请你设计并实现一个满足 LRU (最近最少使用) 缓存 约束的数据结构。
实现
LRUCache 类：LRUCache(int capacity)以 正整数 作为容量capacity初始化 LRU 缓存int get(int key)如果关键字key存在于缓存中，则返回关键字的值，否则返回-1。void put(int key, int value)如果关键字key已经存在，则变更其数据值value；如果不存在，则向缓存中插入该组key-value。如果插入操作导致关键字数量超过capacity，则应该 逐出 最久未使用的关键字。
函数 get 和 put 必须以 O(1) 的平均时间复杂度运行。
示例：
输入
["LRUCache", "put", "put", "get", "put", "get", "put", "get", "get", "get"]
[[2], [1, 1], [2, 2], [1], [3, 3], [2], [4, 4], [1], [3], [4]]
输出
[null, null, null, 1, null, -1, null, -1, 3, 4]
解释
LRUCache lRUCache = new LRUCache(2);
lRUCache.put(1, 1); // 缓存是 {1=1}
lRUCache.put(2, 2); // 缓存是 {1=1, 2=2}
lRUCache.get(1); // 返回 1
lRUCache.put(3, 3); // 该操作会使得关键字 2 作废，缓存是 {1=1, 3=3}
lRUCache.get(2); // 返回 -1 (未找到)
lRUCache.put(4, 4); // 该操作会使得关键字 1 作废，缓存是 {4=4, 3=3}
lRUCache.get(1); // 返回 -1 (未找到)
lRUCache.get(3); // 返回 3
lRUCache.get(4); // 返回 4
提示：
1 <= capacity <= 30000 <= key <= 100000 <= value <= 105- 最多调用
2 * 105次get和put
方法一：哈希表 + 双向链表
我们可以用“哈希表”和“双向链表”实现一个 LRU 缓存。
- 哈希表：用于存储 key 和对应的节点位置。
- 双向链表：用于存储节点数据，按照访问时间排序。
当访问一个节点时，如果节点存在，我们将其从原来的位置删除，并重新插入到链表头部。这样就能保证链表尾部存储的就是最近最久未使用的节点，当节点数量大于缓存最大空间时就淘汰链表尾部的节点。
当插入一个节点时，如果节点存在，我们将其从原来的位置删除，并重新插入到链表头部。如果不存在，我们首先检查缓存是否已满，如果已满，则删除链表尾部的节点，将新的节点插入链表头部。
时间复杂度
class Node:
def __init__(self, key=0, val=0):
self.key = key
self.val = val
self.prev = None
self.next = None
class LRUCache:
def __init__(self, capacity: int):
self.cache = {}
self.head = Node()
self.tail = Node()
self.capacity = capacity
self.size = 0
self.head.next = self.tail
self.tail.prev = self.head
def get(self, key: int) -> int:
if key not in self.cache:
return -1
node = self.cache[key]
self.move_to_head(node)
return node.val
def put(self, key: int, value: int) -> None:
if key in self.cache:
node = self.cache[key]
node.val = value
self.move_to_head(node)
else:
node = Node(key, value)
self.cache[key] = node
self.add_to_head(node)
self.size += 1
if self.size > self.capacity:
node = self.remove_tail()
self.cache.pop(node.key)
self.size -= 1
def move_to_head(self, node):
self.remove_node(node)
self.add_to_head(node)
def remove_node(self, node):
node.prev.next = node.next
node.next.prev = node.prev
def add_to_head(self, node):
node.next = self.head.next
node.prev = self.head
self.head.next = node
node.next.prev = node
def remove_tail(self):
node = self.tail.prev
self.remove_node(node)
return node
# Your LRUCache object will be instantiated and called as such:
# obj = LRUCache(capacity)
# param_1 = obj.get(key)
# obj.put(key,value)class Node {
int key;
int val;
Node prev;
Node next;
Node() {
}
Node(int key, int val) {
this.key = key;
this.val = val;
}
}
class LRUCache {
private Map<Integer, Node> cache = new HashMap<>();
private Node head = new Node();
private Node tail = new Node();
private int capacity;
private int size;
public LRUCache(int capacity) {
this.capacity = capacity;
head.next = tail;
tail.prev = head;
}
public int get(int key) {
if (!cache.containsKey(key)) {
return -1;
}
Node node = cache.get(key);
moveToHead(node);
return node.val;
}
public void put(int key, int value) {
if (cache.containsKey(key)) {
Node node = cache.get(key);
node.val = value;
moveToHead(node);
} else {
Node node = new Node(key, value);
cache.put(key, node);
addToHead(node);
++size;
if (size > capacity) {
node = removeTail();
cache.remove(node.key);
--size;
}
}
}
private void moveToHead(Node node) {
removeNode(node);
addToHead(node);
}
private void removeNode(Node node) {
node.prev.next = node.next;
node.next.prev = node.prev;
}
private void addToHead(Node node) {
node.next = head.next;
node.prev = head;
head.next = node;
node.next.prev = node;
}
private Node removeTail() {
Node node = tail.prev;
removeNode(node);
return node;
}
}
/**
* Your LRUCache object will be instantiated and called as such:
* LRUCache obj = new LRUCache(capacity);
* int param_1 = obj.get(key);
* obj.put(key,value);
*/use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::rc::Rc;
struct Node {
key: i32,
value: i32,
prev: Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
next: Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
}
impl Node {
#[inline]
fn new(key: i32, value: i32) -> Self {
Self {
key,
value,
prev: None,
next: None,
}
}
}
struct LRUCache {
capacity: usize,
cache: HashMap<i32, Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
head: Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
tail: Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
}
/**
* `&self` means the method takes an immutable reference.
* If you need a mutable reference, change it to `&mut self` instead.
*/
impl LRUCache {
fn new(capacity: i32) -> Self {
Self {
capacity: capacity as usize,
cache: HashMap::new(),
head: None,
tail: None,
}
}
fn get(&mut self, key: i32) -> i32 {
match self.cache.get(&key) {
Some(node) => {
let node = Rc::clone(node);
self.remove(&node);
self.push_front(&node);
let value = node.borrow().value;
value
}
None => -1,
}
}
fn put(&mut self, key: i32, value: i32) {
match self.cache.get(&key) {
Some(node) => {
let node = Rc::clone(node);
node.borrow_mut().value = value;
self.remove(&node);
self.push_front(&node);
}
None => {
let node = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node::new(key, value)));
self.cache.insert(key, Rc::clone(&node));
self.push_front(&node);
if self.cache.len() > self.capacity {
let back_key = self.pop_back().unwrap().borrow().key;
self.cache.remove(&back_key);
}
}
};
}
fn push_front(&mut self, node: &Rc<RefCell<Node>>) {
match self.head.take() {
Some(head) => {
head.borrow_mut().prev = Some(Rc::clone(node));
node.borrow_mut().prev = None;
node.borrow_mut().next = Some(head);
self.head = Some(Rc::clone(node));
}
None => {
self.head = Some(Rc::clone(node));
self.tail = Some(Rc::clone(node));
}
};
}
fn remove(&mut self, node: &Rc<RefCell<Node>>) {
match (node.borrow().prev.as_ref(), node.borrow().next.as_ref()) {
(None, None) => {
self.head = None;
self.tail = None;
}
(None, Some(next)) => {
self.head = Some(Rc::clone(next));
next.borrow_mut().prev = None;
}
(Some(prev), None) => {
self.tail = Some(Rc::clone(prev));
prev.borrow_mut().next = None;
}
(Some(prev), Some(next)) => {
next.borrow_mut().prev = Some(Rc::clone(prev));
prev.borrow_mut().next = Some(Rc::clone(next));
}
};
}
fn pop_back(&mut self) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>> {
match self.tail.take() {
Some(tail) => {
self.remove(&tail);
Some(tail)
}
None => None,
}
}
}
/**
* Your LRUCache object will be instantiated and called as such:
* let obj = LRUCache::new(capacity);
* let ret_1: i32 = obj.get(key);
* obj.put(key, value);
*/type node struct {
key, val int
prev, next *node
}
type LRUCache struct {
capacity int
cache map[int]*node
head, tail *node
}
func Constructor(capacity int) LRUCache {
head := new(node)
tail := new(node)
head.next = tail
tail.prev = head
return LRUCache{
capacity: capacity,
cache: make(map[int]*node, capacity),
head: head,
tail: tail,
}
}
func (this *LRUCache) Get(key int) int {
n, ok := this.cache[key]
if !ok {
return -1
}
this.moveToFront(n)
return n.val
}
func (this *LRUCache) Put(key int, value int) {
n, ok := this.cache[key]
if ok {
n.val = value
this.moveToFront(n)
return
}
if len(this.cache) == this.capacity {
back := this.tail.prev
this.remove(back)
delete(this.cache, back.key)
}
n = &node{key: key, val: value}
this.pushFront(n)
this.cache[key] = n
}
func (this *LRUCache) moveToFront(n *node) {
this.remove(n)
this.pushFront(n)
}
func (this *LRUCache) remove(n *node) {
n.prev.next = n.next
n.next.prev = n.prev
n.prev = nil
n.next = nil
}
func (this *LRUCache) pushFront(n *node) {
n.prev = this.head
n.next = this.head.next
this.head.next.prev = n
this.head.next = n
}struct Node {
int k;
int v;
Node* prev;
Node* next;
Node()
: k(0)
, v(0)
, prev(nullptr)
, next(nullptr) {}
Node(int key, int val)
: k(key)
, v(val)
, prev(nullptr)
, next(nullptr) {}
};
class LRUCache {
public:
LRUCache(int capacity)
: cap(capacity)
, size(0) {
head = new Node();
tail = new Node();
head->next = tail;
tail->prev = head;
}
int get(int key) {
if (!cache.count(key)) return -1;
Node* node = cache[key];
moveToHead(node);
return node->v;
}
void put(int key, int value) {
if (cache.count(key)) {
Node* node = cache[key];
node->v = value;
moveToHead(node);
} else {
Node* node = new Node(key, value);
cache[key] = node;
addToHead(node);
++size;
if (size > cap) {
node = removeTail();
cache.erase(node->k);
--size;
}
}
}
private:
unordered_map<int, Node*> cache;
Node* head;
Node* tail;
int cap;
int size;
void moveToHead(Node* node) {
removeNode(node);
addToHead(node);
}
void removeNode(Node* node) {
node->prev->next = node->next;
node->next->prev = node->prev;
}
void addToHead(Node* node) {
node->next = head->next;
node->prev = head;
head->next = node;
node->next->prev = node;
}
Node* removeTail() {
Node* node = tail->prev;
removeNode(node);
return node;
}
};
/**
* Your LRUCache object will be instantiated and called as such:
* LRUCache* obj = new LRUCache(capacity);
* int param_1 = obj->get(key);
* obj->put(key,value);
*/class LRUCache {
capacity: number;
map: Map<number, number>;
constructor(capacity: number) {
this.capacity = capacity;
this.map = new Map();
}
get(key: number): number {
if (this.map.has(key)) {
const val = this.map.get(key)!;
this.map.delete(key);
this.map.set(key, val);
return val;
}
return -1;
}
put(key: number, value: number): void {
this.map.delete(key);
this.map.set(key, value);
if (this.map.size > this.capacity) {
this.map.delete(this.map.keys().next().value);
}
}
}
/**
* Your LRUCache object will be instantiated and called as such:
* var obj = new LRUCache(capacity)
* var param_1 = obj.get(key)
* obj.put(key,value)
*/public class LRUCache {
class Node {
public Node Prev;
public Node Next;
public int Key;
public int Val;
}
private Node head = new Node();
private Node tail = new Node();
private Dictionary<int, Node> cache = new Dictionary<int, Node>();
private readonly int capacity;
private int size;
public LRUCache(int capacity) {
this.capacity = capacity;
head.Next = tail;
tail.Prev = head;
}
public int Get(int key) {
Node node;
if (cache.TryGetValue(key, out node)) {
moveToHead(node);
return node.Val;
}
return -1;
}
public void Put(int key, int Val) {
Node node;
if (cache.TryGetValue(key, out node)) {
moveToHead(node);
node.Val = Val;
} else {
node = new Node() { Key = key, Val = Val };
cache.Add(key, node);
addToHead(node);
if (++size > capacity) {
node = removeTail();
cache.Remove(node.Key);
--size;
}
}
}
private void moveToHead(Node node) {
removeNode(node);
addToHead(node);
}
private void removeNode(Node node) {
node.Prev.Next = node.Next;
node.Next.Prev = node.Prev;
}
private void addToHead(Node node) {
node.Next = head.Next;
node.Prev = head;
head.Next = node;
node.Next.Prev = node;
}
private Node removeTail() {
Node node = tail.Prev;
removeNode(node);
return node;
}
}
/**
* Your LRUCache object will be instantiated and called as such:
* LRUCache obj = new LRUCache(capacity);
* int param_1 = obj.Get(key);
* obj.Put(key,Val);
*/