
  const Loop *L = S->getLoop();

  // First check for an existing canonical IV in a suitable type.
  PHINode *CanonicalIV = nullptr;
  if (PHINode *PN = L->getCanonicalInductionVariable())
    if (SE.getTypeSizeInBits(PN->getType()) >= SE.getTypeSizeInBits(Ty))
      CanonicalIV = PN;

  // Rewrite an AddRec in terms of the canonical induction variable, if
  // its type is more narrow.
  if (CanonicalIV &&
      SE.getTypeSizeInBits(CanonicalIV->getType()) >
      SE.getTypeSizeInBits(Ty)) {
    SmallVector<const SCEV *, 4> NewOps(S->getNumOperands());
    for (unsigned i = 0, e = S->getNumOperands(); i != e; ++i)
      NewOps[i] = SE.getAnyExtendExpr(S->op_begin()[i], CanonicalIV->getType());
    Value *V = expand(SE.getAddRecExpr(NewOps, S->getLoop(),
                                       S->getNoWrapFlags(SCEV::FlagNW)));
    BasicBlock::iterator NewInsertPt =
        findInsertPointAfter(cast<Instruction>(V), Builder.GetInsertBlock());
    V = expandCodeFor(SE.getTruncateExpr(SE.getUnknown(V), Ty), nullptr,
                      &*NewInsertPt);
    return V;
  }

  // {X,+,F} --> X + {0,+,F}
  if (!S->getStart()->isZero()) {
    SmallVector<const SCEV *, 4> NewOps(S->op_begin(), S->op_end());
    NewOps[0] = SE.getConstant(Ty, 0);
    const SCEV *Rest = SE.getAddRecExpr(NewOps, L,
                                        S->getNoWrapFlags(SCEV::FlagNW));

    // Turn things like ptrtoint+arithmetic+inttoptr into GEP. See the
    // comments on expandAddToGEP for details.
    const SCEV *Base = S->getStart();
    const SCEV *RestArray[1] = { Rest };
    // Dig into the expression to find the pointer base for a GEP.
    ExposePointerBase(Base, RestArray[0], SE);
    // If we found a pointer, expand the AddRec with a GEP.
    if (PointerType *PTy = dyn_cast<PointerType>(Base->getType())) {
      // Make sure the Base isn't something exotic, such as a multiplied
      // or divided pointer value. In those cases, the result type isn't
      // actually a pointer type.
      if (!isa<SCEVMulExpr>(Base) && !isa<SCEVUDivExpr>(Base)) {
        Value *StartV = expand(Base);
        assert(StartV->getType() == PTy && "Pointer type mismatch for GEP!");
        return expandAddToGEP(RestArray, RestArray+1, PTy, Ty, StartV);
      }
    }

    // Just do a normal add. Pre-expand the operands to suppress folding.
    return expand(SE.getAddExpr(SE.getUnknown(expand(S->getStart())),
                                SE.getUnknown(expand(Rest))));
  }

  // If we don't yet have a canonical IV, create one.
  if (!CanonicalIV) {
    // Create and insert the PHI node for the induction variable in the
    // specified loop.
    BasicBlock *Header = L->getHeader();
    pred_iterator HPB = pred_begin(Header), HPE = pred_end(Header);
    CanonicalIV = PHINode::Create(Ty, std::distance(HPB, HPE), "indvar",
                                  &Header->front());
    rememberInstruction(CanonicalIV);

    SmallSet<BasicBlock *, 4> PredSeen;
    Constant *One = ConstantInt::get(Ty, 1);
    for (pred_iterator HPI = HPB; HPI != HPE; ++HPI) {
      BasicBlock *HP = *HPI;
      if (!PredSeen.insert(HP).second) {
        // There must be an incoming value for each predecessor, even the
        // duplicates!
        CanonicalIV->addIncoming(CanonicalIV->getIncomingValueForBlock(HP), HP);
        continue;
      }

      if (L->contains(HP)) {
        // Insert a unit add instruction right before the terminator
        // corresponding to the back-edge.
        Instruction *Add = BinaryOperator::CreateAdd(CanonicalIV, One,
                                                     "indvar.next",
                                                     HP->getTerminator());
        Add->setDebugLoc(HP->getTerminator()->getDebugLoc());
        rememberInstruction(Add);
        CanonicalIV->addIncoming(Add, HP);
      } else {
        CanonicalIV->addIncoming(Constant::getNullValue(Ty), HP);
      }
    }
  }

  // {0,+,1} --> Insert a canonical induction variable into the loop!
  if (S->isAffine() && S->getOperand(1)->isOne()) {
    assert(Ty == SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(CanonicalIV->getType()) &&
           "IVs with types different from the canonical IV should "
           "already have been handled!");
    return CanonicalIV;
  }

  // {0,+,F} --> {0,+,1} * F

  // If this is a simple linear addrec, emit it now as a special case.
  if (S->isAffine())    // {0,+,F} --> i*F
    return
      expand(SE.getTruncateOrNoop(
        SE.getMulExpr(SE.getUnknown(CanonicalIV),
                      SE.getNoopOrAnyExtend(S->getOperand(1),
                                            CanonicalIV->getType())),
        Ty));

  // If this is a chain of recurrences, turn it into a closed form, using the
  // folders, then expandCodeFor the closed form.  This allows the folders to
  // simplify the expression without having to build a bunch of special code
  // into this folder.
  const SCEV *IH = SE.getUnknown(CanonicalIV);   // Get I as a "symbolic" SCEV.

  // Promote S up to the canonical IV type, if the cast is foldable.
  const SCEV *NewS = S;
  const SCEV *Ext = SE.getNoopOrAnyExtend(S, CanonicalIV->getType());
  if (isa<SCEVAddRecExpr>(Ext))
    NewS = Ext;

  const SCEV *V = cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(NewS)->evaluateAtIteration(IH, SE);
  //cerr << "Evaluated: " << *this << "\n     to: " << *V << "\n";

  // Truncate the result down to the original type, if needed.
  const SCEV *T = SE.getTruncateOrNoop(V, Ty);
  return expand(T);
}

Value *SCEVExpander::visitTruncateExpr(const SCEVTruncateExpr *S) {
  Type *Ty = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(S->getType());
  Value *V = expandCodeFor(S->getOperand(),
                           SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(S->getOperand()->getType()));
  Value *I = Builder.CreateTrunc(V, Ty);
  rememberInstruction(I);
  return I;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::visitZeroExtendExpr(const SCEVZeroExtendExpr *S) {
  Type *Ty = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(S->getType());
  Value *V = expandCodeFor(S->getOperand(),
                           SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(S->getOperand()->getType()));
  Value *I = Builder.CreateZExt(V, Ty);
  rememberInstruction(I);
  return I;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::visitSignExtendExpr(const SCEVSignExtendExpr *S) {
  Type *Ty = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(S->getType());
  Value *V = expandCodeFor(S->getOperand(),
                           SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(S->getOperand()->getType()));
  Value *I = Builder.CreateSExt(V, Ty);
  rememberInstruction(I);
  return I;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::visitSMaxExpr(const SCEVSMaxExpr *S) {
  Value *LHS = expand(S->getOperand(S->getNumOperands()-1));
  Type *Ty = LHS->getType();
  for (int i = S->getNumOperands()-2; i >= 0; --i) {
    // In the case of mixed integer and pointer types, do the
    // rest of the comparisons as integer.
    if (S->getOperand(i)->getType() != Ty) {
      Ty = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(Ty);
      LHS = InsertNoopCastOfTo(LHS, Ty);
    }
    Value *RHS = expandCodeFor(S->getOperand(i), Ty);
    Value *ICmp = Builder.CreateICmpSGT(LHS, RHS);
    rememberInstruction(ICmp);
    Value *Sel = Builder.CreateSelect(ICmp, LHS, RHS, "smax");
    rememberInstruction(Sel);
    LHS = Sel;
  }
  // In the case of mixed integer and pointer types, cast the
  // final result back to the pointer type.
  if (LHS->getType() != S->getType())
    LHS = InsertNoopCastOfTo(LHS, S->getType());
  return LHS;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::visitUMaxExpr(const SCEVUMaxExpr *S) {
  Value *LHS = expand(S->getOperand(S->getNumOperands()-1));
  Type *Ty = LHS->getType();
  for (int i = S->getNumOperands()-2; i >= 0; --i) {
    // In the case of mixed integer and pointer types, do the
    // rest of the comparisons as integer.
    if (S->getOperand(i)->getType() != Ty) {
      Ty = SE.getEffectiveSCEVType(Ty);
      LHS = InsertNoopCastOfTo(LHS, Ty);
    }
    Value *RHS = expandCodeFor(S->getOperand(i), Ty);
    Value *ICmp = Builder.CreateICmpUGT(LHS, RHS);
    rememberInstruction(ICmp);
    Value *Sel = Builder.CreateSelect(ICmp, LHS, RHS, "umax");
    rememberInstruction(Sel);
    LHS = Sel;
  }
  // In the case of mixed integer and pointer types, cast the
  // final result back to the pointer type.
  if (LHS->getType() != S->getType())
    LHS = InsertNoopCastOfTo(LHS, S->getType());
  return LHS;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::expandCodeFor(const SCEV *SH, Type *Ty,
                                   Instruction *IP) {
  assert(IP);
  Builder.SetInsertPoint(IP);
  return expandCodeFor(SH, Ty);
}

Value *SCEVExpander::expandCodeFor(const SCEV *SH, Type *Ty) {
  // Expand the code for this SCEV.
  Value *V = expand(SH);
  if (Ty) {
    assert(SE.getTypeSizeInBits(Ty) == SE.getTypeSizeInBits(SH->getType()) &&
           "non-trivial casts should be done with the SCEVs directly!");
    V = InsertNoopCastOfTo(V, Ty);
  }
  return V;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::FindValueInExprValueMap(const SCEV *S,
                                             const Instruction *InsertPt) {
  SetVector<Value *> *Set = SE.getSCEVValues(S);
  // If the expansion is not in CanonicalMode, and the SCEV contains any
  // sub scAddRecExpr type SCEV, it is required to expand the SCEV literally.
  if (CanonicalMode || !SE.containsAddRecurrence(S)) {
    // If S is scConstant, it may be worse to reuse an existing Value.
    if (S->getSCEVType() != scConstant && Set) {
      // Choose a Value from the set which dominates the insertPt.
      // insertPt should be inside the Value's parent loop so as not to break
      // the LCSSA form.
      for (auto const &Ent : *Set) {
        Instruction *EntInst = nullptr;
        if (Ent && isa<Instruction>(Ent) &&
            (EntInst = cast<Instruction>(Ent)) &&
            S->getType() == Ent->getType() &&
            EntInst->getFunction() == InsertPt->getFunction() &&
            SE.DT.dominates(EntInst, InsertPt) &&
            (SE.LI.getLoopFor(EntInst->getParent()) == nullptr ||
             SE.LI.getLoopFor(EntInst->getParent())->contains(InsertPt))) {
          return Ent;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return nullptr;
}

// The expansion of SCEV will either reuse a previous Value in ExprValueMap,
// or expand the SCEV literally. Specifically, if the expansion is in LSRMode,
// and the SCEV contains any sub scAddRecExpr type SCEV, it will be expanded
// literally, to prevent LSR's transformed SCEV from being reverted. Otherwise,
// the expansion will try to reuse Value from ExprValueMap, and only when it
// fails, expand the SCEV literally.
Value *SCEVExpander::expand(const SCEV *S) {
  // Compute an insertion point for this SCEV object. Hoist the instructions
  // as far out in the loop nest as possible.
  Instruction *InsertPt = &*Builder.GetInsertPoint();
  for (Loop *L = SE.LI.getLoopFor(Builder.GetInsertBlock());;
       L = L->getParentLoop())
    if (SE.isLoopInvariant(S, L)) {
      if (!L) break;
      if (BasicBlock *Preheader = L->getLoopPreheader())
        InsertPt = Preheader->getTerminator();
      else {
        // LSR sets the insertion point for AddRec start/step values to the
        // block start to simplify value reuse, even though it's an invalid
        // position. SCEVExpander must correct for this in all cases.
        InsertPt = &*L->getHeader()->getFirstInsertionPt();
      }
    } else {
      // If the SCEV is computable at this level, insert it into the header
      // after the PHIs (and after any other instructions that we've inserted
      // there) so that it is guaranteed to dominate any user inside the loop.
      if (L && SE.hasComputableLoopEvolution(S, L) && !PostIncLoops.count(L))
        InsertPt = &*L->getHeader()->getFirstInsertionPt();
      while (InsertPt->getIterator() != Builder.GetInsertPoint() &&
             (isInsertedInstruction(InsertPt) ||
              isa<DbgInfoIntrinsic>(InsertPt))) {
        InsertPt = &*std::next(InsertPt->getIterator());
      }
      break;
    }

  // Check to see if we already expanded this here.
  auto I = InsertedExpressions.find(std::make_pair(S, InsertPt));
  if (I != InsertedExpressions.end())
    return I->second;

  BuilderType::InsertPointGuard Guard(Builder);
  Builder.SetInsertPoint(InsertPt);

  // Expand the expression into instructions.
  Value *V = FindValueInExprValueMap(S, InsertPt);

  if (!V)
    V = visit(S);

  // Remember the expanded value for this SCEV at this location.
  //
  // This is independent of PostIncLoops. The mapped value simply materializes
  // the expression at this insertion point. If the mapped value happened to be
  // a postinc expansion, it could be reused by a non-postinc user, but only if
  // its insertion point was already at the head of the loop.
  InsertedExpressions[std::make_pair(S, InsertPt)] = V;
  return V;
}

void SCEVExpander::rememberInstruction(Value *I) {
  if (!PostIncLoops.empty())
    InsertedPostIncValues.insert(I);
  else
    InsertedValues.insert(I);
}

/// getOrInsertCanonicalInductionVariable - This method returns the
/// canonical induction variable of the specified type for the specified
/// loop (inserting one if there is none).  A canonical induction variable
/// starts at zero and steps by one on each iteration.
PHINode *
SCEVExpander::getOrInsertCanonicalInductionVariable(const Loop *L,
                                                    Type *Ty) {
  assert(Ty->isIntegerTy() && "Can only insert integer induction variables!");

  // Build a SCEV for {0,+,1}<L>.
  // Conservatively use FlagAnyWrap for now.
  const SCEV *H = SE.getAddRecExpr(SE.getConstant(Ty, 0),
                                   SE.getConstant(Ty, 1), L, SCEV::FlagAnyWrap);

  // Emit code for it.
  BuilderType::InsertPointGuard Guard(Builder);
  PHINode *V =
      cast<PHINode>(expandCodeFor(H, nullptr, &L->getHeader()->front()));

  return V;
}

/// replaceCongruentIVs - Check for congruent phis in this loop header and
/// replace them with their most canonical representative. Return the number of
/// phis eliminated.
///
/// This does not depend on any SCEVExpander state but should be used in
/// the same context that SCEVExpander is used.
unsigned SCEVExpander::replaceCongruentIVs(Loop *L, const DominatorTree *DT,
                                           SmallVectorImpl<WeakVH> &DeadInsts,
                                           const TargetTransformInfo *TTI) {
  // Find integer phis in order of increasing width.
  SmallVector<PHINode*, 8> Phis;
  for (auto &I : *L->getHeader()) {
    if (auto *PN = dyn_cast<PHINode>(&I))
      Phis.push_back(PN);
    else
      break;
  }

  if (TTI)
    std::sort(Phis.begin(), Phis.end(), [](Value *LHS, Value *RHS) {
      // Put pointers at the back and make sure pointer < pointer = false.
      if (!LHS->getType()->isIntegerTy() || !RHS->getType()->isIntegerTy())
        return RHS->getType()->isIntegerTy() && !LHS->getType()->isIntegerTy();
      return RHS->getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits() <
             LHS->getType()->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
    });

  unsigned NumElim = 0;
  DenseMap<const SCEV *, PHINode *> ExprToIVMap;
  // Process phis from wide to narrow. Map wide phis to their truncation
  // so narrow phis can reuse them.
  for (PHINode *Phi : Phis) {
    auto SimplifyPHINode = [&](PHINode *PN) -> Value * {
      if (Value *V = SimplifyInstruction(PN, DL, &SE.TLI, &SE.DT, &SE.AC))
        return V;
      if (!SE.isSCEVable(PN->getType()))
        return nullptr;
      auto *Const = dyn_cast<SCEVConstant>(SE.getSCEV(PN));
      if (!Const)
        return nullptr;
      return Const->getValue();
    };

    // Fold constant phis. They may be congruent to other constant phis and
    // would confuse the logic below that expects proper IVs.
    if (Value *V = SimplifyPHINode(Phi)) {
      if (V->getType() != Phi->getType())
        continue;
      Phi->replaceAllUsesWith(V);
      DeadInsts.emplace_back(Phi);
      ++NumElim;
      DEBUG_WITH_TYPE(DebugType, dbgs()
                      << "INDVARS: Eliminated constant iv: " << *Phi << '\n');
      continue;
    }

    if (!SE.isSCEVable(Phi->getType()))
      continue;

    PHINode *&OrigPhiRef = ExprToIVMap[SE.getSCEV(Phi)];
    if (!OrigPhiRef) {
      OrigPhiRef = Phi;
      if (Phi->getType()->isIntegerTy() && TTI
          && TTI->isTruncateFree(Phi->getType(), Phis.back()->getType())) {
        // This phi can be freely truncated to the narrowest phi type. Map the
        // truncated expression to it so it will be reused for narrow types.
        const SCEV *TruncExpr =
          SE.getTruncateExpr(SE.getSCEV(Phi), Phis.back()->getType());
        ExprToIVMap[TruncExpr] = Phi;
      }
      continue;
    }

    // Replacing a pointer phi with an integer phi or vice-versa doesn't make
    // sense.
    if (OrigPhiRef->getType()->isPointerTy() != Phi->getType()->isPointerTy())
      continue;

    if (BasicBlock *LatchBlock = L->getLoopLatch()) {
      Instruction *OrigInc =
        cast<Instruction>(OrigPhiRef->getIncomingValueForBlock(LatchBlock));
      Instruction *IsomorphicInc =
        cast<Instruction>(Phi->getIncomingValueForBlock(LatchBlock));

      // If this phi has the same width but is more canonical, replace the
      // original with it. As part of the "more canonical" determination,
      // respect a prior decision to use an IV chain.
      if (OrigPhiRef->getType() == Phi->getType()
          && !(ChainedPhis.count(Phi)
               || isExpandedAddRecExprPHI(OrigPhiRef, OrigInc, L))
          && (ChainedPhis.count(Phi)
              || isExpandedAddRecExprPHI(Phi, IsomorphicInc, L))) {
        std::swap(OrigPhiRef, Phi);
        std::swap(OrigInc, IsomorphicInc);
      }
      // Replacing the congruent phi is sufficient because acyclic redundancy
      // elimination, CSE/GVN, should handle the rest. However, once SCEV proves
      // that a phi is congruent, it's often the head of an IV user cycle that
      // is isomorphic with the original phi. It's worth eagerly cleaning up the
      // common case of a single IV increment so that DeleteDeadPHIs can remove
      // cycles that had postinc uses.
      const SCEV *TruncExpr = SE.getTruncateOrNoop(SE.getSCEV(OrigInc),
                                                   IsomorphicInc->getType());
      if (OrigInc != IsomorphicInc
          && TruncExpr == SE.getSCEV(IsomorphicInc)
          && ((isa<PHINode>(OrigInc) && isa<PHINode>(IsomorphicInc))
              || hoistIVInc(OrigInc, IsomorphicInc))) {
        DEBUG_WITH_TYPE(DebugType, dbgs()
                        << "INDVARS: Eliminated congruent iv.inc: "
                        << *IsomorphicInc << '\n');
        Value *NewInc = OrigInc;
        if (OrigInc->getType() != IsomorphicInc->getType()) {
          Instruction *IP = nullptr;
          if (PHINode *PN = dyn_cast<PHINode>(OrigInc))
            IP = &*PN->getParent()->getFirstInsertionPt();
          else
            IP = OrigInc->getNextNode();

          IRBuilder<> Builder(IP);
          Builder.SetCurrentDebugLocation(IsomorphicInc->getDebugLoc());
          NewInc = Builder.
            CreateTruncOrBitCast(OrigInc, IsomorphicInc->getType(), IVName);
        }
        IsomorphicInc->replaceAllUsesWith(NewInc);
        DeadInsts.emplace_back(IsomorphicInc);
      }
    }
    DEBUG_WITH_TYPE(DebugType, dbgs()
                    << "INDVARS: Eliminated congruent iv: " << *Phi << '\n');
    ++NumElim;
    Value *NewIV = OrigPhiRef;
    if (OrigPhiRef->getType() != Phi->getType()) {
      IRBuilder<> Builder(&*L->getHeader()->getFirstInsertionPt());
      Builder.SetCurrentDebugLocation(Phi->getDebugLoc());
      NewIV = Builder.CreateTruncOrBitCast(OrigPhiRef, Phi->getType(), IVName);
    }
    Phi->replaceAllUsesWith(NewIV);
    DeadInsts.emplace_back(Phi);
  }
  return NumElim;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::findExistingExpansion(const SCEV *S,
                                           const Instruction *At, Loop *L) {
  using namespace llvm::PatternMatch;

  SmallVector<BasicBlock *, 4> ExitingBlocks;
  L->getExitingBlocks(ExitingBlocks);

  // Look for suitable value in simple conditions at the loop exits.
  for (BasicBlock *BB : ExitingBlocks) {
    ICmpInst::Predicate Pred;
    Instruction *LHS, *RHS;
    BasicBlock *TrueBB, *FalseBB;

    if (!match(BB->getTerminator(),
               m_Br(m_ICmp(Pred, m_Instruction(LHS), m_Instruction(RHS)),
                    TrueBB, FalseBB)))
      continue;

    if (SE.getSCEV(LHS) == S && SE.DT.dominates(LHS, At))
      return LHS;

    if (SE.getSCEV(RHS) == S && SE.DT.dominates(RHS, At))
      return RHS;
  }

  // Use expand's logic which is used for reusing a previous Value in
  // ExprValueMap.
  if (Value *Val = FindValueInExprValueMap(S, At))
    return Val;

  // There is potential to make this significantly smarter, but this simple
  // heuristic already gets some interesting cases.

  // Can not find suitable value.
  return nullptr;
}

bool SCEVExpander::isHighCostExpansionHelper(
    const SCEV *S, Loop *L, const Instruction *At,
    SmallPtrSetImpl<const SCEV *> &Processed) {

  // If we can find an existing value for this scev avaliable at the point "At"
  // then consider the expression cheap.
  if (At && findExistingExpansion(S, At, L) != nullptr)
    return false;

  // Zero/One operand expressions
  switch (S->getSCEVType()) {
  case scUnknown:
  case scConstant:
    return false;
  case scTruncate:
    return isHighCostExpansionHelper(cast<SCEVTruncateExpr>(S)->getOperand(),
                                     L, At, Processed);
  case scZeroExtend:
    return isHighCostExpansionHelper(cast<SCEVZeroExtendExpr>(S)->getOperand(),
                                     L, At, Processed);
  case scSignExtend:
    return isHighCostExpansionHelper(cast<SCEVSignExtendExpr>(S)->getOperand(),
                                     L, At, Processed);
  }

  if (!Processed.insert(S).second)
    return false;

  if (auto *UDivExpr = dyn_cast<SCEVUDivExpr>(S)) {
    // If the divisor is a power of two and the SCEV type fits in a native
    // integer, consider the division cheap irrespective of whether it occurs in
    // the user code since it can be lowered into a right shift.
    if (auto *SC = dyn_cast<SCEVConstant>(UDivExpr->getRHS()))
      if (SC->getAPInt().isPowerOf2()) {
        const DataLayout &DL =
            L->getHeader()->getParent()->getParent()->getDataLayout();
        unsigned Width = cast<IntegerType>(UDivExpr->getType())->getBitWidth();
        return DL.isIllegalInteger(Width);
      }

    // UDivExpr is very likely a UDiv that ScalarEvolution's HowFarToZero or
    // HowManyLessThans produced to compute a precise expression, rather than a
    // UDiv from the user's code. If we can't find a UDiv in the code with some
    // simple searching, assume the former consider UDivExpr expensive to
    // compute.
    BasicBlock *ExitingBB = L->getExitingBlock();
    if (!ExitingBB)
      return true;

    // At the beginning of this function we already tried to find existing value
    // for plain 'S'. Now try to lookup 'S + 1' since it is common pattern
    // involving division. This is just a simple search heuristic.
    if (!At)
      At = &ExitingBB->back();
    if (!findExistingExpansion(
            SE.getAddExpr(S, SE.getConstant(S->getType(), 1)), At, L))
      return true;
  }

  // HowManyLessThans uses a Max expression whenever the loop is not guarded by
  // the exit condition.
  if (isa<SCEVSMaxExpr>(S) || isa<SCEVUMaxExpr>(S))
    return true;

  // Recurse past nary expressions, which commonly occur in the
  // BackedgeTakenCount. They may already exist in program code, and if not,
  // they are not too expensive rematerialize.
  if (const SCEVNAryExpr *NAry = dyn_cast<SCEVNAryExpr>(S)) {
    for (auto *Op : NAry->operands())
      if (isHighCostExpansionHelper(Op, L, At, Processed))
        return true;
  }

  // If we haven't recognized an expensive SCEV pattern, assume it's an
  // expression produced by program code.
  return false;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::expandCodeForPredicate(const SCEVPredicate *Pred,
                                            Instruction *IP) {
  assert(IP);
  switch (Pred->getKind()) {
  case SCEVPredicate::P_Union:
    return expandUnionPredicate(cast<SCEVUnionPredicate>(Pred), IP);
  case SCEVPredicate::P_Equal:
    return expandEqualPredicate(cast<SCEVEqualPredicate>(Pred), IP);
  case SCEVPredicate::P_Wrap: {
    auto *AddRecPred = cast<SCEVWrapPredicate>(Pred);
    return expandWrapPredicate(AddRecPred, IP);
  }
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown SCEV predicate type");
}

Value *SCEVExpander::expandEqualPredicate(const SCEVEqualPredicate *Pred,
                                          Instruction *IP) {
  Value *Expr0 = expandCodeFor(Pred->getLHS(), Pred->getLHS()->getType(), IP);
  Value *Expr1 = expandCodeFor(Pred->getRHS(), Pred->getRHS()->getType(), IP);

  Builder.SetInsertPoint(IP);
  auto *I = Builder.CreateICmpNE(Expr0, Expr1, "ident.check");
  return I;
}

Value *SCEVExpander::generateOverflowCheck(const SCEVAddRecExpr *AR,
                                           Instruction *Loc, bool Signed) {
  assert(AR->isAffine() && "Cannot generate RT check for "
                           "non-affine expression");

  const SCEV *ExitCount = SE.getBackedgeTakenCount(AR->getLoop());
  const SCEV *Step = AR->getStepRecurrence(SE);
  const SCEV *Start = AR->getStart();

  unsigned DstBits = SE.getTypeSizeInBits(AR->getType());
  unsigned SrcBits = SE.getTypeSizeInBits(ExitCount->getType());
  unsigned MaxBits = 2 * std::max(DstBits, SrcBits);

  auto *TripCount = SE.getTruncateOrZeroExtend(ExitCount, AR->getType());
  IntegerType *MaxTy = IntegerType::get(Loc->getContext(), MaxBits);

  assert(ExitCount != SE.getCouldNotCompute() && "Invalid loop count");

  const auto *ExtendedTripCount = SE.getZeroExtendExpr(ExitCount, MaxTy);
  const auto *ExtendedStep = SE.getSignExtendExpr(Step, MaxTy);
  const auto *ExtendedStart = Signed ? SE.getSignExtendExpr(Start, MaxTy)
                                     : SE.getZeroExtendExpr(Start, MaxTy);

  const SCEV *End = SE.getAddExpr(Start, SE.getMulExpr(TripCount, Step));
  const SCEV *RHS = Signed ? SE.getSignExtendExpr(End, MaxTy)
                           : SE.getZeroExtendExpr(End, MaxTy);

  const SCEV *LHS = SE.getAddExpr(
      ExtendedStart, SE.getMulExpr(ExtendedTripCount, ExtendedStep));

  // Do all SCEV expansions now.
  Value *LHSVal = expandCodeFor(LHS, MaxTy, Loc);
  Value *RHSVal = expandCodeFor(RHS, MaxTy, Loc);

  Builder.SetInsertPoint(Loc);

  return Builder.CreateICmp(ICmpInst::ICMP_NE, RHSVal, LHSVal);
}

Value *SCEVExpander::expandWrapPredicate(const SCEVWrapPredicate *Pred,
                                         Instruction *IP) {
  const auto *A = cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(Pred->getExpr());
  Value *NSSWCheck = nullptr, *NUSWCheck = nullptr;

  // Add a check for NUSW
  if (Pred->getFlags() & SCEVWrapPredicate::IncrementNUSW)
    NUSWCheck = generateOverflowCheck(A, IP, false);

  // Add a check for NSSW
  if (Pred->getFlags() & SCEVWrapPredicate::IncrementNSSW)
    NSSWCheck = generateOverflowCheck(A, IP, true);

  if (NUSWCheck && NSSWCheck)
    return Builder.CreateOr(NUSWCheck, NSSWCheck);

  if (NUSWCheck)
    return NUSWCheck;

  if (NSSWCheck)
    return NSSWCheck;

  return ConstantInt::getFalse(IP->getContext());
}

Value *SCEVExpander::expandUnionPredicate(const SCEVUnionPredicate *Union,
                                          Instruction *IP) {
  auto *BoolType = IntegerType::get(IP->getContext(), 1);
  Value *Check = ConstantInt::getNullValue(BoolType);

  // Loop over all checks in this set.
  for (auto Pred : Union->getPredicates()) {
    auto *NextCheck = expandCodeForPredicate(Pred, IP);
    Builder.SetInsertPoint(IP);
    Check = Builder.CreateOr(Check, NextCheck);
  }

  return Check;
}

namespace {
// Search for a SCEV subexpression that is not safe to expand.  Any expression
// that may expand to a !isSafeToSpeculativelyExecute value is unsafe, namely
// UDiv expressions. We don't know if the UDiv is derived from an IR divide
// instruction, but the important thing is that we prove the denominator is
// nonzero before expansion.
//
// IVUsers already checks that IV-derived expressions are safe. So this check is
// only needed when the expression includes some subexpression that is not IV
// derived.
//
// Currently, we only allow division by a nonzero constant here. If this is
// inadequate, we could easily allow division by SCEVUnknown by using
// ValueTracking to check isKnownNonZero().
//
// We cannot generally expand recurrences unless the step dominates the loop
// header. The expander handles the special case of affine recurrences by
// scaling the recurrence outside the loop, but this technique isn't generally
// applicable. Expanding a nested recurrence outside a loop requires computing
// binomial coefficients. This could be done, but the recurrence has to be in a
// perfectly reduced form, which can't be guaranteed.
struct SCEVFindUnsafe {
  ScalarEvolution &SE;
  bool IsUnsafe;

  SCEVFindUnsafe(ScalarEvolution &se): SE(se), IsUnsafe(false) {}

  bool follow(const SCEV *S) {
    if (const SCEVUDivExpr *D = dyn_cast<SCEVUDivExpr>(S)) {
      const SCEVConstant *SC = dyn_cast<SCEVConstant>(D->getRHS());
      if (!SC || SC->getValue()->isZero()) {
        IsUnsafe = true;
        return false;
      }
    }
    if (const SCEVAddRecExpr *AR = dyn_cast<SCEVAddRecExpr>(S)) {
      const SCEV *Step = AR->getStepRecurrence(SE);
      if (!AR->isAffine() && !SE.dominates(Step, AR->getLoop()->getHeader())) {
        IsUnsafe = true;
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }
  bool isDone() const { return IsUnsafe; }
};
}

namespace llvm {
bool isSafeToExpand(const SCEV *S, ScalarEvolution &SE) {
  SCEVFindUnsafe Search(SE);
  visitAll(S, Search);
  return !Search.IsUnsafe;
}
}