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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta property="og:description" content="Author: Alexis Jacq Edited by: Winston Herring ๋ฒ์ญ: ์ ์ฌ๋ฏผ ์๊ฐ: ์ด๋ฒ ํํ ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker and Matthias Bethge์ ์ํด ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ๋ด๋ด ์คํ์ผ(Neural-Style) ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์ ๊ตฌํํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ค๋ช
ํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ด๋ด ์คํ์ผ(Neural-Style), ๋๋ ๋ด๋ด ๋ณํ(Neural-Transfer)์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์๋ก์ด ์์ ์ ์คํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌํํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์
๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง, Content ์ด๋ฏธ์ง, Style ..." />
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ํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ด๋ด ์คํ์ผ(Neural-Style), ๋๋ ๋ด๋ด ๋ณํ(Neural-Transfer)์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์๋ก์ด ์์ ์ ์คํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌํํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์
๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง, Content ์ด๋ฏธ์ง, Style ..." />
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<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">ํ์ดํ ์น(PyTorch) ๋ ์ํผ</span></p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../recipes/recipes_index.html">๋ชจ๋ ๋ ์ํผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../prototype/prototype_index.html">๋ชจ๋ ํ๋กํ ํ์
๋ ์ํผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">ํ์ดํ ์น(PyTorch) ์์ํ๊ธฐ</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/basics/intro.html">ํ์ดํ ์น(PyTorch) ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ตํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/basics/quickstart_tutorial.html">๋น ๋ฅธ ์์(Quickstart)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/basics/tensorqs_tutorial.html">ํ
์(Tensor)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/basics/data_tutorial.html">Dataset๊ณผ DataLoader</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/basics/transforms_tutorial.html">๋ณํ(Transform)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/basics/buildmodel_tutorial.html">์ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/basics/autogradqs_tutorial.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.autograd</span></code>๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์๋ ๋ฏธ๋ถ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/basics/optimization_tutorial.html">๋ชจ๋ธ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ต์ ํํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/basics/saveloadrun_tutorial.html">๋ชจ๋ธ ์ ์ฅํ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ค๊ธฐ</a></li>
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<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">Introduction to PyTorch on YouTube</span></p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/introyt.html">PyTorch ์๊ฐ - YouTube ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/introyt/introyt1_tutorial.html">PyTorch ์๊ฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/introyt/tensors_deeper_tutorial.html">Pytorch Tensor ์๊ฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/introyt/autogradyt_tutorial.html">The Fundamentals of Autograd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/introyt/modelsyt_tutorial.html">Building Models with PyTorch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/introyt/tensorboardyt_tutorial.html">PyTorch TensorBoard Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/introyt/trainingyt.html">Training with PyTorch</a></li>
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<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">ํ์ดํ ์น(PyTorch) ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ธฐ</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/deep_learning_60min_blitz.html">PyTorch๋ก ๋ฅ๋ฌ๋ํ๊ธฐ: 60๋ถ๋ง์ ๋์ฅ๋ด๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/pytorch_with_examples.html">์์ ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ ํ์ดํ ์น(PyTorch)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/nn_tutorial.html"><cite>torch.nn</cite> ์ด <em>์ค์ ๋ก</em> ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ์?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/tensorboard_tutorial.html">TensorBoard๋ก ๋ชจ๋ธ, ๋ฐ์ดํฐ, ํ์ต ์๊ฐํํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">์ด๋ฏธ์ง/๋น๋์ค</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/torchvision_tutorial.html">TorchVision Object Detection Finetuning Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/transfer_learning_tutorial.html">์ปดํจํฐ ๋น์ (Vision)์ ์ํ ์ ์ดํ์ต(Transfer Learning)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/fgsm_tutorial.html">์ ๋์ ์์ ์์ฑ(Adversarial Example Generation)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/dcgan_faces_tutorial.html">DCGAN ํํ ๋ฆฌ์ผ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/vt_tutorial.html">๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋น์ ํธ๋์คํฌ๋จธ(Vision Transformer) ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ต์ ํํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/tiatoolbox_tutorial.html">Whole Slide Image Classification Using PyTorch and TIAToolbox</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">์ค๋์ค</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/audio_io_tutorial.html">Audio I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/audio_resampling_tutorial.html">Audio Resampling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/audio_data_augmentation_tutorial.html">Audio Data Augmentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/audio_feature_extractions_tutorial.html">Audio Feature Extractions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/audio_feature_augmentation_tutorial.html">Audio Feature Augmentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/audio_datasets_tutorial.html">Audio Datasets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/speech_recognition_pipeline_tutorial.html">Speech Recognition with Wav2Vec2</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/text_to_speech_with_torchaudio.html">Text-to-speech with Tacotron2</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/forced_alignment_with_torchaudio_tutorial.html">wav2vec2์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ ฌ</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">ํ
์คํธ</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/bettertransformer_tutorial.html">Fast Transformer Inference with Better Transformer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/char_rnn_classification_tutorial.html">๊ธฐ์ด๋ถํฐ ์์ํ๋ NLP: ๋ฌธ์-๋จ์ RNN์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆ ๋ถ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/char_rnn_generation_tutorial.html">๊ธฐ์ด๋ถํฐ ์์ํ๋ NLP: ๋ฌธ์-๋จ์ RNN์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆ ์์ฑํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/seq2seq_translation_tutorial.html">๊ธฐ์ด๋ถํฐ ์์ํ๋ NLP: Sequence to Sequence ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ Attention์ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ฒ์ญ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/text_sentiment_ngrams_tutorial.html">torchtext ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ก ํ
์คํธ ๋ถ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/translation_transformer.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nn.Transformer</span></code> ์ torchtext๋ก ์ธ์ด ๋ฒ์ญํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/torchtext_custom_dataset_tutorial.html">Preprocess custom text dataset using Torchtext</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">๋ฐฑ์๋</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/onnx/intro_onnx.html">Introduction to ONNX</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">๊ฐํํ์ต</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/reinforcement_q_learning.html">๊ฐํ ํ์ต (DQN) ํํ ๋ฆฌ์ผ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/reinforcement_ppo.html">Reinforcement Learning (PPO) with TorchRL Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/mario_rl_tutorial.html">๋ง๋ฆฌ์ค ๊ฒ์ RL ์์ด์ ํธ๋ก ํ์ตํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pendulum.html">Pendulum: Writing your environment and transforms with TorchRL</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">PyTorch ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ํ๋ก๋์
ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฐฐํฌํ๊ธฐ</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/onnx/intro_onnx.html">Introduction to ONNX</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/flask_rest_api_tutorial.html">Flask๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ Python์์ PyTorch๋ฅผ REST API๋ก ๋ฐฐํฌํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/Intro_to_TorchScript_tutorial.html">TorchScript ์๊ฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cpp_export.html">C++์์ TorchScript ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ก๋ฉํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="super_resolution_with_onnxruntime.html">(์ ํ) PyTorch ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ONNX์ผ๋ก ๋ณํํ๊ณ ONNX ๋ฐํ์์์ ์คํํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/realtime_rpi.html">Raspberry Pi 4 ์์ ์ค์๊ฐ ์ถ๋ก (Inference) (30fps!)</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">PyTorch ํ๋กํ์ผ๋ง</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/profiler.html">PyTorch ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋กํ์ผ๋งํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/hta_intro_tutorial.html">Introduction to Holistic Trace Analysis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/hta_trace_diff_tutorial.html">Trace Diff using Holistic Trace Analysis</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">Code Transforms with FX</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/fx_conv_bn_fuser.html">(๋ฒ ํ) FX์์ ํฉ์ฑ๊ณฑ/๋ฐฐ์น ์ ๊ทํ(Convolution/Batch Norm) ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ธฐ(Fuser) ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/fx_profiling_tutorial.html">(beta) Building a Simple CPU Performance Profiler with FX</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">ํ๋ก ํธ์๋ API</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/memory_format_tutorial.html">(๋ฒ ํ) PyTorch๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ Channels Last ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํ์</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/forward_ad_usage.html">Forward-mode Automatic Differentiation (Beta)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/jacobians_hessians.html">Jacobians, Hessians, hvp, vhp, and more: composing function transforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/ensembling.html">๋ชจ๋ธ ์์๋ธ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/per_sample_grads.html">Per-sample-gradients</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cpp_frontend.html">PyTorch C++ ํ๋ก ํธ์๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="torch-script-parallelism.html">TorchScript์ ๋์ ๋ณ๋ ฌ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ(Dynamic Parallelism)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cpp_autograd.html">C++ ํ๋ก ํธ์๋์ ์๋ ๋ฏธ๋ถ (autograd)</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">PyTorch ํ์ฅํ๊ธฐ</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/custom_function_double_backward_tutorial.html">Double Backward with Custom Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/custom_function_conv_bn_tutorial.html">Fusing Convolution and Batch Norm using Custom Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cpp_extension.html">Custom C++ and CUDA Extensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="torch_script_custom_ops.html">Extending TorchScript with Custom C++ Operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="torch_script_custom_classes.html">์ปค์คํ
C++ ํด๋์ค๋ก TorchScript ํ์ฅํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dispatcher.html">Registering a Dispatched Operator in C++</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extend_dispatcher.html">Extending dispatcher for a new backend in C++</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="privateuseone.html">Facilitating New Backend Integration by PrivateUse1</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">๋ชจ๋ธ ์ต์ ํ</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/profiler.html">PyTorch ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋กํ์ผ๋งํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/tensorboard_profiler_tutorial.html">ํ
์๋ณด๋๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ํ์ดํ ์น ํ๋กํ์ผ๋ฌ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/hyperparameter_tuning_tutorial.html">Ray Tune์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํ์ดํผํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ ํ๋</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/vt_tutorial.html">๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋น์ ํธ๋์คํฌ๋จธ(Vision Transformer) ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ต์ ํํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/parametrizations.html">Parametrizations Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/pruning_tutorial.html">๊ฐ์ง์น๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ(Pruning) ํํ ๋ฆฌ์ผ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dynamic_quantization_tutorial.html">(๋ฒ ํ) LSTM ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋จ์ด ๋จ์ ์ธ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋์ ์์ํ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/dynamic_quantization_bert_tutorial.html">(๋ฒ ํ) BERT ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋์ ์์ํํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/quantized_transfer_learning_tutorial.html">(๋ฒ ํ) ์ปดํจํฐ ๋น์ ํํ ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ์ํ ์์ํ๋ ์ ์ดํ์ต(Quantized Transfer Learning)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="static_quantization_tutorial.html">(๋ฒ ํ) PyTorch์์ Eager Mode๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์ ์์ํ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/torchserve_with_ipex.html">Grokking PyTorch Intel CPU performance from first principles</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/torchserve_with_ipex_2.html">Grokking PyTorch Intel CPU performance from first principles (Part 2)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/nvfuser_intro_tutorial.html">Getting Started - Accelerate Your Scripts with nvFuser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/ax_multiobjective_nas_tutorial.html">Multi-Objective NAS with Ax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/torch_compile_tutorial.html">Introduction to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.compile</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/inductor_debug_cpu.html">Inductor CPU backend debugging and profiling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/scaled_dot_product_attention_tutorial.html">(Beta) Scaled Dot Product Attention (SDPA)๋ก ๊ณ ์ฑ๋ฅ ํธ๋์คํฌ๋จธ(Transformers) ๊ตฌํํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/scaled_dot_product_attention_tutorial.html#torch-compile-sdpa"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.compile</span></code> ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป SDPA ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/scaled_dot_product_attention_tutorial.html#sdpa-atteition-bias">SDPA๋ฅผ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atteition.bias</span></code> ํ์ ํด๋์ค์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/scaled_dot_product_attention_tutorial.html#id8">๊ฒฐ๋ก </a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/knowledge_distillation_tutorial.html">Knowledge Distillation Tutorial</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">๋ณ๋ ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ฐ ํ์ต</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../distributed/home.html">Distributed and Parallel Training Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/dist_overview.html">PyTorch Distributed Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/ddp_series_intro.html">Distributed Data Parallel in PyTorch - Video Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/model_parallel_tutorial.html">๋จ์ผ ๋จธ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ณ๋ ฌํ ๋ชจ๋ฒ ์ฌ๋ก</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/ddp_tutorial.html">๋ถ์ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ณ๋ ฌ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ์์ํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/dist_tuto.html">PyTorch๋ก ๋ถ์ฐ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด์
๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/FSDP_tutorial.html">Getting Started with Fully Sharded Data Parallel(FSDP)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/FSDP_adavnced_tutorial.html">Advanced Model Training with Fully Sharded Data Parallel (FSDP)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/TP_tutorial.html">Large Scale Transformer model training with Tensor Parallel (TP)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/process_group_cpp_extension_tutorial.html">Cpp ํ์ฅ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ฐฑ์๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ ์</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/rpc_tutorial.html">Getting Started with Distributed RPC Framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/rpc_param_server_tutorial.html">Implementing a Parameter Server Using Distributed RPC Framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/dist_pipeline_parallel_tutorial.html">Distributed Pipeline Parallelism Using RPC</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/rpc_async_execution.html">Implementing Batch RPC Processing Using Asynchronous Executions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="rpc_ddp_tutorial.html">๋ถ์ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ณ๋ ฌ(DDP)๊ณผ ๋ถ์ฐ RPC ํ๋ ์์ํฌ ๊ฒฐํฉ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ddp_pipeline.html">๋ถ์ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ณ๋ ฌ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ณ๋ ฌ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ํ์ดํ๋ผ์ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํธ๋์คํฌ๋จธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ์ต</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="generic_join.html">Distributed Training with Uneven Inputs Using the Join Context Manager</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">Edge with ExecuTorch</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="https://pytorch.org/executorch/stable/tutorials/export-to-executorch-tutorial.html">Exporting to ExecuTorch Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href=" https://pytorch.org/executorch/stable/running-a-model-cpp-tutorial.html">Running an ExecuTorch Model in C++ Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="https://pytorch.org/executorch/stable/tutorials/sdk-integration-tutorial.html">Using the ExecuTorch SDK to Profile a Model</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="https://pytorch.org/executorch/stable/demo-apps-ios.html">Building an ExecuTorch iOS Demo App</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="https://pytorch.org/executorch/stable/demo-apps-android.html">Building an ExecuTorch Android Demo App</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="https://pytorch.org/executorch/stable/examples-end-to-end-to-lower-model-to-delegate.html">Lowering a Model as a Delegate</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">์ถ์ฒ ์์คํ
</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intermediate/torchrec_tutorial.html">TorchRec ์๊ฐ</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sharding.html">Exploring TorchRec sharding</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">Multimodality</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../beginner/flava_finetuning_tutorial.html">TorchMultimodal ํํ ๋ฆฌ์ผ: FLAVA ๋ฏธ์ธ์กฐ์ </a></li>
</ul>
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<p class="admonition-title">์ฐธ๊ณ </p>
<p>Click <a class="reference internal" href="#sphx-glr-download-advanced-neural-style-tutorial-py"><span class="std std-ref">here</span></a>
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<div class="sphx-glr-example-title section" id="pytorch-neural-transfer">
<span id="sphx-glr-advanced-neural-style-tutorial-py"></span><h1>PyTorch๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ด๋ด ๋ณํ(Neural Transfer)<a class="headerlink" href="#pytorch-neural-transfer" title="์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ํผ๋จธ๋งํฌ">ยถ</a></h1>
<p><strong>Author</strong>: <a class="reference external" href="https://alexis-jacq.github.io">Alexis Jacq</a></p>
<p><strong>Edited by</strong>: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/winston6">Winston Herring</a></p>
<p><strong>๋ฒ์ญ</strong>: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/jjeamin">์ ์ฌ๋ฏผ</a></p>
<div class="section" id="id2">
<h2>์๊ฐ<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ํผ๋จธ๋งํฌ">ยถ</a></h2>
<p>์ด๋ฒ ํํ ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker and Matthias Bethge์ ์ํด ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋
<a class="reference external" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06576">๋ด๋ด ์คํ์ผ(Neural-Style) ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ</a> ์ ๊ตฌํํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ค๋ช
ํฉ๋๋ค.
๋ด๋ด ์คํ์ผ(Neural-Style), ๋๋ ๋ด๋ด ๋ณํ(Neural-Transfer)์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์๋ก์ด ์์ ์ ์คํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌํํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
์ด ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์
๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง, Content ์ด๋ฏธ์ง, Style ์ด๋ฏธ์ง 3๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์ Content ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ Content์ Style ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ ์์ ์ Style์ ๋ฎ๋๋ก ์
๋ ฅ์ ๋ณํํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="figure align-default">
<img alt="content1" src="../_images/neuralstyle.png" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id3">
<h2>๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์๋ฆฌ<a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ํผ๋จธ๋งํฌ">ยถ</a></h2>
<p>์๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฐ๋จํฉ๋๋ค.
Content(<span class="math">\(D_C\)</span>)์ Style(<span class="math">\(D_S\)</span>)์ ๋ํด ํ๋์ฉ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํฉ๋๋ค.
<span class="math">\(D_C\)</span> ๋ ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ๊ฐ์ Content์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ๊ณ <span class="math">\(D_S\)</span> ๋ ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ๊ฐ์ Style์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํฉ๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ค์, ์
๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์
Content ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ก Content ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ Style ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ก Style ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ต์ํํ๋๋ก ๋ณํํฉ๋๋ค.
์ด์ ํ์ํ ํจํค์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์ ๋ด๋ด ๋ณํ(neural transfer)์ ์์ํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id4">
<h2>ํจํค์ง ๋ถ๋ฌ์ค๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ฅ์น ์ ํ<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ํผ๋จธ๋งํฌ">ยถ</a></h2>
<p>๋ค์์ ๋ด๋ด ๋ณํ(neural transfer)์ ๊ตฌํํ๋๋ฐ ํ์ํ ํจํค์ง ๋ชฉ๋ก์
๋๋ค.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.nn</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy</span></code> (PyTorch๋ก ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์ ๊ตฌํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ํ์ ํจํค์ง)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.optim</span></code> (ํจ์จ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ ํ๊ฐ๋ฒ)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PIL</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PIL.Image</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matplotlib.pyplot</span></code> (์ด๋ฏธ์ง ๋ถ๋ฌ์ค๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ํ์)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torchvision.transforms</span></code> (PIL ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ํ
์๋ก ๋ณํ)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torchvision.models</span></code> (๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํ์ต๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ค๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํ์ต)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> (๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋ณต์ฌ; ์์คํ
ํจํค์ง)</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torch</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torch.nn</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">nn</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torch.nn.functional</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">F</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torch.optim</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">optim</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">PIL</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Image</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torchvision.transforms</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">transforms</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">torchvision.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">vgg19</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">VGG19_Weights</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">copy</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>๋ค์์ผ๋ก, ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์คํ ํ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ณ Style ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ Content ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
ํฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ก ๋ด๋ด ๋ณํ(neural transfer) ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์คํํ๋ฉด ์๊ฐ์ด ์ค๋ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ
GPU์์ ์คํํ ๋ ํจ์ฌ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง๋๋ค.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.cuda.is_available()</span></code> ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ GPU๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์๋์ง ์ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
๋ค์์ผ๋ก, ํํ ๋ฆฌ์ผ ์ ์ฒด์์ ์ฌ์ฉ ํ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.device</span></code> ๋ฅผ ์ค์ ํฉ๋๋ค.
๋ํ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.to(device)</span></code> ๋ฉ์๋๋ ํ
์ ๋๋ ๋ชจ๋์ ์ํ๋ ์ฅ์น๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">device</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"cuda"</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cuda</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_available</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s2">"cpu"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_default_device</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id5">
<h2>์ด๋ฏธ์ง ๋ถ๋ฌ์ค๊ธฐ<a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ํผ๋จธ๋งํฌ">ยถ</a></h2>
<p>์ง๊ธ Style, Content ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ฌ ๊ฒ์
๋๋ค. ์๋ณธ PIL ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ 0๊ณผ 255 ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ง,
ํ
์๋ก ๋ณํ๋ ๋ 0์์ 1์ฌ์ด๋ก ๋ณํ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ ๋์ผํ ์ฐจ์์ ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ก ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ณํ๋์ด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
์ฃผ๋ชฉํด์ผ ํ ์ค์ํ ์ธ๋ถ ์ฌํญ์ torch ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์ 0์์ 1์ฌ์ด์ ํ
์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ จ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์
๋๋ค.
๋ง์ฝ 0์์ 255๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ํ
์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๊ฐ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ์
๋ ฅ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ,
ํ์ฑํ๋ ํน์ง ๋งต์ด Content์ Style์ ๊ฐ์งํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, Caffe ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํ์ต๋ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ 0์์ 255๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์
๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ จ๋ฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">์ฐธ๊ณ </p>
<p>ํํ ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ์คํํ๋๋ฐ ํ์ํ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด๋ก๋ ํ ์ ์๋ ์ฃผ์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ค.
<a class="reference external" href="https://tutorials.pytorch.kr/_static/img/neural-style/picasso.jpg">picasso.jpg</a> ์
<a class="reference external" href="https://tutorials.pytorch.kr/_static/img/neural-style/dancing.jpg">dancing.jpg</a>.
๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด๋ก๋ํ๊ณ ํ์ฌ ์์
ํด๋์ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">images</span></code> ํด๋์ ์ถ๊ฐํ์ธ์.</p>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># ์ํ๋ ์ถ๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ ํฌ๊ธฐ</span>
<span class="n">imsize</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">512</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cuda</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_available</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="mi">128</span> <span class="c1"># ๋ง์ฝ GPU๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉ</span>
<span class="n">loader</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Compose</span><span class="p">([</span>
<span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">imsize</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="c1"># ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ํฌ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ </span>
<span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ToTensor</span><span class="p">()])</span> <span class="c1"># ํ
์๋ก ๋ณํ</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">image_loader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image_name</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ์
๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์์ ๋ง์ถ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์ํ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฐ์น ์ฐจ์</span>
<span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unsqueeze</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">style_img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image_loader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./data/images/neural-style/picasso.jpg"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">content_img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image_loader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"./data/images/neural-style/dancing.jpg"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">style_img</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">content_img</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">(),</span> \
<span class="s2">"we need to import style and content images of the same size"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>์ด์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ PIL ํ์์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ ๋ณํํ๊ณ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plt.imshow</span></code> ๋ฅผ
์ฌ์ฉํด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๋ ํจ์๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค.
Content์ Style ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ํ์ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ธ์๋์ง ํ์ธํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">unloader</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ToPILImage</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># PIL ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ก ๋ค์ ๋ณํ</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ion</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tensor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cpu</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clone</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># ํ
์๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ ํ์ฌ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ์ง ์์</span>
<span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">squeeze</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฐ์น ์ฐจ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ</span>
<span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">unloader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">title</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pause</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.001</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># plots๊ฐ ์
๋ฐ์ดํธ ๋๋๋ก ์ ์ ๋ฉ์ถค</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">style_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Style Image'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Content Image'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="sphx-glr-horizontal">
<li><img src="../_images/sphx_glr_neural_style_tutorial_001.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_neural_style_tutorial_001.png" alt="Style Image" class = "sphx-glr-multi-img"/></li>
<li><img src="../_images/sphx_glr_neural_style_tutorial_002.png" srcset="../_images/sphx_glr_neural_style_tutorial_002.png" alt="Content Image" class = "sphx-glr-multi-img"/></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id6">
<h2>์์ค ํจ์<a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ํผ๋จธ๋งํฌ">ยถ</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="content-loss">
<h3>์ฝํ
์ธ ์์ค(Content Loss)<a class="headerlink" href="#content-loss" title="์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ํผ๋จธ๋งํฌ">ยถ</a></h3>
<p>Content ์์ค์ ๊ฐ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ํ Content ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ์ค์น ๋ฒ์ ์ ๋ํ๋
๋๋ค.
์ด ํจ์๋ ์
๋ ฅ <span class="math">\(X\)</span> ๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ ์ด์ด <span class="math">\(L\)</span> ์ ํน์ง ๋งต <span class="math">\(F_{XL}\)</span> ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์
์ด๋ฏธ์ง <span class="math">\(X\)</span> ์ Content ์ด๋ฏธ์ง <span class="math">\(C\)</span> ์ฌ์ด์
๊ฐ์ค ์ฝํ
์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(weighted content distance) <span class="math">\(w_{CL}.D_C^L(X,C)\)</span> ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํฉ๋๋ค.
Content ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด Content ์ด๋ฏธ์ง(<span class="math">\(F_{CL}\)</span>)์ ํน์ง ๋งต์ ํจ์์์ ์๊ณ ์์ด์ผํฉ๋๋ค.
<span class="math">\(F_{CL}\)</span> ์ ์
๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์์ฑ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด ์ด ํจ์๋ฅผ torch ๋ชจ๋๋ก ๊ตฌํํฉ๋๋ค.
๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ <span class="math">\(\|F_{XL} - F_{CL}\|^2\)</span> ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํน์ง ๋งต ์งํฉ์ ํ๊ท ์ ๊ณฑ ์ค์ฐจ์ด๋ฉฐ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nn.MSELoss</span></code> ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ณ์ฐํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.</p>
<p>Content ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ํฉ์ฑ๊ณฑ ๊ณ์ธต ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ค์ Content ์์ค ๋ชจ๋์ ์ถ๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค.
์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํ๋ฉด ์
๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๊ฐ ์
๋ ฅ๋ ๋๋ง๋ค Content ์์ค์ด ์ํ๋ ๋ ์ด์ด์์
๊ณ์ฐ๋๊ณ autograd ์ ํตํด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ์ฐ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
์ด์ Content ์์ค ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด Content ์์ค์ ๊ณ์ฐํ ๋ค์ ๊ณ์ธต์ ์
๋ ฅ์ ๋ฐํํ๋
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">forward</span></code> ๋ฉ์๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ํด์ผํฉ๋๋ค.
๊ณ์ฐ๋ ์์ค์ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋งค๊ฐ ๋ณ์๋ก์จ ์ ์ฅ๋ฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ContentLoss</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">target</span><span class="p">,):</span>
<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ContentLoss</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ์ฐํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ tree๋ก๋ถํฐ ํ๊น Content๋ฅผ `๋ถ๋ฆฌ(detach)` ํฉ๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="c1"># ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ณ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๋ช
์๋ ๊ฐ์
๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="c1"># ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด criterion์ forward ๋ฉ์๋์์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํฉ๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">target</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">target</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">detach</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mse_loss</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">input</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">์ฐธ๊ณ </p>
<p><strong>์ค์ ์ธ๋ถ ์ฌํญ</strong>: ๋ชจ๋์ ์ด๋ฆ์ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ContentLoss</span></code> ์ง๋ง, ์ค์ PyTorch์ ์์ค ํจ์๋ ์๋๋๋ค.
๋ง์ฝ Content ์์ค์ PyTorch์ ์์ค ํจ์๋ก ์ ์ํ๋ ค๋ฉด Pytorch์ autograd ํจ์๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ์ฌ
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">backward</span></code> ๋ฉ์๋์์ ์๋์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๊ณ์ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌํ ํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="style-loss">
<h3>์คํ์ผ ์์ค(Style Loss)<a class="headerlink" href="#style-loss" title="์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ํผ๋จธ๋งํฌ">ยถ</a></h3>
<p>Style ์์ค ๋ชจ๋์ Content ์์ค ๋ชจ๋๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๊ตฌํ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
๋คํธ์ํฌ์์ ํด๋น ๊ณ์ธต์ Style ์์ค์ ๊ณ์ฐํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํฉ๋๋ค.
Style ์์ค์ ๊ณ์ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์, gram ํ๋ ฌ <span class="math">\(G_{XL}\)</span> ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐํด์ผํฉ๋๋ค.
gram ํ๋ ฌ์ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ํ๋ ฌ์ ์ ์น ํ๋ ฌ์ ๊ณฑํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์
๋๋ค.
์ด ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด์
์์ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ํ๋ ฌ์ ๊ณ์ธต <span class="math">\(L\)</span> ์ ํน์ง ๋งต <span class="math">\(F_{XL}\)</span> ์ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์
๋๋ค.
<span class="math">\(F_{XL}\)</span> ๋ <span class="math">\(K\)</span>x<span class="math">\(N\)</span> ํ๋ ฌ์ธ <span class="math">\(\hat{F}_{XL}\)</span> ์ ํ์ฑํ๋๋ก ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ฉฐ,
<span class="math">\(K\)</span> ๋ ๊ณ์ธต <span class="math">\(L\)</span> ์ ํน์ง ๋งต์ ์์ด๊ณ <span class="math">\(N\)</span>hat{F}_{XL}` ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ค์ ๋ฒกํฐํ๋ ํน์ง ๋งต <span class="math">\(F_{XL}^1\)</span> ์ ํด๋นํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<p>๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, gram ํ๋ ฌ์ ํ๋ ฌ์์ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ๊ฐ์๋ก ๋๋์ด ์ ๊ทํ ํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
์ ๊ทํ๋ ํฐ <span class="math">\(N\)</span> ์ฐจ์์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ <span class="math">\(\hat{F}_{XL}\)</span> ํ๋ ฌ์ด gram ํ๋ ฌ์์ ๋ ํฐ ๊ฐ์ ์์ฑํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์
๋๋ค.</p>
<p>์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ํฐ ๊ฐ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณ์ธต(ํ๋ง ๊ณ์ธต ์ )์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฌ ํ๊ฐ ์ค์ ๋ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๊ฒํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<p>Style ํน์ง์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ๊น์ ๊ณ์ธต์ ์๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ทํ ๋จ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ค์ํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">gram_matrix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># a=๋ฐฐ์น ํฌ๊ธฐ(=1)</span>
<span class="c1"># b=ํน์ง ๋งต์ ์</span>
<span class="c1"># (c,d)=ํน์ง ๋งต์ ์ฐจ์ (N=c*d)</span>
<span class="n">features</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># F_XL์ \hat F_XL๋ก ํฌ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ </span>
<span class="n">G</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mm</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">features</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">features</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c1"># gram product๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐ</span>
<span class="c1"># ๊ฐ ํน์ง ๋งต์ด ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ก ๋๋์ด</span>
<span class="c1"># gram ํ๋ ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ '์ ๊ทํ'</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">G</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">div</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>์ด์ Style ์์ค ๋ชจ๋์ Content ์์ค ๋ชจ๋๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ณด์
๋๋ค.
Style ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ <span class="math">\(G_{XL}\)</span> ์ <span class="math">\(G_{SL}\)</span> ์ฌ์ด์ ํ๊ท ์ ๊ณฑ ์ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด ๊ณ์ฐ๋ฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">StyleLoss</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">target_feature</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StyleLoss</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">target</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gram_matrix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target_feature</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">detach</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">G</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gram_matrix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mse_loss</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">G</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">input</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id7">
<h2>๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ค๊ธฐ<a class="headerlink" href="#id7" title="์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ํผ๋จธ๋งํฌ">ยถ</a></h2>
<p>์ด์ ๋ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ จ๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด 19 ๊ณ์ธต์ ๊ฐ์ง VGG ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์
๋๋ค.</p>
<p>PyTorch์ VGG ๊ตฌํ์ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">features</span></code> (ํฉ์ฑ๊ณฑ ๋ฐ ํ๋ง ๊ณ์ธต ํฌํจ) ์
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">classifier</span></code> (์์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ์ธต ํฌํจ) ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Sequential</span></code> ๋ชจ๋๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ ๋ ๋ชจ๋์
๋๋ค.
Content ๋ฐ Style ์์ค์ ์ธก์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ๊ฐ ํฉ์ฑ๊ณฑ ๊ณ์ธต์ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ด ํ์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">features</span></code> ๋ชจ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์
๋๋ค.
์ผ๋ถ ๊ณ์ธต์ ํ๋ จํ๋ ์ค ํ๊ฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์์ ํ๋ฏ๋ก, ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.eval()</span></code> ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด ํ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋๋ก ์ค์ ํด์ผํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">cnn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vgg19</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">weights</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">VGG19_Weights</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">features</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eval</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, VGG ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋
mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406] ์ std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]๋ก ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋์ด ์ ๊ทํ ๋
์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ก ํ๋ จ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ก ์
๋ ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ ๊ทํํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">cnn_normalization_mean</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mf">0.485</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.456</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.406</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">cnn_normalization_std</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mf">0.229</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.224</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.225</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="c1"># ์
๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทํํ๋ ๋ชจ๋์ ์์ฑํ์ฌ ์ฝ๊ฒ ``nn.Sequential`` ์ ๋ฃ์ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Normalization</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Normalization</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># .view ๋ mean๊ณผ std์ ํ์ธํด [B x C x H x W] ํํ์</span>
<span class="c1"># ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ํ
์๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์
ํ ์ ์๋๋ก [C x 1 x 1] ํํ๋ก ๋ง๋ญ๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="c1"># B๋ ๋ฐฐ์น ํฌ๊ธฐ์
๋๋ค. C๋ ์ฑ๋์ ์์
๋๋ค. H๋ ๋์ด๊ณ W๋ ๋๋น์
๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mean</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">std</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">img</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># ``img`` ์ ๊ทํ</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">std</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Sequential</span></code> ๋ชจ๋์ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ ํ์ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ฆฌ์คํธ๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vgg19.features</span></code> ์ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์์๋ก ์ ๋ ฌ ๋
์ํ์ค( <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Conv2d</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ReLU</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MaxPool2d</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Conv2d</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ReLU</span></code>โฆ)๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋์ด ์์ต๋๋ค.
Content ์์ค๊ณผ Style ์์ค ๊ณ์ธต์ ๊ฐ์งํ๋ ํฉ์ฑ๊ณฑ ๊ณ์ธต ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ค์ ์ถ๊ฐํด์ผํฉ๋๋ค.
์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ Content ์์ค๊ณผ Style ์์ค ๋ชจ๋์ด
์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฝ์
๋ ์๋ก์ด <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Sequential</span></code> ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Style / Content ์์ค ๊ณ์ฐ์ ์ํ๋ ๊ณ์ธต</span>
<span class="n">content_layers_default</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'conv_4'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">style_layers_default</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'conv_1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'conv_2'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'conv_3'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'conv_4'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'conv_5'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_style_model_and_losses</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cnn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">normalization_mean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">normalization_std</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">style_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_img</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">content_layers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">content_layers_default</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">style_layers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">style_layers_default</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๊ทํ</span>
<span class="n">normalization</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Normalization</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">normalization_mean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">normalization_std</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Content / Style ์์ค์ด ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ทผํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด</span>
<span class="n">content_losses</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">style_losses</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="c1"># ``cnn`` ์ด ``nn.Sequential`` ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ,</span>
<span class="c1"># ์์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋์ ์๋ก์ด ``nn.Sequential`` ์ ๋ง๋ญ๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Sequential</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">normalization</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="c1"># conv๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋๋ง๋ค ์ฆ๊ฐ</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">layer</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cnn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">children</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2d</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'conv_</span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReLU</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'relu_</span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># ์๋์ ์ถ๊ฐํ ``ContentLoss`` ์ ``StyleLoss`` ๋ in-place ๋ฒ์ ์์๋ ์ ๋์ํ์ง ์์ต๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="c1"># ๊ทธ๋์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์๋ out-of-place๋ก ๋์ฒดํฉ๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="n">layer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReLU</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inplace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MaxPool2d</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'pool_</span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BatchNorm2d</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'bn_</span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">RuntimeError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Unrecognized layer: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">layer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__class__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">layer</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">content_layers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># Content ์์ค ์ถ๊ฐ</span>
<span class="n">target</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_img</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">detach</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">content_loss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ContentLoss</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"content_loss_</span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">content_loss</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">content_losses</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_loss</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">style_layers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># Style ์์ค ์ถ๊ฐ</span>
<span class="n">target_feature</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">style_img</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">detach</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">style_loss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StyleLoss</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target_feature</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"style_loss_</span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">style_loss</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">style_losses</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">style_loss</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># ์ด์ ๋ง์ง๋ง Content ๋ฐ Style ์์ค ๋ค์ ๊ณ์ธต์ ์๋ผ๋
๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">ContentLoss</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">StyleLoss</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">break</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="p">[:(</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">style_losses</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_losses</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>๋ค์์ผ๋ก ์
๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ํํฉ๋๋ค. Content ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์ฌ๋ณธ์ด๋ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ก์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">input_img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_img</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">())</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># ๋ง์ฝ ํ์ดํธ ๋
ธ์ด์ฆ(white noise)์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์๋ ์ฃผ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ์ธ์:</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># ::</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># input_img = torch.randn(content_img.data.size(), device=device)</span>
<span class="c1"># ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ์๋ณธ ์
๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Input Image'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="sphx-glr-script-out highlight-pytb notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">"/workspace/tutorials-kr/advanced_source/neural_style_tutorial.py"</span>, line <span class="m">359</span>, in <span class="n"><module></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Input Image'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gr">NameError</span>: <span class="n">name 'input_img' is not defined</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id8">
<h2>๊ฒฝ์ฌ ํ๊ฐ๋ฒ<a class="headerlink" href="#id8" title="์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ํผ๋จธ๋งํฌ">ยถ</a></h2>
<p>์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์์ฑ์์ธ Leon Gatys๊ฐ
<a class="reference external" href="https://discuss.pytorch.org/t/pytorch-tutorial-for-neural-transfert-of-artistic-style/336/20?u=alexis-jacq">์ฌ๊ธฐ</a> ์์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ,
L-BFGS ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ ํ๊ฐ๋ฒ์ ์ํํฉ๋๋ค.
๋คํธ์ํฌ ํ๋ จ๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ Content / Style ์์ค์ ์ต์ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์
๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ํ๋ จํ๋ ค๊ณ ํฉ๋๋ค.
ํ์ดํ ์น L-BFGS optimizer <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optim.LBFGS</span></code> ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์ต์ ํ ํ ํ
์๋ก ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_input_optimizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input_img</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># ์
๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํ์ํ ๋งค๊ฐ ๋ณ์์์ ํ์ํ๋ ์ค</span>
<span class="n">optimizer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">optim</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LBFGS</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">input_img</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">optimizer</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ด ๋ณํ(neural transfer)์ ์ํํ๋ ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต ๋์, ์
๋ฐ์ดํธ๋ ์
๋ ฅ์ด ์ฃผ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ก์ด ์์ค์ ๊ณ์ฐํฉ๋๋ค.
๊ฐ ์์ค ๋ชจ๋(Loss module)์ <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">backward</span></code> ๋ฉ์๋๋ฅผ ์คํํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ์ฐํฉ๋๋ค.
optimizer๋ ๋ชจ๋์ ์ฌํ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์์ค์ ๋ฐํํ๋ โclosureโ ํจ์๊ฐ ํ์ํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<p>์ฌ์ ํ ํด๊ฒฐํด์ผ ํ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์ ์ฝ์ด ์์ต๋๋ค.
๋คํธ์ํฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ ๋ํด 0 ~ 1 ํ
์ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ์ด๊ณผํ๋ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ ํํ๋ ค ํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
๋คํธ์ํฌ๊ฐ ์คํ๋ ๋๋ง๋ค ์
๋ ฅ๊ฐ์ 0์์ 1์ฌ์ด๋ก ์์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">run_style_transfer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cnn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">normalization_mean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">normalization_std</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">content_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">style_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_steps</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">style_weight</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1000000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_weight</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Run the style transfer."""</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Building the style transfer model..'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">style_losses</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_losses</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_style_model_and_losses</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cnn</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">normalization_mean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">normalization_std</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">style_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">content_img</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ณ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ ์
๋ ฅ์ ์ต์ ํํด์ผ ํ๋ฏ๋ก</span>
<span class="c1"># ์ด์ ๋ง์ถฐ์ requires_grad ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐฑ์ ํฉ๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="n">input_img</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">requires_grad_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># ๋ํ, ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ํ๊ฐ(eval) ๋ชจ๋๋ก ์ ํํ์ฌ</span>
<span class="c1"># ๋๋กญ์์(dropout) ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์น ์ ๊ทํ(batch normalization)์ ๊ฐ์ ํน์ ๋ ์ด์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋์ํ๋๋ก ํฉ๋๋ค.</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eval</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">requires_grad_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">optimizer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_input_optimizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input_img</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Optimizing..'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">run</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">run</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="n">num_steps</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">closure</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="c1"># ์
๋ฐ์ดํธ ๋ ์
๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ </span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">no_grad</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">input_img</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clamp_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">zero_grad</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input_img</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">style_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="n">content_score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">sl</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">style_losses</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">style_score</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">sl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loss</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">cl</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">content_losses</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">content_score</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">cl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loss</span>
<span class="n">style_score</span> <span class="o">*=</span> <span class="n">style_weight</span>
<span class="n">content_score</span> <span class="o">*=</span> <span class="n">content_weight</span>
<span class="n">loss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">style_score</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">content_score</span>
<span class="n">loss</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backward</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">run</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">run</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="mi">50</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"run </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">:"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Style Loss : </span><span class="si">{:4f}</span><span class="s1"> Content Loss: </span><span class="si">{:4f}</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">style_score</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">content_score</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">()))</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">style_score</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">content_score</span>
<span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">closure</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># ๋ง์ง๋ง ์์ ...</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">no_grad</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">input_img</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clamp_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">input_img</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์คํํฉ๋๋ค.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">output</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">run_style_transfer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cnn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cnn_normalization_mean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cnn_normalization_std</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">content_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">style_img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input_img</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">output</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Output Image'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 4</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ioff</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
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