Added materail for Section08 thus far: Coding Exercise 7 and 8, and Increment and Decrement Operators, amd Mixed Expressions and Conversions.

Author: anthonyclyan

Section08-Statements_and_Operators/README.md

@@ -86,4 +86,95 @@
 - Multiplication (`*`)
 - Division (`/`)
 - Modulo or remainder (`%`)
-    - only works with integers
+    - only works with integers
+
+## Increment and Decrement Operators
+
+- Increment operator `++`
+- Decrement operator `--`
+    - Increments or decrements its operand by 1
+    - Can be used with integers, floating point types and pointers
+- Below behavior is not identical
+    - Prefix   `++num`
+    - Postfix  `num++`
+    - see Example 2 - 5 under `section08_source_code/IncrementDecrementOperators/main.cpp`
+- Don't use the operator twice for the same variable in the same statement!!!
+    - i.e. DON'T:
+        - `cout << i++ << ++i`
+        - `cout << i++ + ++i`
+
+## Mixed Type Expressions
+
+- C++ operations occur on same type operands
+- If operands are of different types, C++ will convert one
+- Important! Since it could affect calculation results
+- C++ will attempt to automatically convert types (coercion)
+    - If it can't, a compiler error will occur
+    - i.e. try to assign `string` to `int`
+
+### Conversions
+
+- Higer vs Lower types are based on the size of the values the type can hold
+    - can typically convert from lower typ to higher type automatically since it will fit but the opposite may not be true
+    - decending order: long double, double, float, unsigned long, long, unsigned int, int
+    - short and char types are always converted to int
+- Type Coercion: conversion of one operand to another data 
+    - sometimes done automatically
+- Promotion: conversion to a higher type
+    - Used in mathematical expressions
+- Demotion: conversion to a lower type
+    - Used with assignment to lower type
+
+#### Example
+- The `lower` is promoted to a `higher`
+    - lower **op** higher: `2 * 5.2`
+    - 2 is promoted to 2.0 automatically
+- The `higher` is demoted to a `lower`
+    - lower = higher:
+        ```c++ 
+        int num {0};
+        num = 100.2;
+        ```
+
+### Explicit Type Casting - static_cast<type>
+
+```c++
+int total_amount {100};
+int total_number {8};
+double average {0.0};
+
+average = total_amount / total_number;
+cout << average << endl;
+// displays 12 since int operations
+
+/* 
+- use static_cast<type>
+- () the variable name
+- total_number is automatically promoted
+- do double division instead of int division
+*/
+average = static_cast<double>(total_amount) / total_number;
+cout << average << endl;
+// displays 12.5
+```
+
+## Testing for Equality `==` & `!=`
+
+- Compares the value of 2 expressions
+- Evaluates to a Boolean (True or False, 1 or 0)
+- Commonly used in control flow statements
+    - `expr1 == expr2`
+    - `expr1 != expr2`
+    - `100 == 200` -> False
+    - `num1 != num2`
+```c++
+bool result {false};
+
+result = (100 == 50 + 50);
+result = (num1 != num2);
+
+cout << (num1 == num2) << endl;     // 0 or 1
+cout << std::boolalpha;
+cout << (num1 == num2) << endl;     // true or false
+cout << std::noboolalpha;
+```

Section08-Statements_and_Operators/section08_coding_exercise/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# Coding Exercise 7: Using the Assignment Operator
+
+Write a program that uses the assignment operator `=` to change the value of an initialized variable as well as assign the calue of one variable to another.
+
+- begin by declaring and initialize the integer variable `num1` to the value of `13`.
+- now declare and initialize the integer variable `num2` to the value `0`.
+- use the assignment operator to assign the value of `num1` to `5`.
+- now use the assignment operator to assign the value of `num1` to `num2`.
+
+## Solution
+
+```c++
+#include <iostream>
+#include <tuple>
+using namespace std;
+
+void assignment_operator() {
+    
+    //----WRITE YOUR CODE BELOW THIS LINE----
+    // Declare num1 as an integer and initialize it to 13.
+    int num1 {13};
+    
+    // Declare num2 as an integer and initialize it to 0.
+    int num2 {0};
+    
+    // Assign the value 5 to num1
+    num1 = 5;
+    
+    // Assign the value of num1 to num2
+    num2 = num1;
+    
+    
+    //----WRITE YOUR CODE ABOVE THIS LINE----
+    //----DO NOT MODIFY THE CODE BELOW THIS LINE----
+   
+   cout << num1 << " " << num2;
+}
+```
+
+# Coding Exercise 8: Using the Arithmetic Operators
+
+Write a program that uses arithmetic operators to manipulate an integer number that is provided to you.
+You do **NOT** have to declare `number`, it is already declared and will be set to various values by the automated tester.
+In order to complete this exercise you will have to update the value contained within the variable `number` by using the currently contained value as an argument in the statement.
+This can be done through the use of the assignment operator `=` int he following way:
+- i.e. `number = number + 4`
+Lets assume that `number` is currently holding the value `3`. This means that the above statement is equivalent to `number = 3 + 4`. Thereby, through the assignment operator, the new value of `number` will be 7.
+
+- use the arithmetic operators in the manner and order in which they are listed below. For those who feel inclined, try challenging yourself by completing all operations in one statement remembering the rules of **PEMDAS**.
+- use the multiplication operator `*` to `double` the value of the variable `number` and store the result back in `number`.
+- use the addition operator `+` to add `9` to the variable `number` and store the result back in `number`.
+- use the subtraction operator `-` to subtract `3` from the variable `number` and store the result back in `number`.new value.
+- use the division operator `/` to divide the variable `number` by `2` and store the result back in `number`.
+- use the subtraction operator `-` to subtract the variable named `original_number` from the variable `number` and store the result back in `number`.
+- use the modulo operator `%` to find the reamined of the new value when divided by `3` and store the result back in `number`.
+
+## Solution
+
+```c++
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+
+int arithmetic_operators(int number) {
+    int original_number {number};
+
+    
+    //----WRITE YOUR CODE BELOW THIS LINE----
+    
+    //-- Multiply number by 2 and assign the result back to number
+    number = number * 2;
+    //-- Add 9 to number and assign the result back to number
+    number = number + 9;
+    //-- Subtract 3 from number and assign the result back to number
+    number = number - 3;
+    //-- Divide number by 2 and assign the result back to number
+    number = number / 2;
+    //-- Subtract original_number from number and assign the result back to number
+    number = number - original_number;
+    //-- Take the modulus 3 (%) of number and assign it back to number
+    number = number % 3;
+
+    //----WRITE YOUR CODE ABOVE THIS LINE----
+    
+    return number;
+}
+```

Section08-Statements_and_Operators/section08_source_code/.codelite/Section8.session

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<Session Name="C:\Users\frank\Desktop\CPPExamples\Section8\Section8.workspace">
+  <int Value="0" Name="m_selectedTab"/>
+  <wxString Value="C:\Users\frank\Desktop\CPPExamples\Section8\Section8.workspace" Name="m_workspaceName"/>
+  <TabInfoArray Name="TabInfoArray"/>
+  <SerializedObject Name="m_breakpoints">
+    <long Value="0" Name="Count"/>
+  </SerializedObject>
+</Session>

Section08-Statements_and_Operators/section08_source_code/.codelite/Section8.tags

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+##
+## Auto Generated makefile by CodeLite IDE
+## any manual changes will be erased      
+##
+## Debug
+ProjectName            :=ArithmeticOperators
+ConfigurationName      :=Debug
+WorkspacePath          :=C:/Users/frank/Desktop/CPPExamples/Section8
+ProjectPath            :=C:/Users/frank/Desktop/CPPExamples/Section8/ArithmeticOperators
+IntermediateDirectory  :=./Debug
+OutDir                 := $(IntermediateDirectory)
+CurrentFileName        :=
+CurrentFilePath        :=
+CurrentFileFullPath    :=
+User                   :=frank
+Date                   :=31/01/2018
+CodeLitePath           :="C:/Program Files/CodeLite"
+LinkerName             :=C:/MinGW/bin/g++.exe
+SharedObjectLinkerName :=C:/MinGW/bin/g++.exe -shared -fPIC
+ObjectSuffix           :=.o
+DependSuffix           :=.o.d
+PreprocessSuffix       :=.i
+DebugSwitch            :=-g 
+IncludeSwitch          :=-I
+LibrarySwitch          :=-l
+OutputSwitch           :=-o 
+LibraryPathSwitch      :=-L
+PreprocessorSwitch     :=-D
+SourceSwitch           :=-c 
+OutputFile             :=$(IntermediateDirectory)/$(ProjectName)
+Preprocessors          :=
+ObjectSwitch           :=-o 
+ArchiveOutputSwitch    := 
+PreprocessOnlySwitch   :=-E
+ObjectsFileList        :="ArithmeticOperators.txt"
+PCHCompileFlags        :=
+MakeDirCommand         :=makedir
+RcCmpOptions           := 
+RcCompilerName         :=C:/MinGW/bin/windres.exe
+LinkOptions            :=  
+IncludePath            :=  $(IncludeSwitch). $(IncludeSwitch). 
+IncludePCH             := 
+RcIncludePath          := 
+Libs                   := 
+ArLibs                 :=  
+LibPath                := $(LibraryPathSwitch). 
+
+##
+## Common variables
+## AR, CXX, CC, AS, CXXFLAGS and CFLAGS can be overriden using an environment variables
+##
+AR       := C:/MinGW/bin/ar.exe rcu
+CXX      := C:/MinGW/bin/g++.exe
+CC       := C:/MinGW/bin/gcc.exe
+CXXFLAGS := -std=c++14 -Wall -g -O0 -std=c++14 -Wall $(Preprocessors)
+CFLAGS   :=  -g -O0 -Wall $(Preprocessors)
+ASFLAGS  := 
+AS       := C:/MinGW/bin/as.exe
+
+
+##
+## User defined environment variables
+##
+CodeLiteDir:=C:\Program Files\CodeLite
+Objects0=$(IntermediateDirectory)/main.cpp$(ObjectSuffix) 
+
+
+
+Objects=$(Objects0) 
+
+##
+## Main Build Targets 
+##
+.PHONY: all clean PreBuild PrePreBuild PostBuild MakeIntermediateDirs
+all: $(OutputFile)
+
+$(OutputFile): $(IntermediateDirectory)/.d $(Objects) 
+	@$(MakeDirCommand) $(@D)
+	@echo "" > $(IntermediateDirectory)/.d
+	@echo $(Objects0)  > $(ObjectsFileList)
+	$(LinkerName) $(OutputSwitch)$(OutputFile) @$(ObjectsFileList) $(LibPath) $(Libs) $(LinkOptions)
+
+MakeIntermediateDirs:
+	@$(MakeDirCommand) "./Debug"
+
+
+$(IntermediateDirectory)/.d:
+	@$(MakeDirCommand) "./Debug"
+
+PreBuild:
+
+
+##
+## Objects
+##
+$(IntermediateDirectory)/main.cpp$(ObjectSuffix): main.cpp $(IntermediateDirectory)/main.cpp$(DependSuffix)
+	$(CXX) $(IncludePCH) $(SourceSwitch) "C:/Users/frank/Desktop/CPPExamples/Section8/ArithmeticOperators/main.cpp" $(CXXFLAGS) $(ObjectSwitch)$(IntermediateDirectory)/main.cpp$(ObjectSuffix) $(IncludePath)
+$(IntermediateDirectory)/main.cpp$(DependSuffix): main.cpp
+	@$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(IncludePCH) $(IncludePath) -MG -MP -MT$(IntermediateDirectory)/main.cpp$(ObjectSuffix) -MF$(IntermediateDirectory)/main.cpp$(DependSuffix) -MM main.cpp
+
+$(IntermediateDirectory)/main.cpp$(PreprocessSuffix): main.cpp
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(IncludePCH) $(IncludePath) $(PreprocessOnlySwitch) $(OutputSwitch) $(IntermediateDirectory)/main.cpp$(PreprocessSuffix) main.cpp
+
+
+-include $(IntermediateDirectory)/*$(DependSuffix)
+##
+## Clean
+##
+clean:
+	$(RM) -r ./Debug/
+
+