Merge branch 'main' into fastmock

* main:
  Improve stats presentation for calls. (pythonGH-100274)
  Better stats for `LOAD_ATTR` and `STORE_ATTR` (pythonGH-100295)
  pythongh-81057: Move the Cached Parser Dummy Name to _PyRuntimeState (python#100277)
  Document that zipfile's pwd parameter is a `bytes` object (python#100209)
  pythongh-99767: mark `PyTypeObject.tp_watched` as internal use only in table (python#100271)
  Fix typo in introduction.rst (python#100266)
  pythongh-78997: AttributeError if loading fails in LibraryLoader.__getattr__
  pythonGH-100234: Set a default value for random.expovariate() (pythonGH-100235)
  Remove uninformative itertools recipe (pythonGH-100253)
  pythonGH-99767: update PyTypeObject docs for type watchers (pythonGH-99928)
  Move stats for the method cache into the `Py_STAT` machinery (pythonGH-100255)
  pythonGH-100222: fix typo _py_set_opocde -> _py_set_opcode (pythonGH-100259)
  pythonGH-100000: Cleanup and polish various watchers code (pythonGH-99998)
  pythongh-90111: Minor Cleanup for Runtime-Global Objects (pythongh-100254)

Author: carljm

Diff for: Doc/c-api/typeobj.rst

@@ -147,6 +147,8 @@ Quick Reference
    +------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+---+---+---+---+
    | :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall`        | :c:type:`vectorcallfunc`          |                   |   |   |   |   |
    +------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+---+---+---+---+
+   | [:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_watched`]         | char                              |                   |   |   |   |   |
+   +------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+---+---+---+---+
 
 .. [#slots]
 
@@ -2090,6 +2092,13 @@ and :c:type:`PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.)
    .. versionadded:: 3.9 (the field exists since 3.8 but it's only used since 3.9)
 
 
+.. c:member:: char PyTypeObject.tp_watched
+
+   Internal. Do not use.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.12
+
+
 .. _static-types:
 
 Static Types

Diff for: Doc/includes/typestruct.h

@@ -80,4 +80,7 @@ typedef struct _typeobject {
 
     destructor tp_finalize;
     vectorcallfunc tp_vectorcall;
+
+    /* bitset of which type-watchers care about this type */
+    char tp_watched;
 } PyTypeObject;

Diff for: Doc/library/itertools.rst

@@ -829,10 +829,6 @@ which incur interpreter overhead.
        "Count how many times the predicate is true"
        return sum(map(pred, iterable))
 
-   def pad_none(iterable):
-       "Returns the sequence elements and then returns None indefinitely."
-       return chain(iterable, repeat(None))
-
    def ncycles(iterable, n):
        "Returns the sequence elements n times"
        return chain.from_iterable(repeat(tuple(iterable), n))
@@ -1193,9 +1189,6 @@ which incur interpreter overhead.
     >>> take(5, map(int, repeatfunc(random.random)))
     [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
 
-    >>> list(islice(pad_none('abc'), 0, 6))
-    ['a', 'b', 'c', None, None, None]
-
     >>> list(ncycles('abc', 3))
     ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c']
 

Diff for: Doc/library/random.rst

@@ -320,14 +320,17 @@ be found in any statistics text.
    ``beta > 0``. Returned values range between 0 and 1.
 
 
-.. function:: expovariate(lambd)
+.. function:: expovariate(lambd = 1.0)
 
    Exponential distribution.  *lambd* is 1.0 divided by the desired
    mean.  It should be nonzero.  (The parameter would be called
    "lambda", but that is a reserved word in Python.)  Returned values
    range from 0 to positive infinity if *lambd* is positive, and from
    negative infinity to 0 if *lambd* is negative.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+      Added the default value for ``lambd``.
+
 
 .. function:: gammavariate(alpha, beta)
 

Diff for: Doc/library/zipfile.rst

@@ -273,7 +273,8 @@ ZipFile Objects
    Access a member of the archive as a binary file-like object.  *name*
    can be either the name of a file within the archive or a :class:`ZipInfo`
    object.  The *mode* parameter, if included, must be ``'r'`` (the default)
-   or ``'w'``.  *pwd* is the password used to decrypt encrypted ZIP files.
+   or ``'w'``.  *pwd* is the password used to decrypt encrypted ZIP files as a
+   :class:`bytes` object.
 
    :meth:`~ZipFile.open` is also a context manager and therefore supports the
    :keyword:`with` statement::
@@ -325,7 +326,7 @@ ZipFile Objects
    must be its full name or a :class:`ZipInfo` object.  Its file information is
    extracted as accurately as possible.  *path* specifies a different directory
    to extract to.  *member* can be a filename or a :class:`ZipInfo` object.
-   *pwd* is the password used for encrypted files.
+   *pwd* is the password used for encrypted files as a :class:`bytes` object.
 
    Returns the normalized path created (a directory or new file).
 
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ ZipFile Objects
    Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory.  *path*
    specifies a different directory to extract to.  *members* is optional and must
    be a subset of the list returned by :meth:`namelist`.  *pwd* is the password
-   used for encrypted files.
+   used for encrypted files as a :class:`bytes` object.
 
    .. warning::
 
@@ -377,16 +378,16 @@ ZipFile Objects
 
 .. method:: ZipFile.setpassword(pwd)
 
-   Set *pwd* as default password to extract encrypted files.
+   Set *pwd* (a :class:`bytes` object) as default password to extract encrypted files.
 
 
 .. method:: ZipFile.read(name, pwd=None)
 
    Return the bytes of the file *name* in the archive.  *name* is the name of the
    file in the archive, or a :class:`ZipInfo` object.  The archive must be open for
-   read or append. *pwd* is the password used for encrypted  files and, if specified,
-   it will override the default password set with :meth:`setpassword`.  Calling
-   :meth:`read` on a ZipFile that uses a compression method other than
+   read or append. *pwd* is the password used for encrypted files as a :class:`bytes`
+   object and, if specified, overrides the default password set with :meth:`setpassword`.
+   Calling :meth:`read` on a ZipFile that uses a compression method other than
    :const:`ZIP_STORED`, :const:`ZIP_DEFLATED`, :const:`ZIP_BZIP2` or
    :const:`ZIP_LZMA` will raise a :exc:`NotImplementedError`. An error will also
    be raised if the corresponding compression module is not available.

Diff for: Doc/tutorial/introduction.rst

@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right::
 Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1.
 
 In addition to indexing, *slicing* is also supported.  While indexing is used
-to obtain individual characters, *slicing* allows you to obtain substring::
+to obtain individual characters, *slicing* allows you to obtain a substring::
 
    >>> word[0:2]  # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded)
    'Py'

Diff for: Include/cpython/code.h

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ typedef union {
 #define _Py_OPARG(word) ((word).oparg)
 
 static inline void
-_py_set_opocde(_Py_CODEUNIT *word, uint8_t opcode)
+_py_set_opcode(_Py_CODEUNIT *word, uint8_t opcode)
 {
     word->opcode = opcode;
 }

Diff for: Include/internal/pycore_global_objects.h

@@ -28,14 +28,16 @@ extern "C" {
 
 struct _Py_cached_objects {
     PyObject *str_replace_inf;
+
+    PyObject *interned_strings;
 };
 
 #define _Py_GLOBAL_OBJECT(NAME) \
-    _PyRuntime.global_objects.NAME
+    _PyRuntime.static_objects.NAME
 #define _Py_SINGLETON(NAME) \
     _Py_GLOBAL_OBJECT(singletons.NAME)
 
-struct _Py_global_objects {
+struct _Py_static_objects {
     struct {
         /* Small integers are preallocated in this array so that they
          * can be shared.
@@ -59,8 +61,6 @@ struct _Py_global_objects {
         PyHamtNode_Bitmap hamt_bitmap_node_empty;
         _PyContextTokenMissing context_token_missing;
     } singletons;
-
-    PyObject *interned;
 };
 
 #define _Py_INTERP_CACHED_OBJECT(interp, NAME) \

Diff for: Include/internal/pycore_interp.h

@@ -142,7 +142,6 @@ struct _is {
     // Initialized to _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault().
     _PyFrameEvalFunction eval_frame;
 
-    PyDict_WatchCallback dict_watchers[DICT_MAX_WATCHERS];
     PyFunction_WatchCallback func_watchers[FUNC_MAX_WATCHERS];
     // One bit is set for each non-NULL entry in func_watchers
     uint8_t active_func_watchers;

Diff for: Include/internal/pycore_parser.h

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 
+#include "pycore_ast.h"             // struct _expr
+#include "pycore_global_strings.h"  // _Py_DECLARE_STR()
 #include "pycore_pyarena.h"         // PyArena
 
 
@@ -22,9 +24,22 @@ struct _parser_runtime_state {
 #else
     int _not_used;
 #endif
+    struct _expr dummy_name;
 };
 
-
+_Py_DECLARE_STR(empty, "")
+#define _parser_runtime_state_INIT \
+    { \
+        .dummy_name = { \
+            .kind = Name_kind, \
+            .v.Name.id = &_Py_STR(empty), \
+            .v.Name.ctx = Load, \
+            .lineno = 1, \
+            .col_offset = 0, \
+            .end_lineno = 1, \
+            .end_col_offset = 0, \
+        }, \
+    }
 
 extern struct _mod* _PyParser_ASTFromString(
     const char *str,

Diff for: Include/internal/pycore_runtime.h

@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ typedef struct pyruntimestate {
 
     /* All the objects that are shared by the runtime's interpreters. */
     struct _Py_cached_objects cached_objects;
-    struct _Py_global_objects global_objects;
+    struct _Py_static_objects static_objects;
 
     /* The following fields are here to avoid allocation during init.
        The data is exposed through _PyRuntimeState pointer fields.

Diff for: Include/internal/pycore_runtime_init.h

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 #include "pycore_object.h"
+#include "pycore_parser.h"
 #include "pycore_pymem_init.h"
 #include "pycore_obmalloc_init.h"
 
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ extern "C" {
               until _PyInterpreterState_Enable() is called. */ \
             .next_id = -1, \
         }, \
+        .parser = _parser_runtime_state_INIT, \
         .imports = { \
             .lock = { \
                 .mutex = NULL, \
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ extern "C" {
         .types = { \
             .next_version_tag = 1, \
         }, \
-        .global_objects = { \
+        .static_objects = { \
             .singletons = { \
                 .small_ints = _Py_small_ints_INIT, \
                 .bytes_empty = _PyBytes_SIMPLE_INIT(0, 0), \

Diff for: Include/internal/pycore_typeobject.h

@@ -36,15 +36,9 @@ struct type_cache_entry {
 };
 
 #define MCACHE_SIZE_EXP 12
-#define MCACHE_STATS 0
 
 struct type_cache {
     struct type_cache_entry hashtable[1 << MCACHE_SIZE_EXP];
-#if MCACHE_STATS
-    size_t hits;
-    size_t misses;
-    size_t collisions;
-#endif
 };
 
 /* For now we hard-code this to a value for which we are confident

Diff for: Include/pystats.h

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ extern "C" {
 
 #ifdef Py_STATS
 
-#define SPECIALIZATION_FAILURE_KINDS 32
+#define SPECIALIZATION_FAILURE_KINDS 36
 
 /* Stats for determining who is calling PyEval_EvalFrame */
 #define EVAL_CALL_TOTAL 0
@@ -65,8 +65,15 @@ typedef struct _object_stats {
     uint64_t dict_materialized_new_key;
     uint64_t dict_materialized_too_big;
     uint64_t dict_materialized_str_subclass;
+    uint64_t type_cache_hits;
+    uint64_t type_cache_misses;
+    uint64_t type_cache_dunder_hits;
+    uint64_t type_cache_dunder_misses;
+    uint64_t type_cache_collisions;
 } ObjectStats;
 
+#
+
 typedef struct _stats {
     OpcodeStats opcode_stats[256];
     CallStats call_stats;

Diff for: Lib/ctypes/__init__.py

@@ -444,7 +444,10 @@ def __init__(self, dlltype):
     def __getattr__(self, name):
         if name[0] == '_':
             raise AttributeError(name)
-        dll = self._dlltype(name)
+        try:
+            dll = self._dlltype(name)
+        except OSError:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
         setattr(self, name, dll)
         return dll